...Sleep is one of the body’s most imperative biological rhythms, that must cycle daily for the human body and brain to function seamlessly. In fact, the body has two forms of sleep rapid eye movement or REM sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep. In short, REM sleep is considered active sleep where most people’s dreams take place, but the muscles are subdued meaning you are less likely to slap or kick your significant other out of bed. On the other hand, non-REM is a more restful type of sleep, but look out for possible muscle jerks and spasms. It follows then, the first non-REM sleep stage is considered light sleep, the first level of sleep where people are easily awakened. For instance, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows also many people...
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...The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. REM sleep is the kind of sleep that occurs at certain intervals during the night. As REM sleep begins, rapid eye movement occurs and dreaming begins to take place. This kind of deep sleep takes place after the first few hours of sleep, as the brain also then begins to block messages from the brains motor cortex. Compared to older people, younger people go through deep sleep at...
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...The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. In the normal brain, REM sleep is the stage of sleep during which the body tends to be very relaxed, with little to no movement of the muscles. However, it is possible to observe occasional slight movements, called twitches, while one is in the REM stage of sleep. Despite the observable calmness of the body during this stage of sleep, heart and breathing rates increase during REM...
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...Using the Correlational Method to Study Sleep Through the Lifespan The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. The complete sleep cycle of an individual is composed of two stages: NREM and REM stage. NREM includes the stage 1 to stage 2 of sleep and the REM stage started from stage 3 to 4. The NREM comprises approximately 75% to 80% of the entire sleeping time of the person; the second stage, REM has the longer span which...
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...Jose Vargas, Section B3, TA: Nian Ci Lo, Fun Paper #2 11/10/14 Using the Correlational Method to Study Sleep Through the Lifespan. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1 a. One way in which these patterns differ from each other is in the architecture of their sleep. In the normal brain of a young person, the duration of REM sleep increases while the duration of NREM-3 or deep sleep decreases as the night progresses. In infants and babies, REM sleep roughly covers half of the sleep and there is a lot of NREM-3 sleep. However, older people tend to have much less REM sleep than younger people and their NREM-3 stages of sleep become almost extinct, which is why older people are more prone to waking up at night, unlike babies who are heavy sleepers.1 b. REM sleep, also known as paradoxical sleep, is also known to cause genital arousal characterized by erections in males and increased in vaginal fluids in women. While the average young man has erections during nearly half their sleep, older men have erections for only a quarter of their sleep due to the reduced REM that is caused by aging. This may apply to women too. 1 c. Researchers have noticed that there...
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...Nadira Farha Extra Credit Paper Dr.Adviye Tolunay 11/25/14 “Sleep” Do you ever wonder why you don’t dream when you sleep? The truth is, if you are getting proper amounts of sleep in proper time periods, and not taking medications or using alcohol or illegal substances, you are dreaming. You just don’t remember them unless they wake you. Sleep has been determined like a state optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory. It depends on the specific conditions of learning and the timing of sleep. Sleep is divided into two states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM), which involves slow wave sleep (SWS, stage 3 and 4) and the others is lighter sleep which occurs on stage 1 and 2. First, stage 1 When we are preparing to drift off, we go though Alpha and Theta, and have periods of dreaminess, almost like daydreaming, except we are beginning to fall asleep. These are interesting states, in that we experience them throughout the day and some people may have more of these waves than others. Those who practice meditation, or deep prayerfulness, often kind of “hang out” in Alpha. It’s a restful place. During this stage, it’s not unusual to experience strange and extremely vivid sensations or a feeling of falling followed by sudden muscle contractions. These are known as hypnogogic hallucinations. You may even feel like you are hearing someone call your...
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...purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. REM stands for rapid eye movement, and it is considered the stage of greastest brain activity during one’s sleep. During REM sleep for about 10 minutes the waves emitted by the brain become fast, heart beat and breating increase, and eye movemnet becomes quick and irregular, as a signal of a dream about to begin. In addition, during REM sleep and deep sleep one is exposed to dreams that can remember, and even if...
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...INTRODUCTION Dalai Lama once said “ Sleep is the best meditation”. Sleep is just like a medicine; it can perform wonders, only if it’s given an adequate amount of time. Science has proved that sleep deprivation can cause sleepiness, malaise and a depression of the immune system. The quality and quantity of sleep often go hand in hand. Through this paper I will be evaluating the role of adenosine and melatonin on sleep and will discuss the human sleep stages, in particular, the REM phase, using the sleep log. ROLE OF ADENOSINE Adenosine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter believed to play a role in promoting sleep and suppressing arousal, with levels increasing with each hour when an organism is awake. Adenosine makes a person drowsy after a day’s accumulation and recovery after a night’s depletion. On evaluating my sleep log, I realized the effect of adenosine on human sleep. On the 21st of September I had a cup of coffee an hour before I took a power nap at 4:30pm. I was suffering from a slight headache and had a coffee, not realizing it would act against me. The caffeine increased my heart rate and made me feel more energetic. I thought I’d take a power nap so that I could concentrate on my work again. I tried very hard to take a good nap, but I didn’t succeed. I kept tossing from side to side. On doing my research I realized what was happening to me. Caffeine related drinks mask the effect of adenosine, which can prevent a person from feeling drowsy as the day proceeds. A...
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...Tiesha Cooper Trinity Christian College Basic Research Skills Dr. King Lucid Dreaming Holzinger (2009), suggests that dreams have been a major importance to cultures throughout the ages. Native Americans viewed dreams as portals to the spirit world, paths to prophecy and quests. A common phenomenon states, there is an experience in which one is aware that one is dreaming and is able to control what happens in the dream. This experience is known as lucid dreaming. Aristotle may have been the first to write about lucid dreaming, although he did not have a term for it (Holzinger B. , 2009). And some Tibetan Buddhists have been practicing something like lucid dreaming for a long time. In Tibetan Buddhism, it was practiced as a form of yoga, called dream yoga, from the eighth century. The goal of dream yoga is to examine your consciousness and bring you to a constant state of awareness. A big part of the belief system of Buddhism is recognizing the world for what it is, free from deception. A lucid dreamer recognizes the dream world for what it is, a dream (Holzinger B. , 2009). A Dutch psychiatrist named Frederik van Eeden came up with the term for lucid dreams in 1913. He claimed that there are nine well-defined types of dreams in all, including ordinary, symbolic and vivid dreams. He recorded several of his own lucid dreams, and his thoughts during them and upon awakening. He remarked that they often involved...
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...Psychology 9/16/15 Prof. Becofsky Three Well-Thought-Out Paper Ideas 1. How did cocaine become so popular in America as well as its direct effect to brain function? Cocaine has been a major drug in the United States since the mid 1970s and it has gotten even popular this day in age. I’ve always been curious to as why cocaine addicts are addicted to cocaine. Why can’t they just stop? Why do they start in the first place? No one just wakes up in the morning and says, “I’m going to be a cocaine addict today.” I want to see the affects cocaine has on the brain that make this drug such a popular and dependable stimulant. In my research paper I will answer these questions and go in depth with what cocaine does to the brain as well as the history of cocaine abuse in the United States. I will show examples of cocaine use as well as the health hazards associated with this stimulate and what exactly happens in the brain with these individuals. 2. Schizophrenia such a dangerous/critical mental illness for the lives of children? Schizophrenia has always been a major topic when talking about psychological/mental illnesses. I’ve always been curious in learning about Schizophrenia and how someone starts showing the symptoms for this particular illness. I took a psychology course in high school and we went into depth with Schizophrenia so I am pretty aware of this situation. In my research paper I will explain and go into depth with what exactly schizophrenia really...
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...From Zero to Five Making Six Stages of Slumbering Activities in Your Brain By: Bill Pak Section: #1762 (I was allowed permission by you to turn in this term paper due to some personal issues with the original term topic) Ever wondered what in blue blazes your brain is doing when you sleep? Well so far, all the research and experiments that have been made to understand and answer this question have resulted with the so called six stages of sleep. The six stages of sleep starts from Stage 0 to Stage 5. Stage 0 is not really considered a stage since it involves the person of interest being awake. Sequentially, Stage 1 is considered to be the beginning of being asleep. Following Stage 1 is Stage 2 which is well known for its sleep spindles and K-complexes (L & F 8). Afterwards, Stage 3 is considered to be a transition phase towards Stage 4 and both stages are collectively often titled as deep sleep (McPhee 20). Lastly, but not the least, Stage 5 is identified as dream sleep and with REM (McPhee). Each stage is not just discerned by its major aspects, but by the activity in the brain in each stage. Although sleep can be described through the various behavioral changes, the different activities in the brain allow the discerning of each stage during sleep. Each stage is distinguished by various electrical activities and patterns across the brain (L & F 7). These electrical activities and patterns consistently change between each stage (McPhee 17). Obviously, each stage has...
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...The Process of SLEEP How this report is approached The following approached was conducted by following guidelines provided by McMurray (2001: 41-45). Firstly, a simple, non-instructional process was chosen to be explained: sleep is an automated ability performed by the entirety of the human race, typically on a daily basis. Therefore it is an appropriate subject. The hypothetical audience is determined. Their level of knowledge on the subject is estimated; a possible glossary is given. Their interest and use of the report is mentioned. Audience review is performed to ensure the report will be suited for the intended readers. The purpose of the report is conveyed. Multiple pictures and sketches that involve some depiction of sleep and its cognitive triggers can be found on the internet. A minimum of one picture will be used in this report. The main phases of the process of sleep are described, followed by a possible subdivision of steps and a discussion of each process separately. All non-process information required to understand the process better is also added. Headings are added to identify the segments of discussion better. A table of contents will contain these headings. An introduction is written that conveys the main steps, along with supplementary materials and commentary. Any causes and effects that is worth noting is translated into a conclusion. A bibliography contains all the sources cited in this report. The format of the report is set according to...
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...mean? Shanice Monteith The University of West Florida Abstract Dreams that take place while we sleep are one of the most fascinating aspects of human consciousness and are common among all of us. We all ask the same question, what is a dream? A researcher by the name of Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams gives us a good insight about dreams. His theory is one of the best-known models of dream interpretation. There are also other types of theories that suggest to us what a dream is. Some say that dreams are simply random firing of memory neurons. Others say differently. I will try to show both sides of this controversy. This paper will examine what a dream is and what people interpret a dream to mean. It should also give you a broader perspective of dreams, go into detail of different theories regarding dreams and give you more insight of such a fascinating but complicated topic. There is also the case of nightmares which will be discussed briefly and why they occur when we dream. What are dreams and what do they mean There have numerous studies on what is a dream. A lot of controversy has happened because of this. Some people say it could be just simply random firing of memory neurons as stated earlier but not everyone thinks the same way. Others say there is a lot of detail that could go into finding out more about this topic so they begin to do more research to come up with different ideas about such a debating issue to study. To simply put it, dreams are successions...
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...Development Abstract This paper will list two published medical research articles on Adolescent Sleeping Disorders. Sleeping disorders plague people and most have no idea that they even have the disease. Sleeping is the most important function your body has to cope with injury and stress. We need sleep to give our bodies a chance to heal themselves, flush out impurities in our digestive track or blood stream, and to rest vital organs. Sleep is needed to replenish after daily physical activity. In young adults, sleep will allow your body to release growth hormones that affect the bones, tissue, and new red blood cells (Gavin, Mary L., MD. "KidsHealth." Sleep Problems in Teens. Kids Health). Teens and adolescents spend one third of their day sleeping. Meaning by the age of 15, you will have spent about five years of your life asleep. Most adolescents need right around nine-and-a-half hours of sleep each night (Ransohoff, Katie. "Sleep and Sleeping Disorders."). Surveys conducted show that most adolescents get right around six to seven hours on the average. If you do not get enough sleep, you may experience some of the symptoms of sleep deprivation. Some of these symptoms of sleep deprivation are: • Falling asleep in class • Irritability • Difficulty waking up in the morning • Difficulty concentrating • Depression after prolonged sleep deprivation Most people think that sleep is a time where nothing happens and your...
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...The average amount a human will sleep in their lifetime is 229,961 hours. Part of those 229,961 hours sleeping is spent dreaming. What are dreams? This question has fascinated the human race throughout history. From the Ancient Greeks and Romans, to Sigmund Freud in the late 1800’s, till now, people have queried what the mystical stories that play out in the sleeping mind are and why we have them. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia left evidence of dreams dating back to 3100 BC. According to these stories, gods and kings, like the 7th century BC scholar-king Assurbanipal, paid close attention to dreams. In his archive of clay tablets, some accounts of the story of the legendary king Gilgamesh were found (Seligman). The Mesopotamians believed that the soul, or some part of it, moves out from the body of the sleeping person and actually visits the places and people the dreamer sees in their sleep. Sometimes the god of dreams is said to carry the dreamer. Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into "good," which were sent by the gods, and "bad," sent by demons. They also believed that their dreams were omens and prophecies. In ancient Egypt, as far back as 2000 BC, the Egyptians wrote down their dreams on papyrus. People with vivid and significant dreams were thought blessed and were considered special. Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were like oracles, bringing messages from the gods. They thought that the best way to receive divine revelation was through dreaming...
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