...THE EMPLOYEE WORK ATTITUDE. by Fathi Abd El-Fatah El-Hashash Supervised by Prof. Dr. Kamel Ali Omran This paper was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) at Maastricht School Of Management, MSM Maastricht, The Netherlands Maastricht School Of Management P.O.Box 1203 6201 BE Maastricht The Netherlands October 2007 COPYRIGHT All copyright reserved t the Regional IT Institute and to be owned by the Institute who reserve all rights to this document. Any copy, reproduction in any form or by any means and / or use of this document or any part of it is prohibited and only allowed after taking written permission from the Regional IT Institute. © Fathi El-Hashash, MsM-RITI-Cairo Outreach Program, 2007 i ACKNOWLEDGMENT With GOD wiliness I managed to finish this thesis after days and months of hard working. I would like to dedicate my thesis to the soul of my father who passed away 11 years ago, but still live in my heart and mind. I wish to tell him that I would never reached what I achieved in my life without your effort and raising, and no matter what I did I would never give you back what you deserve. Father I really do miss you so much my best friend. I would like also to dedicate my thesis to my mother, who suffer a sever illness problem, but gave me the best support I can ever have, I would like to thank my brother Ahmed, my sister Dr. Amany the most wonderful dentist in the world, and my youngest...
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...prevista dalla legge e costituisca una misura che, in una societˆ democratica, ﾏ necessaria alla sicurezza nazionale, alla pubblica sicurezza, al benessere economico del paese, alla difesa dell’ordine e alla prevenzione dei reati, alla protezione della salute o della morale, o alla protezione dei diritti e delle libertˆ altrui. Articolo 9 – Libertˆ di pensiero, di coscienza e di religione 1 Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertˆ di pensiero, di coscienza e di religione; tale diritto include la libertˆ di cambiare religione o credo, cos“ come la libertˆ di manifestare la propria religione o il proprio credo individualmente o collettivamente, in pubblico o in privato, mediante il culto, l’insegnamento, le pratiche e l’osservanza dei riti. 2 La libertˆ di manifestare la propria religione o il proprio credo non pu˜ essere oggetto di restrizioni diverse da quelle che sono stabilite dalla legge e che costituiscono misure necessarie, in una societˆ democratica, alla pubblica sicurezza, alla protezione dell’ordine, della 7 salute o della morale pubblica, o alla protezione dei diritti e della libertˆ altrui. Articolo 10 – Libertˆ di espressione 1 Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertˆ d’espressione. Tale diritto include la libertˆ d’opinione e la libertˆ di ricevere o di comunicare informazioni o idee senza che vi possa essere ingerenza da parte delle autoritˆ pubbliche e senza limiti di frontiera. Il presente articolo non impedisce agli Stati di sottoporre a un regime...
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...Before Thomas Schmall was appointed CEO in 2007 he already gained knowledge a"ot Bra5iland the s"sidiary while reorgani5ing !rodction in 1333 to )22+ ntil he was sent "ack to$ro!e. This crcial fact hel!ed him 6ickly ad7st to the different com!any cltre4 strategy andoverall mindset existing in Bra5il. Before analy5ing the challenges he faced as #$% in )2204 the6estion arises why he didn*t res!ond to the known !ro"lems dring his for years working in#riti"a( VWB wold have saved enormos resorces4 if they had rigorosly res!onded to the!ro"lems earlier. Ths VWB sffered eight consective years from losses4 lost market sharetremendosly4 made the s"sidiary "reacratic and created an atmos!here of a!!rehensionand insta"ility among the workers4 as .89. Senn &V -man ;esorces' commented.ro"lems that Schmall had to co!e with can "e divided in external and internal ones. Beforetackling internal !ro"lems4 external o"stacles need to "e analy5ed. Their im!act has a vitalinflence on internal actions to remedy im!ediments within the com!any. 9irst and 9oremostSchmall needed to handle the vast decrease in domestic market share which !roceededcontinosly over the years. This led to an all8time low in )22+ with )1 < "ehind a!anese and9rench manfactrer.VWB also strggled sticking to their ex!ort8led strategy and maintaining !rodction minimm"ecase of =the a!!reciation of the Bra5ilian crrency4 relative to the dollar and ero4 along withincreases in the local la"or...
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...Challenges of VWB when becoming CEO: Before Thomas Schmall was appointed CEO in 2007, he already gained knowledge about Brazil and the subsidiary while reorganizing production in 1999 to 2003 until he was sent back to Europe. This crucial fact helped him quickly adjust to the different company cltre4 strategy and overall mindset existing in Bra5il. Before analy5ing the challenges he faced as #$% in )2204 the 6estion arises why he didn*t res!ond to the known !ro"lems dring his for years working in #riti"a( VWB wold have saved enormos resorces4 if they had rigorosly res!onded to the !ro"lems earlier. Ths VWB sffered eight consective years from losses4 lost market share tremendosly4 made the s"sidiary "reacratic and created an atmos!here of a!!rehension and insta"ility among the workers4 as .89. Senn &V -man ;esorces' commented. Before Thomas Schmall was appointed CEO in 2007, he already gained knowledge about Brazil and the subsidiary while reorganizing production in 1999 to 2003 until he was sent back to Europe. This crucial fact helped him quickly adjust to the different company culture, strategy and overall mindset existing in Brazil. Before analyzing the challenges he faced as CEO in 2007, the question arises why he didn´t respond to the known problems during his four years working in Curitiba? VWB would have saved enormous resources, if they had rigorously responded to the problems earlier. Thus VWB suffered eight consecutive years from losses, lost...
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...maine janam liya uska naam Taif hai. Main abhi 26 saal ka hun. Mere 3 bhai hain aur 1 bhen hey. Main apne sare bhai bhen main sabse bada hun. Maine high school ki padhai Saudi Arabia se 2002 mein kahtam ki. Fir mein Saudi Arabia mein college ki padhai ki 7 saal tak. Fir mein 2010 USA agaya aur padhai karne ke liye aur abhi main eek saal ki padhai khatam karli hai. Mujhe safar karna bhot pasand hey. Mein bhot sare desh ghum chukka hun jaise ki England, Egypt, Italy aur France. Inme mujhe sabse zada England mein maza aya. England bhot sundar desh hai lekin Englad thoda mhenga desh hai.Mujhe safar karne main bhot maza ata hai kyonki mujhe kafi aram milta hai. Main USA isiliye aya kyonki mujhe ghumna kafi pasand hai aur main naye log aur yahanki riti riwaz ko janna chahata hun. My name is Khalid Alnufaie. I was born in Saudi Arabia. The name of the city where I was born is Taif. I am 26 years old right now. I have 3 brothers and 1 sister. Among them I am the eldest one. I finished my high school in Saudi Arabia in the year 2002 and then I continued studying for the college for another 7 years. I came to USA in the year 2010 for further studies and so far I have finished 1 year of studying. I love travelling a lot. I have been to several countries like England, Egypt, Italy and France. Among these, I really loved England because it was very beautiful but a little expensive. The reason I love to travel is because it gives me joy and peace. Since I love travelling, that’s the reason I...
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...tat-twavel tagħhom, il-monumenti u l-papyri. Aħna ma nistgħu qatt nkunu nafu meta l-arti tal-kitba bdiet tiġi applikata strettament għal skopijiet tal-letteratura u l-probabilita’ hija inqas li nistgħu qatt niskopru meta xogħlijiet tal-immaġinazzjoni bdew jiġu rrekordjati għall-edifikazzjoni tal-umanita’ tal-bniedem. Madanakollu, lanqas mhu tajjeb li wieħed jassumi li malli l-arti bdiet tiżviluppa, in-nies tal-qedem użagħu kif nużgħha aħna. Ma kinux jagħmluha vulgari u min ma kellux fuq xix jikteb, ma kitibx. Imma aħna m’aħniex mingħajr speċi tal-letteratura antika. l-Eġizzjani preservawna ħafna speċi differenti ta’ produzzjoni letterarja ta’ eluf ta’ snin ilu. Fosthom rikordju storiċi, xogħolijiet tar-reliġjon u l-filosofija, fantasija, maġija u riti tal-funerali. L-Assyria ħallitilna mijiet ta’ kotba tat-tafal li ffurmaw il-great royal library fin-Ninevah. Barra minn hekk għadditilna kotba tar-rekordji, il-mytholoġija, il-moralita’, il-grammatika, l-astronomija, l-astroloġija, il maġija, kotba għar-riferiment bħal tables ġeografiċi, għexieren ta’ tempji, pjanti, għasafar u affarijiet oħra. Fit-testment il-qadim, insibu dak li għad fadal mill-kitbiet Iżraeliti. +Il-letteratura primittiva taċ-Ċina u l-India • Huwa eħfef li nkunu nafu meta bdiet il-kitba milli meta bdiet il-letteratura. • Għalkemm nafu fi żgur li l-eqdem nazzjonijiet tad-dinja kellhom il-kotba u l-librerji li kienu jippreservaw it-tradizzjonijiet tagħhom, jaħżnu d-dokumenti u l-għerf tagħhom, u kienu jiftakru permezz...
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...BEN AND JERRY: saukeTeso da yvelaze ucnauri nayini saswavlo magaliTi kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg ben koheni da jeri grinfildi didi xani fiqrobdnen Tu riTi dakavebuliyvnen. maT ar xiblavdaT daqiravebuli muSakis kariera. Tormeti aTasi aSS dolariT, saidnac oTxi aTasi sesxi iyo, megobrebma birlingtonis (vermontis Statis yvelaze didi qalaqi) erT-erT benzingasamarT sadgurze sakuTari sanayine gaxsnes. ese daibada kompania Ben and Jerry da maleve gaxda popularuli. naturaluri rZisagan damzadebulma nayinma miiqcia myidvelis yuradReba aromatTa da gemoTa (flavors) axleburi, rig SemTxvevaSi, ucnauri SexamebiT. magaliTad, nayini Cherry Garcia aerTianebs alublis, qoqosis, kakaosa da limonis aromats . 1981 wels ki dafuZnda nayinis sawarmo Ben and Jerry. sawarmo mogebis 7.5% qvelmoqmedebis saxiT gascemda sxvadasxva socialuri proeqtis dasafinanseblad. 1992 wlidan 2000 wlamde periodSi Ben and Jerry –m waramatebiT SeaRwia kanadaSi, safrangeTSi, did britaneTSi, beneluqsis qveynebSi, israelsa da ruseTSi, iaponiaSi, laTinuri amerikis da aziis rig qveynebSi. 2000 wlis Semdeg kompaniam Segnebulad SeaCera eqspansia da arsebuli poziciis gamyarebiT dakavda. am wels kompaniis gayidvebma 240 milion aSS dolars miaRwia, rac wina wlis maCvenebels 13.3% aRemateboda. amave wels britanul – holandiurma korporacia Unilever –ma Seisyida Ben and Jerry 330 milion aSS dolarad. Ben and Jerry –s erT-erT ganmasxvavebel strategiad socialuri pasuxismgebloba unda CaiTvalos. kompaniis sawarmoo simZlavreebi Segnebulad aris...
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...Indicating that a large number of Express Lane users are SOVs. Commuters not on HOT lanes In a press release May 12, 2015 Transurban stated; “According to data extracted from the University of Maryland’s Regional Integrated Transportation Information System, travelers in the regular lanes on the Capital Beltway and I-95 have experienced reduced travel times and faster speeds since the Express Lanes opened. As expected, drivers who take the Express Lanes experience significant travel time savings when they choose to take the Lanes.” As additional drivers chose to take the HOT lanes, the general-purpose lanes theoretically have less volume. Data from the University of Maryland’s Regional Integrated Transportation Information System (RITIS) using the exact parameters showed that in Virginia, the average delay per mile traveled in 2014 was .1013. In 2017 that average dropped to is .0979 while the total vehicle miles traveled increased by 15,363,181 miles. Individuals who do not use the HOT lane still reap the benefits of having the HOT lanes. Such as; the general purpose lanes have less traffic, the road improvements as part of the construction agreement. Proceeds from toll collection can be used to mitigate any inequities. Revenues could be directed to finance public transit, which tends to be used more by poorer households. the increased revenue that can be reinvested in other transportation initiatives. ...
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...1 3 (Theodosius Dobzhansky, 1973) • “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” Understanding Biology… 2 What is biological evolution? 1 V ¨© ¡¦¥¥I % $B ¥¨¥2¥¦ ( %©6¥) £0¦ ©) ¥¦ %! ©"2 8@W@ VW V 0I $ "U §¥&8©SR V V¨ $ $ ¦ £ W H $ H ) ¦ ¤ T ) ¨ 6 $ 2 ¨ ¦ F ©) £§¦ ©) $¥¦ "! ¦"QP ¥© ¡#I H ¦G&4 !¥) ¥@E!¥" $B #! )#A @95) #¦ &8¦ ¥ ' ( ¢7 ) 'D C ¡ $ $ 1 ¡ ¦ $ ¨ 4 2 © ' #¦"2#©6&5)##) #230("0"!"¥) "' &§$"©¦ %! #"¢ 1 ' ¡ ' ! ( ¡ ¤ $ !! ¦ ¥ ¥©¥©§¥£ ¢ ¨ ¡ ¦ £ ¨ ¦ ¤ ¡ April 28, 2007 Oxnard, CA Human Evolution and the Nature of Science Evolution & NOS • As the common thread in biology, the topic of evolution can help students make sense of diverse biological concepts. 4 Common Misconception about Human Evolution – Man evolved from apes or chimps… chimps… – No, Chimpanzees and humans had a common and less specialized ancestor – Common Chimp = Pan troglodytes – Human = Homo sapiens 5 In the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin makes reference to human evolution only once when he writes “light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.” 6 2 It is of no surprise that much light or evidence has been gathered by paleoanthropologists – which include scientists who study human evolution – since Darwin’s book was first published in 1859. 7 In the last two years alone, both in science/research journals and in the public media, there have been numerous scientific articles, news reports...
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...the only data source is NBR which brings all the data generated in various customs stations under their documentation. This edition has got two parts: Volume-I having five tables with export data and Volume-II containing four tables with import data. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the Director General and his fellow colleagues of BBS for bringing out this report. I also appreciate the relentless efforts of the concerned officers and staff of Foreign Trade Section of National Accounting Wing, BBS for collection and compilation of the data provided in this report. Any comments and suggestions from the users and other stakeholders for further improvement of the publication would be highly appreciated. Dhaka October 2010 Riti Ibrahim Secretary Statistics Division Ministry of Planning X Preface Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has been...
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...Në një nga suret më misterioze në Kuran, Suretu Et Tarik (e Yllit të Mëngjesit) Allahu u drejtohet njerëzve me gojën e Muhametit, duke thënë:«Unë betohem për qiellin dhe Yllin e Mëngjesit E çka dini ju, se çka është Tariku? Ylli me dritë shpuese,Atje nuk ka shpirt, por ka një mbrojtës mbi të». (Kuran, Sure Et Tarik: 86, 1-4) Përse Allahu i Gjithëfuqishëm, krijuesi dhe Zoti i universit betohet mbi një yll? Çfarë të veçante ka ky yll? Al-Tarik, Ylli i Mëngjesit, është planeti Venus, i cili është objekti qiellor më i ndritshëm pas Hënës. Venusi e ka ndriçimin më të madh pas perëndimit të diellit dhe para lindjes së tij. Për këtë arsye Venusi që në Lashtësi është quajtur “Ylli i Mëngjesit” dhe “Ylli i Mbrëmjes”. Me planetin Venus lidhet një simbol misterioz kuraniko-islamik, Oktogrami (ylli me tetë cepa), i cili në arabisht quhet Rub el Hizb. Oktogrami është formuar nga dy katrorë, katërkëndsha me brinjë të barabarta, të mbivendosur diagonalisht. Oktogrami në teologjinë islame quhet “khatim sulayman”, “vula e profetëve”, një term ky që gjendet në Kuran. Prandaj oktagrami përdoret si shenjë ndarëse e fragmenteve në tekstin e Kuranit. Kurani është i ndarë në gjashtëdhjetë hizbe. Oktogrami ndan çdo një të katërtën e hizbit. Oktagrami gjithashtu përdoret si shenjë treguese e përfundimit të kapitullit në tekstet arabe, në përgjithësi. Oktogrami, me rreth në mes, si pikën e nëntë, është simboli kryesor i shkollës sufiste islame, dhe simbolizon fuqinë e përkryer...
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...Háskólinn í Reykjavík TVD - PRMA Vorönn 2012 Viddi 2008 (Breytt og bætt) Spurningar ____________________________ Arnar Gauti Guðmundsson Eiríkur Rafn Björnsson Guðmundur Guðmundsson Hjalti Friðriksson Sveinn Ísleifsson Skiladagur: 11. maí ’12 ________________________________________________________________________ 1 ) Verkefnishugmynd og stefnumörkun __________ a) Var hugmyndin að Viddi 2008 verkefninu vel ígrunduð? Rökstyðjið svarið. Í sjálfu sér er hugmyndin sjálf ekki slæm, en hvernig farið er með hugmyndina er alls ekki vel ígrundað. Mun skynsamlegra hefði verið að halda fleiri fundi til þess að komast að niðurstöðu hvort/hvernig framkvæma ætti hugmyndina. Talað er um í byrjun að það eigi að auka framleiðslugetu fyrirtækisins um 25% og að lausnin sé samsvarandi stækkun gólfflatarmálsins auk þróaðari framleiðslilínu. Þegar verið er að bæta við afkastameiri framleiðslulínu á allt gólfflatarmálið er hæpið að það þurfti 25% stækkun til að ná 25% meiri framleiðslugetu. Eins og kemur fram í úttekt verkefnsins eru vélar hálfnýttar og þetta er einfaldlega of stórt í sniðum. Betri hefði verið að fá fagaðila og jafnvel virkja starfsfólk á gólfi til að gera mat á því hversu mikla stækkun virkilega þarf til að ná 25% meiri framleiðslugetu. __________ b) Hvernig hefði markmiðasetningin átt að vera og hvernig hefði útfærslan átt að vera? Markmiðið var að stækka fyrirtækið í takt við vaxandi eftirspurn en hvernig var staðið að því hefði mátt fara betur. Markmiðin voru ekki skýr og...
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...[pic] OSTRAVSKÁ UNIVERZITA Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra sociální geografie a regionálního rozvoje Seminární práce Název: Jižní ostrov Nového Zélandu Do předmětu: Destinace cestovního ruchu – Asie a Oceánie (KSG/MCRAS) Vyučující: prof. RNDr. Vladimír Baar, CSc. RNDr. Vincenc Kopeček, Ph.D Autor: Martin Šmigala Obor a semestr studia: Politická a kulturní geografie, 5. semestr Datum odevzdání: 19. 12. 2014 Obsah 1 Lokalizační přepoklady 3 1.1 Poloha 3 1.2 Reliéf 3 1.3 Vodstvo 5 1.4 Klimatické podmínky 5 1.5 Fauna a flóra 5 1.6 Ochrana přírody 6 2 Kulturně municipiální předpoklady 7 3 Itinerář 9 3.1 1. den 9 3.2 2. den 9 3.3 3. den 10 3.4 4. den 11 3.5 5. den 11 3.6 6. den 12 3.7 7. den 13 3.8 8. den 14 3.9 9. den 14 3.10 10. den 15 3.11 11. den 16 3.12 12. den 17 4 Organizace garantující rozvoj cestovního ruchu 18 5 Bibliografie a internetové zdroje 18 Lokalizační přepoklady Nový Zéland je v současnosti jednou z nejpopulárnějších destinací cestovního ruchu. V roce 2013 navštívilo Nový Zéland více než 2,7 milionů zahraničních turistů, zejména z Austrálie, Velké Británie, USA, Číny a Německa.[1] Nový Zéland ve své propagaci cestovního ruchu umně využívá popularity filmové trilogie Pána prstenů, který se natáčel ve zdejších nádherných lokacích. Zavedl také značku 100% Pure New Zealand, která se stala hlavním logem novozélandského turismu. Odkazuje na nedotčenou, čistou přírodu...
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...APA leiðbeiningar HR um tilvísanir og heimildaskráningu Vinsamlega athugið! Þessar leiðbeiningar eru byggðar á Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6. útg. 2010 og APA Style Guide to Electronic References 6. útg. 2012. Við íslenskun og staðfæringu er einnig er stuðst við Gagnfræðakver handa háskólanemum 4. útg. 2007, eftir Friðrik H. Jónsson og Sigurð J. Grétarsson. Kennarar HR gætu kosið að styðjast við aðrar útgáfur. Enda þótt upplýsingafræðingar BUHR hafi leitast við að setja eftirfarandi leiðbeiningar fram villulausar og samkvæmt nýjustu stöðlum, þá er ekki unnt að ábyrgjast að ávallt sé svo. Nemar eru hvattir til að bera eftirfarandi leiðbeiningar saman við ofangreind rit og/eða bera vafaatriði undir kennara sína. Bókasafn og upplýsingaþjónusta Háskólans í Reykjavík uppfært 25. ágúst 2015 Byggt á APA 6. útg. og Gagnfræðakveri fyrir háskólanema 4. útg. Kennarar gætu valið að fylgja öðru formi - fylgið leiðbeiningum þeirra Efnisyfirlit: Ritstuldur ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Frumheimildir (primary sources) og afleiddar heimildir (secondary sources) ........................................ 5 Hvenær vísa skal til heimilda – beinar og óbeinar tilvitnanir .................................................................. 6 Tilvísanir og heimildaskráning .......................................................
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...第 卷 仪托 年 第 期 月 中 国管 理 科 学 , 刃 供 应 链 管 理理论 与 方 法 沈厚 才 陶青 , 陈煌 波 南京 。 东 南 大 学经 济 管 理 学 院 摘 要 , 进人九 十 年代 以 来 供 应链管理 成 为 增 强 企 业 竞争 力 最 重 要方 法 之 一 本 文 介 绍 了 供应 链 管 理 的基 本 思 想 说 明 了 供应链 管理 产 生 的理 论 与 现实背景 介绍 了 实施供应 链 管理 的 基 本 过程 分 析 , , , 了 为 辅 助供 应链 管理 的 模 型 , 并 说 明 了 供 应链 管 理 对 我 国 企 业 管理 的 借 鉴作 用 建模 。 关 键词 供应链 协调 管理 中 图 分类号 文 献 标识 码 引言 进 人九 十 年 代 以 来 的一 个 热 门领 域 。 , 供 应 链管 理 , , 简称 成 了学 术 界研 究 例如 国 际 生 产规 划 与 控 制 》 杂志 于 也于 为 了顺 应 这 一 潮 流 , ‘, 、 年 出了一 期 “ , “ 供 应链 管理 ” ” 哪 专刊 ” 俪飞 《国 际工 业工程 会 刊 》 年 出 了 一期 供应 链 管 理 。 专刊 “ , 同 年 权 威 的 《 理 科 学》 管 从第 四期 开 始 将 ‘ 幻 、 供 应链 管 理 〔, , 专 门 开 辟 为 一 个 独 立 的研 究 领 域 有 资料 显示 , , 以便 更 好 地 处 理 这 方 面 的 研 究 成 果 供 应链 管理 也 已 为 企 业 界所 关 注 宝洁 。 惠普 数 字 仪 器公 司 爱立信 、 公 司 等都 已 采 用 这 种 为 什 么 会 提 出供 应 链 。 管 理新方 法 并 因此 而 增 强 了 企业 的 国 际 竞 争 力 管理 、 本 文 将 回答 供应 链 是 什 么 供 应链 管 理 的 基 本 过 程 及 其方 法 、 以 及 供应 链 管 理 对 我 国 企 业 借 鉴 作 用 等 问 题 供 应链 管理 的基 本 思 想 进 人 八 十年 代 学 院的 , 企 业业务流 程 、 受 到 了广 泛 的 重 视 〔 。 司 。 因为 。 , 企 业 的资 源 为此 , 包括人 力 资 潺 物 质 资 源 财务 资 源 正 是 通 过 业 务 流 程 来 形成 其竞 争 优 势 的 哈佛 商 , 教授 提 出 了有 名 的 价 值 链 模 型 、 作 为一 种 业 务 流 程 模 型 。 , 价值 链 模 型 把 企 业 它 , 为顾 客 为自己 创 造价 值 的 各 种 业 务 活 动 集 成 在 一 起 、 供 应 链 实 际 上 也是 一 种 业 务 流 程 模 型 如图 。 。 是 指 由原 材料 和 零部 件 供 应 商 、 、 产 品 的制 造 商 , 、 分 销 商 和 零 售 商 到 最...
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