...Background: The major dynamic driving forces of cities in developing countries are economic and social forces to change the urban system with the growing demand of population and urbanization. Of course, the problems are different and unique to a particular city based on the city growth pattern, economic and social character. Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh with 1.2 million populations within 45.6 square kilometres was developed as a medium scale industrial city since 1950s. Previously the city economy was completely established on river-based trade and the city developed around the river port locally named “Boro Bazaar” means big market place. The changing city form gave Boro Bazaar the shape of mixed-use zone rather solely commercial or business zone. Now, as a central economic hub in the city centre, Boro Bazaar needs to be more dynamic to response to the city economy and its growth pattern. For last one decade, Boro Bazaar has faced compact unplanned haphazard development even along the riverside just to meet the demand of rapid urbanization process. Therefore, it has become an urban challenge to revitalize the Boro Bazaar area to make more effective response to the rapid economic growth and to ensure better urban environment for the residents, businesspersons and the employers. Being the main economic hub in the city, Boro Bazaar needs to be more dynamic in...
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...Glenderaterra Beck River and our aim was to measure and interpret how fluvial channel characteristics changed downstream at our stratified sampling sites in comparison to the Bradshaw Model. This model suggests that as you progress downstream, the discharge increases as erosion widens and deepens the channel. Velocity is also said to increase as tributaries input discharge into the river and friction plays a weaker role so the velocity increases. Load quantity increases additionally as erosion has caused the banks of the river to fall into the channel flow and the higher energy levels enable the river to carry a larger load. It also suggests that pebble roughness and gradient reduces as you progress downstream as lateral erosion comes into play and decreases the steepness of the gradient as well at attrition and abrasion smoothing the edges of rocks and pebbles. We also looked at the Hjulström curve as an additional theory in terms of energy in a river and how this determines whether a river will erode, transport, or deposit sediment. The graph takes sediment particle size and water velocity into account. The upper curve shows the critical erosion velocity in cm/s as a function of particle size in mm, while the lower curve shows the deposition velocity as a function of particle size. Note that the axes are logarithmic. 2. Outline the purpose of the fieldwork: The purpose of the fieldwork investigation was to assess downstream changes of the Glenderaterra Beck River located in the...
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...rock structure of the Himalayas comprising shale and siltstone is extremely pliable and construction of structures close to the rivers is a precursor for disaster Several Himalayan geologists have repeatedly expressed apprehension against the massive road and dam-building construction activity taking place in Uttarakhand which had resulted in the hillsides “crumbling. States oppose Model Flood Bill Even as floods play havoc in Uttarakhand, several states have opposed the provisions of a 38-year-old Model Flood Bill aimed at minimising losses to life and property in the natural calamity. The CWC had circulated the model bill to all the states to help the state governments enact the legislation. Except for Manipur and Rajasthan, no state legislature has enacted the 'Model Bill on Flood Plain Zoning'. Human hand behind flood disaster Ecologists point out that the huge expansion of hydro-power projects and construction of roads to cope with the lakhs of tourists in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh has compounded the scale of the disaster. There are of course links between climate change and extreme weather events as has happened with the torrential rain in Uttarakhand. But this has been exacerbated by the reckless construction of buildings, dams and roads in a fragile environment. Many of the settlements have been built right next to the rivers in blatant violation of environmental laws. The expansion of roads has proved a major destabilising factor combined as it is with...
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...World Cities Millionaire Cities, Megacities and World Cities Millionaire city: 1 million+ pop Megacity: 10 million+ pop, 2,000 persons/km², one or two places merged World City: Major area which doesn’t just serve area, but world, normally multinational These are all interlinked in a pattern, usually by train. Also they started mainly in MEDC’s, but have slowly appeared more in LEDC’s. Contemporary Urbanisation Processes Urbanisation: the movement and growth of proportion of people living in urban areas. Characteristics: Since the 1950’s, urbanisation has started rapidly to increase in LEDC’s. the main two reasons for this are population growth and migration. Push factors ← Poor infrastructure ← Unemployment ← Poverty/Famine ← Natural Disasters ← Civil War ← Desertification Pull factors ← Better Jobs ← Better Education ← City life ‘Bright Life’ ← Better Social life ← Higher pay ← Financial Aid ← Better Healthcare - Urbanisation in the UK: Started with the Industrial Revolution in the 1800’s | |Economic |Social |- |- | |Push Factor |1. Unemployment from mechanisation |1. Poorer education |- |- | | |2. Little pay |2. Poorer social life | | | | | ...
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...Case Study – Dulhasti Power Plant The Dulhasti hydro-energy power plant is a run-of-the-river plant on the Chandra River which is a tributary of the Chenab River located in northern Indian provinces of Jammu and Kashmir. Dulhasti is the first hydropower utility of India and the best example of a project management tragedy. In 1989, the Dulhasti project contract was first assigned to a French consortium promising to complete in 57 months and with a budget of $ 50 million. Despite their request for revising the price, the Indian government refused their request and gathered organizations for a second bidding process. The French consortium’s offer was accepted with a lower cost among the European competitors. It is published in India’s news portal that “The Cegelec-Alstom-led French consortium, DSB, which was initially awarded the construction contract in 1989, pulled out and stopped work in August 1992”. [1] In 1996, the project was then undertaken by another Norwegian company, Jaiprakash-Statkraft Anlegg JV which had problems with hiring workers from other states. [2] It is stated in Indian news that even though; the cost was initially estimated at $50 million, by the end of the century, Rs 5,228 crore ($1 billion) had been spent on the project. [3] There were a couple of reasons for why this project failed over time. The plant was intended to be built on an inappropriate location considering the geographical, political and economic challenges. The lack of infrastructure...
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...GEOG 1 Essays (15 marks) Exam date | Rivers | Coasts | Population | Health | Specimen | Describe and explain the development of meanders. | With reference to one or more case study of coastal management, discuss whether the benefits outweigh the costs. | With reference to a named country, evaluate attempts to manage population change.Name of country: | Discuss how the United Kingdom’s changing population structure is likely to affect employment in the health and care services over the next 25 years or so. | June 09 | Describe and explain the formation of landforms resulting from rejuvenation. | With specific reference to a case study of coastal erosion, assess the relative importance of its physical and socio-economic consequences. | Outline and comment on the economic and political consequences of populationchange | Describe and suggest reasons for regional variations in morbidity in the UK. | Jan 10 | Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of hard engineering as a floodmanagement strategy | Explain the causes of sea level change and the formation of resultant coastal landforms. | For any two of the following types of area, summarise the contrasts between themand explain the implications of these contrasts for social welfare: * inner city * suburban * rural–urban fringe * rural settlement.Chosen areas: | Discuss the impact of obesity on people’s health and the strategies adopted to care for people with obesity | June 10 | Compare and comment on the economic...
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...100 marks. It will be based on blocks 1 to 7. Aims: This assignment is concerned mainly with assessing your application and your understanding of the course material. You are not required to reproduce chunks of information from the course material but to use the skills of critical appreciation that you may have acquired during the course of study. This assignment aims to teach as well as to assess your performance. Instructions: Before attempting the questions please read the following instructions carefully. 1. Read the detailed instructions about the assignments given in the Programme Guide for Elective Courses. 2. Write your Enrolment Number, Name, Full Address and Date on the top right corner of the first page of your response sheet(s). 3. Write the Course Title, Assignment Number and the Name of the Study Centre you are attached to in the centre of the first page of your response sheet(s). The top of the first page of your response sheet should look like this: ENROLMENT NO: ……………………… NAME : ………………………………….. ADDRESS : ……………………………… ……………………………… COURSE TITLE : ……………………….. ASSIGNMENT NO: …………………….. STUDY CENTRE : ……………………… DATE : ……………………………….. 4. Use only foolscap size paper for your response and tag all the pages carefully. 5. Write the relevant question number with each answer. 6. You should write in your own handwriting. 7....
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...MAI HYDROPOWER PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY Submitted by : Alish Bamanu Kumud Adhikari Akash mahat Bishal Shrestha Kumar Jeeva Tamang Submitted to : Yalam vaidya Kings College Table of Contents: SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 1 SALIENT FEATURES ...................................................................................................................... 2 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 4 2. THE PROJECT AREA ............................................................................................................ 4 3. REPORT INVESTIGATIONS ...................................................................................................... 5 4. BASIC STUDIES ................................................................................................................. ... 7 4.1 HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT STUDY .................................................................................... 7 4.2 POWER MARKET ................................................................................................................. 8 4.3 GOVERNMENT POLICY ......................................................................................................... 8 4.4 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES ......................................
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...1 Introduction According to the Third Assessment Report of IPCC, South Asia is the most vulnerable region of the world to climate change impacts (McCarthy et al., 2001). The international community also recognizes that Bangladesh ranks high in the list of most vulnerable countries on earth. Bangladesh’s high vulnerability to climate change is due to a number of hydro-geological and socio-economic factors that include: its geographical location in South Asia; its flat deltaic topography with very low elevation; its extreme climate variability that is governed by monsoon and which results in acute water distribution over space and time; its high population density and poverty incidence; and its majority of population being dependent on crop agriculture which is highly influenced by climate variability and change. Despite the recent strides towards achieving sustainable development, Bangladesh’s potential to sustain its development is faced with significant challenges posed by climate change (Ahmed and Haque, 2002). It is therefore of utmost importance to understand its vulnerability in terms of population and sectors at risk and its potential for adaptation to climate change. Increased climate variability means additional threats to drought-prone environments and is considered a major crop production risk factor. The impact of climate variability and change on agricultural production is a global concern. However, the impact is particularly important in Bangladesh...
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...DIAGNOSED RESEARCH PROJECT A PROSPECTIVE STUDY MARCH 2008 FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EXTENSION DIVINE WORD UNIVERSITY Page | 3 Contents Title Page… ………………………………………………………………………………...........……….3 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Map of West Sepik Province……………………………………………………………………………….5 Lateral View of the study site……………………………………………………………………………....6 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………....7 Glossary and Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….......................8 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………....9 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….10-11 Background……………………………………………………………………………….….....................11 Provincial & District Profile…………………………………………...........................................11 Aims and Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………12 Methods and Materials………………………………………………………………………………...12-13 Study population and sites…………………………………………………………......................12 Data collection tools……………………………………………………………………………....12 Verbal interview questionnaires…………………………………………………………………..13 Results……………………………………………………………………………………….................14-17 Figure 1-Simple & Treatment Failure malaria cases in table…………………………………….14 Figure 2- Severe Malaria & Deaths arising from in tables……………………………………….14 Figure 3-Line graph showing simple malaria cases, 2001 to 2007……………….........................15 Figure 4-Line graph showing Treatment Failure cases, 2001 to 2007………………………..15-16 Figure...
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...SLUM REDEVELOPMENT - POST PANSHET FLOODS OF 1961 Sejal Nagori 50. The Panshet dam disaster in 1961 redefined the city’s geography, wiped out the modest Pune settings in peth . Nearly half of Poona City was under six feet of water today as the swollen Mutha River completely washed away the earthen Panshet Dam and made a 100-foot breach in the Khadakvasla Dam. The first wave came in the forenoon when the raging river destroyed the Panshet Dam. Another mass of water cascaded into the city when the Khadakvasla Dam gave way in the afternoon. The failure of the dam occurred because of the breach that developed in Panshet Dam, upstream of the Khadkawasla reservoir. The upstream dam released a tremendous volume of water into the downstream reservoir at a time when the Khadkawasla reservoir was already full, with the gates discharging at near full capacity. This caused overtopping of the dam because inflow was much above the design flood. The entire length of the dam spilling 2.7 m of water. Vibration of the structure was reported, as the incoming flood was battering the dam. Failure occurred within four hours of the visiting flood waters. The gushing flood water rendered homeless hundreds of families in just a few hours, besides damaging popular landmarks of that time like the then newly reconstructed LAKDI PUL (SAMBHAJI BRIDGE) and OMKARESHWAR TEMPLE to name a few,” . The top of the STATUE of RANI LAXMIBAI OF JHANSI on JM Road was visible while rest was completely submerged in flood...
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... |demonstrate knowledge and understanding of|The two websites listed here give clear animations of the hydrological cycle |www.epa.gov/ogwdw/kids/flash/ flashwatercycle.html | | |the components of the drainage basin cycle|which students can watch and discuss. |www.sweetwater.org/education/ watercycle.swf | | |and their interrelationships: | | | | |inputs: precipitation; |A useful starting point is to get students to place relevant labels, e.g. |Waugh (2009) (pp 278–279) | | |stores: interception by vegetation; |precipitation on a blank diagram of the drainage basin. Labels can...
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...Fishing Community The fisheries sector plays an important role in food consumption, nutrition, employment and export. The sector contributes more than 5% of Bangladesh's GDP and 9% of its export earnings and it employs 1.4 million people. From time immemorial, a large number of Bengali people have depended for their livelihood on fishing and related occupations. Fishermen in rural Bangladesh usually live a community life in neighbourhoods or villages around the water bodies. They cooperate closely with one another not only in fishing, or in the cooperative utilisation of fishing grounds, but also in economic activities, such as marketing and purchasing, and in social life and family affairs. They have lived communally for many generations, creating in the process their own history, distinct traditions, and patterns of daily life. Traditionally, fishermen have been Hindus. After analysing the report on the CENSUS of 1872, WW HUNTER had concluded that Muslims clung closer to the land and did not follow any trade in sowing or harvesting seasons to supplement their income. But like Hindus, they worked as fishermen, boatmen, or house builders during seasons when their labour in the field was not required. For Hindus, fishing has a traditional link with the caste system and is hereditary. Hindu fishermen believe their occupation to be sacred, although in the cast hierarchy, the fishermen are ranked the lowest of all occupational groups. But fishing is hardly a hereditary or a sacred...
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...Five case studies from civil society sponsored by February 2010 About ECCR The Ecumenical Council for Corporate Responsibility (ECCR) is a church-based investor coalition and membership organisation working for economic justice, environmental stewardship, and corporate and investor responsibility. ECCR undertakes research, advocacy and dialogue with companies and investors. It seeks to influence company policy and practice and to raise awareness among the British and Irish churches, the investor community and the general public. For more information, please visit www.eccr.org.uk. Acknowledgements ECCR would like to thank the five civil society organisations that contributed case studies based on their work in the Niger Delta; Cordaid for generously sponsoring the report; members, partners and independent experts who advised, read and commented on the text before publication; Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Shell Petroleum Development Corporation of Nigeria for providing company information and commenting on the text. Cover photo credits: Friends of the Earth International; IRIN/UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands; Stakeholder Democracy Network. Disclaimers ECCR has commissioned and published these case studies as a contribution to public understanding. The text has undergone a careful process of fact-checking and review to achieve accuracy and balance. Nevertheless, the views expressed in the case studies do not...
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...Chapter 8: Aerial photograph interpretation Introduction Almost all modern topographic maps and many other types such as those depicting geology, natural vegetation, and landuse, are based on information obtained from aerial photography. In this chapter we will consider how aerial photograph surveys are flown and then we will examine the photogrammetric properties of single aerial photographs and of stereopairs. We will conclude our discussion by considering how aerial photographs are used in the interpretation of cultural features. In Canada most aerial photography is obtained by air-survey companies under contract to various Federal or Provincial government agencies. All of Canada has been photographed from the air, some of it many times over at different scales and in different seasons and years going back to the late 1920's. Federal aerial photographs (and maps) are available from the Canada Map Office and the National Air Photo Library (both at 615 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E9) while the appropriate Provincial agency in British Columbia is Maps B.C. (Ministry of Environment, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 1X5). Aerial photographs often are used in the same manner as maps and it might be useful if we note at the start the advantages and limitations of each medium. An aerial photograph has the following advantages over a line map: 1. It is a pictorial representation of the ground that shows far greater detail than a line map. This distinction...
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