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به نام خداوند جان و خرد

گروه مهندسی کامپيوتر

عنوان مقاله: آشنایی با سیستم های SDH

تهیه و تنظیم:
سجاد معظمی

استاد راهنما:
مهندس افراسیابی

تابستان 91

کليه حقوق مادي مرتبط بر نتايج مطالعات، ابتکارات و نوآوريهاي ناشي از تحقيق موضوع اين مقاله متعلق به دانشگاه صنعتی همدان است.

چکیده:
این مقاله در مورد سیستم های مخابراتی SDH بحث می کند. در این مقاله با ساختار این سیستم، مقدمات آن، و کاربرد های آن در دنیای صنعت آشنا خواهیم شد.
مقدمه ای در مورد مالتی پلکسینگ و سیستم قدیمی PDH و آشنایی با معایب آن و در نهایت با سیستم SDH و مزایای آن نسبت به سیستم قدیمی بحث خواهد شد.

کلمات کلیدی:
SDH, PDH, MUX، فریم بندی، مالتی پلکسینگ

فهرست مطالب عنوان | صفحه | | |
1 فصل اول 1
1-1 مقدمه 1
1-2 مروری بر PDH 1
1-3 معایب سیستم سنتی PDH 3
2 فصل دوم 6
2-1 مقدمه 6
2-2 ویژگیهای اصلیSDH 6
2-3 مزایایSDH 8
2-4 معایب SDH 10
3 سرواژه ها 11
3 مراجع 12

فصل اول
ساختار SDH 1-1 مقدمه
سیستم SDH یک سیستم انتقال برای سرعت های بالاست. سیستم های مخابرات نوری ظرفیت بالایی که خصوصیت سیگنالهای دیجیتال شامل فریم، روش مالتی پلکسینگ، سلسله مراتب سرعت های دیجیتال و غیره را تعریف می کنند. قبل از ورود به جزئیات SDH لازم است که یک تصور اساسی درباره تکنولوژی ماقبل آن یعنی PDH داشته باشیم.
1-2 مروری بر PDH
سیگنال PDH با یک سرعت انتقال بالاتر به وسیله مالتی پلکسینگ چندین سیگنال سرعت پایین تر بدست می آید.
در حال حاضر سلسله مراتب PDH سه شاخه دارد: 1. استاندارد اروپایی 2. استاندارد آمریکای شمالی 3. استاندارد ژاپنی

شکل زیر سلسله مراتب اروپایی PDH را به تصویر کشیده است.

شکل 1-1 : استاندارد اروپایی PDH
از آنجایی که PDH روش مالتی پلکسینگ غیر همزمان را می پذیرد، سیگنال های سرعت پایین نمی توانند مستقیماً به سیگنال های سرعت بالا سوار شده و یا از آنها رد شوند و بایستی مرحله به مرحله رد شوند.
سطوح سرعت سیگنال های PDH در شکل 1-2 آمده اند.

شکل 1-2 : جدول سطوح سرعت سیگنال های PDH

1-2 معایب سیستم سنتی PDH
1-2-1اینترفیس:
الف: اینترفیس الکتریکی:
در سیستم های SDH برای اینترفیس الکتریکی، استاندارد جهانی وجود نداشته و فقط معیارهای منطقه ای وجود دارد. به عبارتی به جای یک استاندارد جهانی، استاندارد های منطقه ای آمریکای شمالی، اروپایی و ژاپنی وجود دارد.
هریک از آنها سطوح سرعت اینترفیس الکتریکی، ساختار فریمینگ و روش های مالتی پلکسینگ مختلفی دارند.
این مطلب، برای ارتباط بین المللی مشکلاتی را ایجاد می کند.
ب: اینترفیس نوری:
هیچ استاندارد جهانی یا منطقه ای برای ایترینی نوری وجود ندارد. فروشندگان مختلف لاین کد های مختلفی را مورد استفاده قرار می دهند. این مطلب باعث مشکلات زیادی در ساختار شبکه و مدیریت آن می شود.
به عنوان مثال کدینگ خط به صورت mBnB (n>m) در این نوع کدینگ m بیت به n تبدیل می شود.
نمونه ای از این کدینگ 5B6B است که بیت ششم به عنوان بیت سربار (over head) مورد استفاده قرار گرفته و برای انتقال اطلاعات مدیریتی به کار می رود.
به دلیل اضافه کردن بیت های سربار سرعت انتقال به اندازه n/m افزایش می یابد. با توجه به اینکه هیچ نوع استاندارد جهانی برای این مفهوم وجود ندارد، عملاً مدیریت در شبکه های که تجهیزات آنها ساخت کارخانجات مختلف است با مشکلاتی مواجه می باشد.

1-2-2 روش مالتی پلکسینگ:
چون روش مالتی پلکسینگ PDH همزمان نمی باشد، زمانیکه سیگنال های سرعت پایین به سیگنال های سرعت بالا مالتی پلکس می شوند، به راحتی نمی توان یک سیگنال سرعت پایین را در سیگنال سرعت بالا شناسایی کرد.
به بیان دیگر add/drop سیگنال های سرعت پایین از سیگنال های سرعت بالا مستقیماً انجام نمی شود.
به عنوان مثال سیگنال های 2Mb/s نمی تواند از سیگنال های 140 Mb/s پیاده و یا سوار بر آن شود. در اینجا دو مسأله رخ می دهد: الف: پیاده یا سوار کردن: یک سیگنال سرعت پایین از سیگنال سرعت بالا باید مرحله به مرحله صورت بگیرد.
به عنوان مثال، برای پیاده کردن یک سیگنال 2Mb/sاز 140 Mb/s باید سه مرحله دی مالتی پلکس انجام داد. برای اینکار نیاز است تا در هربار دی مالتی پلکس _ مطابق شکل 1-1 _ از تجهیزات لازم استفاده کرد که اینکار حجم تجهیزات را افزایش داده و علاوه بر آن، هزینه ها، توان مصرفی، پیچیدگی تجهیزات را بالا می برد و توانایی تجهیزات را کاهش می دهد. ب: از آنجایی که فرآیند پیاده و سوار کردن سیگنال های سرعت پایین از سیگنال های سرعت بالا در طی چند مرحله مالتی پلکسینگ و دی مالتی پلکسینگ انجام می شود، در طول این فرآیندها تخریب سیگنال افزایش یافته و کیفیت انتقال کاهش می یابد. این مطلب در انتقال ظرفیت بالا غیر قابل تحمل بوده و دلیلی است بر اینکه چرا سیستم PDH بیش از این گسترش نیافت.
1-2-3 نگهداری
در ساختار فریم بندی PDH تعداد محدودی بایت overhead برای انجام عملیات OAM (بهره برداری، مدیریت و نگهداری = Operation Administration & Maintenance) به کار برده می شود. بنا بر این هیچ ظرفیت اضافی برای بهبود انتقال سیگنال باقی نمی ماند.
کم بودن بایت های سربار در PDH، یکی از معایب این گونه سیستم ها برای مدیریت لایه ای، مانیتورینگ وقایع و تجزیه و تحلیل آلارم هاست.

1-2-4عدم وجود اینترفیس مدیریتی شبکه جهانی
(Telecomunication Management Network _ TMN )
توسط فروشندگان مختلف، سیستم های مدیریت شبکه مختلفی ارائه می شوند. این مطلب مانعی است در تشکیل یک شبکه مدیریت یکپارچه (TMN). زمانی که خریدار تجهیزات مخابراتی را از یک سازنده خریداری می کند بایستی سیستم مدیریت شبکه به همراه تجهیزات توسط فروشنده به خریدار ارائه گردد. در واقع بایستی سیستم های مدیریت شبکه را هم خرید کند. بنا بر این قسمت های مختلف سبکه ممکن است سیستم های مدیریتی مختلفی را مورد استفاده قرار دهد که این مطلب مانعی است در تشکیل به TMN یکپارچه. نتیجه:
به دلیل معایب فوق الذکر، سیستم انتقال داده PDH به طور فزاینده ای مانع توسعه شبکه انتقال می شود.
بنا بر این انستیتو مخابراتی بل در ایالات متحده اولین پیشنهادسلسله مـــــــــــــــــــــراتب نوری Synchrounous Optical Network : SONETکه شامل مجموعه ی کامل استاندارد های انتقال دیجیتال برای سطوح مختلف بود را ارائه نمود.
مفهوم سونت، توسط CCIT در سال 1988 میلادی پذیرفته شد و به سلسله مراتب انتقال دیجیتال همزمان
Synchrounous Digital hierarchy : SDH تغییر نام داد.
SDH یک سیستم عمومی برای انتقال داده روی فیبر نوری، مایکروویو و ماهواره هاست. در این دوره تمرکز در کاربرد SDH در شبکه های انتقال فیبر نوری می باشد.

فصل دوم
خصوصیات SDH
2-1 مقدمه
در این فصل به بررسی خصوصیات و برخی ویژگیهای فنی SDH می پردازیم. سیستم انتقال داده SDH، همانند همه ی سیستم های فنی مشخصاتی ذاتی و مزایا و معایبی دارد که در ادامه به بررسی آن می پردازیم.
2-1 ویژگیهای اصلی SDH
SDH دارای یک سری ویژگیهاست که در این بخش به بررسی آن می پردازیم.
2-1-1 سرعت بیتی سطوح SDH
براساس مشخصات ITU-T پایین ترین سطح سرعت بیتی سیگنال SDH (سیگنال پایه هم خوانده می شود.) 155.52 Mb/s است که به عنوان STM1)(Synchronous Transport Module 1: شناخته شده است. کوچکترین ماژول در SDH، STM1 است.
سرعت های سطوح بالاتر مضارب صحیح و مثبت 4 تا از STM1 است.
این مقادیر به نام های زیر شناخته می شوند:
STM1 _ STM4 _ STM16 _ STM64 _ STM256

جدول سلسله مراتب و سرعت های SDH به ترتیب در شکل 2-1 و 2-2 آمده است.

شکل 2-1: جدول سلسله مراتب SDH

شکل 2-2: سطوح مختلف سرعت و ظرفیت در SDH
2-1-2 مالتی پلکسینگ بایت به بایت
سیگنال های سطوح بالاتر به وسیله مالتی پلکسینگ بایت به بایت سیگنال های پایین تر به دست می آیند.

2-2 مزایای SDH
2-2-1 اینترفیس الف: استاندارد سازی اینترفیس های الکتریکی امکان ارتباط میان تجهیزات کارخانجات مختلف را فراهم میسازد. سیستم های SDH استاندارد های مختلف جهانی را که شامل استاندارد هایی برای سطح سرعت سیگنال دیجیتال، ساختار فریم، روش مالتی پلکسینگ، اینترفیس لاین، مانیتورینگ، و مدیریت و غیره می باشد را تهیه می نماید. به طوری که تجهیزات SDH کارخانجات مختلف به آسانی می توانند با هم در ارتباط باشند.
سیستم های SDH یک مجموعه استاندارد سطوح سرعت مختلف را فراهم میسازند. سطح ساختار سیگنال پایه ( سرعت پایی در سیستم SDH ) یک STM1 با سرعت 155 Mb/s می باشد.

ب: اینترفیس نوری: اینترفیس های خط (اینترفیس نوری) استاندارد های جهانی را پذیرفته اند. کدینگ خط سیگنال های SDH به عوض درج کدهای مطرح در PDH فقط اسکرمبلینگ می باشد.
استاندارد برای اسکرمبلینگ جهانی بوده بنابراین تجهیزات ترمینال مقابل می تواند با تجهیزات SDH کارخانجات مختلف به یکدیگر متصل شود.
هدف از اسکرمبلینگ به وجود آوردن احتمال وقوع بیت های صفر و یک نزدیک به پنجاه درصد برای استخراج سیگنال های کلاک از سیگنال های خط می باشد. از آنجاییکه سیگنال های خط فقط اسکرمبل می شوند، سرعت های سیگنال خط SDH همان سرعت های اینترفیس الکتریکی SDH است.
2-2-2 روش مالتی پلکسینگ
از آن جایی که سیگنال های سرعت پایین SDH در ساختار فریم سرعت بالا SDH از طریق بایت به بایت مالتی پلکس می شود، موقعیت آنها در فریم سیگنال SDH سرعت بالا منظم و قابل پیش بینی است. بنابراین سیگنال های سرعت پایین SDH به عنوان مثال STM1: 155 Mb/s می توانند مستقیماً از سیگنال های سرعت بالای SDH برای مثال STM16 : 2.5 Gb/s پیاده شده و یا بر آن سوار شوند. این امر فرآیند مالتی پلکسینگ و دی مالتی پلکسینگ سیگنال را آسان کرده و سلسله مراتب SDH را برای انتقال سیستم های فیبر نوری با ظرفیت بالاو سرعت بالا مناسب می سازد.
از آنجایی که سیگنال های Tributery سرعت پایین PDH به عنوان مثال 2MB/s نیز می تواند به سیگنال فریم SDH مثلاً STM-N مالتی پلکس شود، موقعیت آنها در فریم سیگنال STM-N قابل پیش بینی است. به طوری سیگنال های سرعت پایین Tributery می توانند مستقیماً به سیگنال های STM-N سوار شوند و یا از آنها پیاده شوند.
این موضوع باعث صرفه جویی تعداد زیادی تجهیزات ماکسینگ و دی ماکسینگ شده، قابلیت سیستم را بالا می برد، تخریب سیگنال، هزینه، توان مصرفی و پیچیدگی تجهیزات را کاهش می دهد و به علاوه، پیاده و سوار کردن سرویس ها را آسان تر می کند.

2-2-3 بهره برداری، مدیریت و نگهداری (OAM)
در ساختار فریمی سیگنال های SDHبیت های سربار ( OverHead ) فراوانی جهت عملیات OAM تدارک دیده شده اند. این موضوع عمل مانیتورینگ شبکه یعنی نگهداری خودکار شبکه را بسیار تقویت می کند. چنانچه می دانید تعداد بایت های سربار کمی در PDH در نظر گرفته شده بود.
فراوانی بایت های سربار، در سیگنال های SDH تقریباً 5 درصد کل بایت های یک فریم می باشد. این امر عمل OAM را خیلی زیاد تقویت کرده و هزینه نگهداری را کاهش می دهد.
2-2-4 سازگاری
سیستم های SDH سازگاری بسیار بالایی دارند بدین معنا که تا تشکیل شبکه انتقال کامل SDH، شبکه انتقال SDH با شبکه PDH موجود می توانند کنار هم باشند و با هم کار کنند. شبکه SDH می تواند برای انتقال سیگنال های PDHکار کند.

2-3 معایب SDH
SDH با همه ی مزایا نسبت به سیستم های قبلی، دارای معایبی نیز هست:
2-3-1 پهنای باند
از آنجا که برای عملیات OAM تعداد بایت های OH زیادی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد، SDH پهنای باند قابل دسترسی کمتری را نسبت به PDH دارد.
2-3-2 مکانیزم پیچیده
سوار و پیاده کردن مستقیم سیگنال سرعت پایین تر با استفاده از پوینتر ها انجام می گیرد. اگرچه عملکرد پوینتر پیچیدگی سیستم را افزایش داده و در سیستم، تولید پدیده ای به نام jitter را میکند. این پدیده به جا به جایی سیگنال از محور اصلی بیش از 10 درصد می باشد.

نتیجه گیری
هدف از این مقاله آشنایی با استاندارد و سیستم مالتی پلکسینگ SDH می باشد، لازم به ذکر است که مالتی پلکسینگ اطلاعات یکی از مفاهیم اساسی سیستم های تلفن است و SDH استاندارد کارآمدی جهت مالتی پلکسینگ روی فیبر نوری می باشد که در مراکر تلفنی کشورمان هم استفاده شده و آشنایی با آن منطقی به نظر می رسد.

Abbreviations:

ANSI : American National Standards Institute
ETSI : European Telecommunication Standards Institute
ITU_TS : International Telecommunication Union_Transmission Standards
PDH :Pleseochronous Digital Hierarchy
SDH : Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET : Synchronous Optical NETwork
STM : Synchronous Transport Module
TDM : Time Division Multiplexing

مراجع:

1. abITU-T Rec. G.707/Y.1322, Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Geneva: International Telecommunications Union, 2007-01, http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-G.707-200701-I!!PDF-E&type=items retrieved 2010-11-03 2. ^ITU-T Rec. G.783, Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment functional blocks. Geneva: International Telecommunications Union, 2006-03, http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-G.783-200603-I!!PDF-E&type=items retrieved 2010-11-03 3. ^ITU-T Rec. G.784, Management aspects of the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) transport network element. Geneva: International Telecommunications Union, 2008-03, http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-G.784-200803-I!!PDF-E&type=items retrieved 2010-11-03 4. ح.محبوبی، " مقدمات SDH" ، اداره ی طرح و مهندسی مرکز آموزش مخابرات ایران، اسفند 1385 5. ب. زرقونی، "استاندارد SDH"، دانشکده ی برق و کامپیوتر دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Hamedan University of Technology
Department of Computer Engineering

Thesis Title
Introduction of SDH

By sajjadmoazzami Supervisor
M. Afrasiabi

June 2012

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