...All human actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest Human actions and motifs in behinds are the most interested issue in psychological study. ‘Human actions’ are behaviors done by people which typically with an aim, meaning and involve a choice. On a rational basis, one makes decisions to maximize self-interest and minimize own loss. (Pütz, 1992) Within this context, ‘Self-interest’ means the consideration of advantage, which refer to both the material and psychological one, for oneself when they are making a decision. This essay will argue that humans act with respect to the account of their self-interest, which is a collective sum of different subjective values, regardless of whether it is conscious or not at the instance. Such argument will be declared by analyzing two distinctive kinds of actions, relationship-related action and charity action, in terms of their ultimate causality with self-interest. One best example of action demonstrating self-Interest motivation is parental love, particularly in Chinese culture. Subjectively, one family members and friends are seen as part of their own property. Protecting and acting along the self-interest of their beloved one is actually a guarding of one own self-interest. Nowadays in Hong Kong society, ‘helicopter parents’ is a popular phenomenon. Helicopter parents are those who over-protect, over-control and over-perfect their children by not requiring the children to take care of themselves while having extremely high...
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...Assignment 3 – Draft Essay Would you agree that all human actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest? Provide reasons for your agreement/disagreement. Although few would use the word “selfish”, a word of negative connotation that implies actions done harm the interests of others for the benefit of the doer, to describe the whole human race, some believe all rational human actions are ultimately motivated by “self-interest”, a more neutral word that implies actions done are motivated by the doer’s desire, but may or may not cause harm to others. Others, however, argue that some acts such as altruism, or otherwise called “selfless actions”, serve as evidence that counters the view. This essay will argue that all human actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest. By examining human actions as either (1) acts for self, (2) altruistic acts that also benefit the doer or (3) altruistic acts that do not, it will argue that all of the above actions are ultimately initiated by self-interest. ["apparent fact" sounds like an oxymoron; "clear fact" is better] It is widely accepted that many human actions are done to benefit the doer. Every day, people work for food and shelter. They entertain themselves with occasional trips to theme parks or the cinema. In desperate circumstances, some may even commit theft or murder. All these are actions intended to be self-beneficial. It is not necessarily evil to be self-interested. Any rational person would be motivated to...
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...Running Head: SELF ESTEEM PG. 1 Self Esteem Centra Wilson Social Psychology Professor Brian Kester Strayer University May 2, 2012 Running head: SELF ESTEEM PG. 2 Abstract Our self esteem is how we view ourselves. Self esteem is a vital part of everyone’s life. So many different factors in life affect a person’s self esteem. The way people are raised can greatly contribute to how they will let life’s dealings affect their self esteem. Self esteem levels vary from person to person because everyone has a different upbringing and different life struggles. Low self esteem can lead to all sorts of problems like depression. There is also such thing as high esteem which can also bring on problems. Being that a person’s self esteem can be dangerously low there are lots and lots of information available to help raise ones self esteem to healthy levels. A person’s self esteem, whether high or low can bring a lot of negativity to their lives if they are not carful. Running Head: SELF ESTEEM PG. 3 When talking about self esteem so many different things come to mind. Self esteem is a major emotion that everyone walking this earth has to deal with. Life could and would be so...
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...Personal Reflection on the Self Paper 1 Personal Reflection on the Self Paper By Joe Everett April 21, 2014 University of Phoenix Personal Reflection on the Self Paper 2 The study of one’s self is a part of social psychology. A person to person in social psychology is not the same as self, now if you asked someone to identify what is self their response will be different all the time because every person will tell you a different response. However, even with all the different responses it does not make any of the answer wrong, it has to do with the person’s perspective that determines what they feel is self, it is because of this we have to wonder how many self’s are we dealing with. If we asked a person that question, they might answer that more than one exists. With this kind of response it is correct because we have to see the inner self, interpersonal self, body self, and the social self. What is considered us or yourself is self-recognized and self identifies; however, what all of this means is that other peoples are not going to see you the same way. There are a couple different theories that deals with such effect and the illusion of transparency. There is what is called a spotlight effect, and this is when a person believes that everyone is looking at them, they think that everyone’s focusing all their attention on how one’s they look or even behavior like, but in reality not one is really paying attention...
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...practice and a field of knowledge?”, and “What condition exists when judgments are made that people need nursing?” In a 1996 newsletter to the International Orem Society she puts it thisway, “What do nurses encounter in their worlds as they design and produce nursing for others?What meaning can and should nurses attach to persons, things, events, conditions, andcircumstances they encounter?” In 1978, Orem (cited in Fawcett 2005) commented that the task required identification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art. After reflecting upon her own nursing experiences, Orem says the answer came to her as a “flash of insight, an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from nursing was theexistence of…self care limitations” (Orem, 1978, cited in Fawcett, 2005, p. 230). Oremsummarized her initial ideas about nursing in an Indiana State Board of Health report...
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...The Bhagavad Gita argues that there is an embodied self that is separate from the body, while Milinda’s Questions argue that there is no such self. In this paper I am going to represent Milinda’s Questions as a counterargument for Bhagavad Gita by reconstructing the arguments from both teachings and comparing their claims. In Bhagavad Gita Lord Krishna gives counsel to Arjuna who is refusing to fight in the battle against his brothers. He argues that there is an entity called self that is separate from the body thus it cannot be killed. Krishna suggests that he and Arjuna and everyone have always existed because of the self. When Arjuna states that he believes he shall not fight and seeks Krishna’s help, Krishna tells him that no one has ever not existed and it is impossible to not exist: Never have I not existed, nor you, nor these kings; and never in the future shall we cease to exist (2.12) He continues by arguing that invisible self can enter a new body just as the embodied self enters different ages. In reality, Krishna claims, nonbeing cannot exist, while being can not cease to exist. Krishna encourages Arjuna to fight the bottle since self, according to him, can not be killed. He explicitly states that while "bodies are known to end" (2.18), the...
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...impact of self-esteem on various aspects of selfie-taking behaviours in an adult sample Li-Ann Smal Lab Group 1 13320884 Abstract Tables of Contents Introduction Since the mass availability of the Internet in the 1970s, social media sites (SMS) have been gradually gaining prominence. The first social network to gain major recognition was Friends Reunited in 1999. Several other sites emerged in popularity such as Friendster, Myspace, Bebo and Twitter. In 2004, Facebook was founded. Facebook is the largest social network in the world, with over 1.23 billion monthly active users (Protalinski, 2014). Instagram (founded 2010), with its 200 million monthly users (Instagram, 2014), is a mobile site primarily used for sharing photos...
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...JaKia Russell Expository Essay 2 The new generation has a different aspect on self-respect now. People no longer have the save respect for themselves as they did centuries ago. It is something that you can see everywhere you go and in everything you do, you will always see self-respect or lack of self-respect somewhere. Have you ever noticed that the self-respect has changed dramatically in younger and older people today? People do not realize the real meaning of self-respect today and that is a sad situation. If you don’t have respect for yourself who is going to respect you? What exactly is self-respect? Self-respect is when you value yourself whether it’s your mind; way of thinking, or the way you carry yourself. Self-respect would be having proper esteem or dignity of your character. By that I mean your character is defined by your own moral values how you came up in life has a lot to do with this. When you look at what is going on in the world today, you can see all kinds of people with the lack of self-respect for themselves. On the Internet, on the streets, no matter where it is that you may go. For example: on the internet you will find teenage or some women who claim to love themselves so much but they degrade themselves over the internet by putting unnecessary pictures of themselves on websites for attention. This is not self-respect at all. Self-respect is based on what you do and can be an ongoing effort. It is not about what you did in the past it is really...
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...Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy and its Application in the Workplace Abstract The effectiveness of self-efficacy shows how powerful and dynamic the human mind can be. A person’s self-efficacy develops from four sources of life experience: performance accomplishments, vicariously watching others, verbal persuasion, and states of psychological arousal from which others judge that person’s coping abilities (Bandura, 1977). Self-efficacy can be separated into two schools of thought, motivational and cognitive theories. The first attempts to explain the drive behind a person’s belief that they will do well. The latter explains the expectancies of people and their own perception of how much they control a situation. Self-efficacy has been directly linked to performance and motivation, which is why its application in the workplace is critical. Motivational Theories Effectance motivation explains the intrinsic value people have to change their environment (Gecas, 1989). The theory of effectance motivation states that people do things in order to gain some sort of gratification (Gecas, 1989). One study that looked at why people attempt to gain control over their environment found that increasing predictability of non-human subjects as well as incentives for control over their environment drove people to portray attributes of effectance motivation theory (Waytz, 2010). The fact that people need to feel in control of their environment to feel comfortable provides a lot of insight...
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...I. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Self-efficacy 4 3. Academic studying 7 4. Applicability of self-efficacy on academic learning 9 5. Conclusion 11 II. Bibliography Declaration 1. Introduction In the last years self-efficacy has emerged as a highly effective predictor of student´s motivation and learning . In contrast to other motivational constructs self-efficacy is performance based. Especially individual performance is thought to be highly influenced by self-efficacy , to find out what the exact effects and what the limits of this theory are, the main focus will be on the theory of self-efficacy itself. Due to these facts this piece work will deal with the question to what extent Albert Banduras theory of self-efficacy is applicable to academic studying. The main resources used are books by Bandrua himself and colleges he worked with. Since Bandura mainly worked with children there are some secondary...
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...Katherine Hernandez Ms. Smith English 9 (3) 30 April 2018 How does Self Esteem affect High School students in today’s society? Annotated Bibliography Shukla, Prachi and Tejpreet K. Kang. "Self-Esteem among Adolescents: A Study Of Gender and Locale Differences." Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, vol. 8, no. 9, Sept. 2017, pp. 981-984. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=126080935&site=ehost-live. In this article, the author talks about self esteem and what it means to a single person within the world of billions. He states that self esteem is built up on the childhood you had and it changes over time as more is experienced. Self esteem can be based of so many things, academic competence, social...
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...Creating Failures Wisdom, a work of Robert Thurman, suggests that selfishness in a person’s acts can prove to be harmful. True happiness and success is achieved through selfless thoughts and actions. Today, people becomes fiends for trying to promote their self-ego. The ego of the individual is something “which we will die for, which we will kill for, which we will obey slavishly and unquestionably throughout our lives” (Thurman 447). The self has created the image that it is depended upon. The ego-self believes that it is depended upon in a system, for that system to succeed. A dependency on the self is not necessary for a successful system to be created. The Citadel, and all the cadets it harbors, can atone to the successes of systems that do not rely on individuals. Susan Faludi’s article, The Naked Citadel, shows how the actions of the administrators and cadets of the Citadel can be justified by Thurman’s lessons. Thurman helps bring new insight into the reasons as to why the system of the Citadel stuck to a hard, rigorous identity protocol. The abusive and sadistic acts of the cadets and administrators of the Citadel, mentioned by Susan Faludi, can be understood through the help of Robert Thurman’s notions of how one can harm oneself with their own thoughts and actions. The administrators and cadets at the Citadel believed that they were on the right path to an enlightened...
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...expressed is the element of self-reliance. All four authors convey self-reliance as a desire of one to accomplish feats without assistance from parents, and that it helps to give a sense of importance and independence. Civil Disobedience, Self-Reliance, Into the Wild, and “It’s All On Me” all include self-reliance as a vital element. In Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience, the importance of self-reliance is stressed, stating that “Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step forward to obtaining it.” Thoreau, in this quote from his story, calls for self-reliance, not self-reliance for one man, self-reliance as a nation. He believes that if the people will do right, rely on themselves rather than the government, then the overbearing government would not have to be as powerful. Thoreau believed in the motto, “The government is best which governs least.” He trusted the people to be reliable enough to run a government which did not have to govern much. This trust he puts into the people of the newfounded United States is an example of early transcendentalism....
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...successful one. An individual has to have certain attributes in-order to have a competitive edge over others. Let look at two factors that will allow us to triumph in this fast changing world. Self-awareness Atwater and Yammarino(1992, p.143) define self-awareness as “the individual’s ability to assess other’s evaluations of the self and to incorporate these assessments into one’s self-evaluation”. Goleman (1998) suggests that an individual who is self-aware has a deep understanding of his/her emotions, strengths, weaknesses and drives. According to Daniel Goleman the competencies associated with self-awareness are: • Emotional self-awareness: recognizing your emotions and impact they have on your life. • Accurate self-assessment: identifying your strengths and limitations. • Self-confidence: knowing your self-worth and capabilities. Goleman (1996, 1998) argues that IQ accounts for only about 20 per cent of a person's success in life. He proposes that the rest can be accounted for by the term "emotional intelligence" which includes self-awareness. Before I can makes changes in myself, I need to know what there to work on. Self-awareness is all about understanding oneself. Example, when I know my strength and my limitation, I will be more confident about what I can do and cannot do. Self-confident will also allow me to be more assertive about what I believe to be correct and convey my thoughts confidently in a justify manner. Russo and Schoemaker (1992) propose the concept...
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...way. Basically, compassion entails noticing human condition, vulnerable and imperfect as it is. However, could we feel it towards oneself? That is what self-compassion is about (Gilbert, McEwan, Matos & Rivis, 2011). Instead of feeling it for others, self-compassion is turned inwards. It is worthy to note that self-compassion is one of the most important terms that the current science of psychology probably ever encountered, and in response to its recent boom there has been a huge amount of research into self-compassion over the past years. Nonetheless, this modern interest is not unfounded at all, but it yields a promising way to achieve more knowledge and in turn, contribute to the healing process in people. Furthermore, Neff (2003) has been the primal initiator on defining the key concept here, which is self-compassion. Accordingly, self-compassion is the combined ability of treating oneself nicely in situations of...
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