...Values have always been important for organizations, but it has only been in the last decade that they have become important topics for organizational leaders to address. As competitive advantage became associated with a less controlling management style and organizations worked to empower more of their people, an important question was: What keeps people behaving in a way that supports the goals of the enterprise? Any thinking person would ask, “Will they accept responsibility? Empowering people who avoid responsibility is a good strategy for failure. One important answer was: Their behavior is significantly controlled by the code of acceptable behavior which governs their work lives, their code of ethics. This has popularly been called “organizational values.” The relevant definition in The American Heritage Dictionary is: Value...4 A principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable.” They are organizational values because they are shared by large numbers of people in the organization. The fact that values are a “principle or standard” suggests they go beyond current desired pleasures, such as having a drink or quarterly profits. Indeed Collins and Porras in their book Built To Last (1994) found that values contribute not only to success, but long-term survival. There are many shared values in any group and knowing which are the most important or fundamental is necessary to diminish confusion. A work group may value: getting to work on time; being cheerful;...
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...new categories: moral, political, aesthetic. I shall try to develop them in the course of the discussion. The category of obscenity will serve as an introduction. This society is obscene in producing and indecently exposing a stifling abundance of wares while depriving its victims abroad of the necessities of life; obscene in stuffing itself and its garbage cans while poisoning and burning the scarce foodstuffs in the fields of its aggression; obscene in the words and smiles of its politicians and entertainers; in its prayers, in its ignorance, and in the wisdom of its kept intellectuals. Obscenity is a moral concept in the verbal arsenal of the Establishment, which abuses the term by applying it, not to expressions of its own morality but to those of another. Obscene is not the picture of a naked woman who exposes her pubic hair but that of a fully clad general who exposes his medals rewarded in a war of aggression; obscene is not the ritual of the Hippies but the declaration of...
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...fabric of an enduring society. At the time of initial enactment, Sec 377 IPC was responding to the values and morals of the time in the Indian society. The question now arises what is the current morality of our society? Traditionally Indian culture is said to be very liberal in cases concerning sexual conducts. The 600-700 years of Mughal dynasty and 200 years of colonial rule along the imposition of British Laws into IPC and other legal laws have certainly impacted our tradition and morality. The moral fabric of Indian society is an inter-twined nexus of different fabric of different tradition. Union of India, on the basis of 42nd reports of law commission of India wherein it was observed that Indian society...
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...Although the Law and morality are not complete reflections of one another, the law often has a moral grounding, which shows that a relationship is present. The same often happens in reverse, with Law influencing morality. Both seek to impose standards and involve a duty to follow rules. One need only look at the moral code of the Ten Commandments, and our current Law on Murder and Theft, to understand that there is coincidence between the two. The two do overlap, and often complement one another. They are both responsible for inspiring certain standards of conduct, without which, society would break down. It is important to note, however, that the correlation between the Law and Morality is not always set in stone. For example some Laws appear to have no moral connection, but are rather more regulatory in function, such as certain traffic offences, and the prohibition of certain drugs, although some may argue that public health is a moral issue with which the Law is to concern itself. Similarly, some moral issues have little to no legal backing. The moral concept that one should look after one’s...
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...MORALITY AND THE LAW; The Validity Question By Nfon Mark PLAN Introduction -A general overview of Morality and the Law -Definition of Morality and the law -Principles of Morality -The validity question Body -principles of Morality in details -The principle of Truth -The principle of Courage -The principle of Compassion -The principle of Love - The principle of Forgiveness - A general overview of other principles of morality II Reasons for and against the law taking validity from Morality. -Reasons why the law most take its validity from Morality -Reasons against the Law taking validity from Morality. -conclusion with a personal view Morality and the law; the validity question The notions of Morality and the Law are as old as the biblical story of creation, where God created man and gave him rights, duties and laws to follow (Genesis 1). According to the oxford dictionary, morals is ‘concerned with or derived from a code of behavior that is considered right or acceptable in a particular society. (Www.Oxforddictionaries.com). morality is the degree to which something is right and good. The moral goodness and badness...
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...We Have No “Right to Happiness” According to Fifth Amendment, “No person should be deprived of life, liberty, property or the pursuit of happiness.” Rights granted to us by the Bill Of Rights under the Constitution. Having the right to pursue happiness mean man has the right to do as he or she pleases as along as no one is getting hurt and laws are not broken. True, but when do word “right” and” happiness” become to words that belongs in the same sentence have two different meaning. While it may be true, Clare believes right has something to do with freedom granted to us in the society we live in and happiness deals with sexual happiness. The author seems to disagree with Clare and her assumptions of the words meaning. I believe, the right to happiness means to accomplish things in one’s life that makes them happy as long it not unlawful. ‘’But when that right is misinterpret, “man believes that they are entitled to pursue happiness by any means necessary including murder, rape, robbery, treason and fraud ” ( C.S. Lewis 23). Generally speaking if man did interpret the law that way then we would live in a chaotic world where man can kill as long as it makes him or her happy or commit arson because they dislike a person way of life. An example for the short story, Mr. A wants a divorce from his wife Mrs. B because he is tired of her can not stand to be with her any more, so Mr. A want to now be with Mrs. C who lives arcos the street who is also tired of her jobless...
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...Morality is, at its core, a personal and often varying standard from one being to another. The restriction of morality by government to fit a set mold is both counterintuitive and extremely damaging to individual rights regarding the interpretation of morality. Even so, blue laws, laws that place limitations on what is considered moral in higher society and the general community at large have consistently been created. While in rare instances these blue laws are harmless, in most instances the government oversteps their bounds and infringes upon basic human rights. Our government has every right to create laws for morality that protect the rights and safety of the citizenry, but when legislation is used to establish a code for intrapersonal...
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... psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, thephallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder. Stages of Development Stage | Age Range | Erogenous zone | Consequences of psychologic fixation | Oral | Birth–1 year | Mouth | Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc. Orally Passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices[4] Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulativepersonality. | Anal | 1–3 years | Bowel and bladderelimination | Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac | Phallic | 3–6 years | Genitalia | Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud.Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung. | Latency | 6–puberty | Dormant sexual feelings | Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage. | Genital | Puberty–death | Sexual interests mature | Frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationships...
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...Morality Essay Is morality a biological or social construct? The term morality, according to Eysenck(2009) can be described by Shaffer (1993) as: "A set of principles or ideals, that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this distinction.” Morality is important to society as it would not function effectively, unless there was some kind of agreement on what is right and wrong. There seems to be a universal human acceptance on what right or wrong should be. If you look cross culturally over time it seems to suggest we all follow a certain basic rule, one that, Matthew 7:2 from The New Testament sums up quite efficiently: “ For you will be treated as you treat others. The standard you use in judging, is the standard by which you will be judged” This very widespread principle would amount to us as a society today in the 21st century as more common sense but where did morality actually come from? According to All About Science(2013), the Darwinian principles suggest, we are all a product of evolution, from a process called natural selection. Natural selection is the continuing process in which biological characteristics become either more or less common in a population. Meaning that: Individuals in a species that show a wide range of variation is because of differences within their genes. Individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, as the genes that allow these...
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...that challenge negative ideas. Philosophers such as Newman and Butler believe that it should strictly be obeyed, obedience being the act of following regardless of the circumstances, as conscience is God-given. However, psychologists such as Freud and Piaget believe otherwise, that conscience is not necessarily from God but is developed from our moral development and the influence society has on us. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, focused on an individual’s past and its subconscious influence in later life, particularly adulthood. He argued that conscience is based around guilt. Freud suggested that our conscience is the voice of our individual desires that must be satisfied. In particular, he emphasised the importance of sexual desires and argued that we feel guilty or dissatisfied as individuals if we go against our conscience. He reasoned that through early developmental years, we learn values that influence our moral awareness in what is right and wrong, which develop for later on in our lives. Freud divided human consciousness into three separate elements: the ego, the id and the super-ego. According to Freud, the id contains our emotional and physical needs and is the more selfish aspect of our personality. On the other hand, the super-ego is the moral aspect which tries to maintain the id. In between the id and the super-ego, Freud said the third element is the ego which is neither selfish nor moral but instead tries to keep a balance between the two. Conscience...
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...Explain the role of morality in the law of England and Wales. Law is a set of rules and boundaries that I set as a guiding conduct that determines the way in which we behave, it was established by authorities which if disobeyed can lead to a sanction. Sir John Salmon said: 'the body of principles recognised and applied by the state in the administration of justice' Whereas morals are set of beliefs, values and principles shared by society or a part of society to determine what is right from wrong, that doesn't need to be obeyed as it is a voluntary. As society becomes more diverse the need for a distinct set of rules emerges. Legal codes emerge from moral codes but there are differences between the two, such as: Law can be made instantly an alternate deliberately by legalisation. A law either exists or doesn't. Morality cannot be deliberately changed and develops over a long period of time, according to the attitudes of society. Morals will consistently change over time, to reflect a change in attitudes, and the law must attempt to keep up in these situations. An example of this can be seen in the case of Gillick( Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA (1989)), where Mrs Gillick a roman catholic mother of five, sought a declaration that what she saw as an immoral activity of giving contraceptive advice and treatment to girls under the age of consent was illegal regarding its immorality. There was a conflict, as some saw this as immoral as it would encourage underage sex...
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...Alfred North Whitehead’s statement “What is morality in any given time and place? It is what the majority then and there happen to like, and immorality is what they dislike” (Solomon & Higgins, 2009, p.273). As for business, it can have ethical standards, even though businesses are not moral agents. This statement is true because to work well, any business has to incorporate an element of morality. Morality in business is evident when a company provides equal opportunities for all employees. As a result, morals in a business setting act as a guide for employees and managers to work conscientiously. The value of ethical standards in business is that it provides employment opportunities for potential personnel without putting into consideration such aspects as sex, race, sexual orientation, religion, age, nationality, and color. If business adopts the above ethical standards, it concurs with Whitehead’s statement of morality. The reason is that people will like this business and associate it with terms of work and consumer relations. In my opinion, the profit alone cannot be the bottom line of business, even though it is essential for any commerce to make a profit to prove that it is operating in the right direction. To be successful, business has to balance its goals and client service as vital aspects that contribute to a good return. The most significant goal of business is to make money, but there are other less tangible goals that are intrinsic. For instance, when business...
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...Test Bank, Business Ethics by Shaw – Test Bank A+ Graded Chapter 1—The Nature of Morality MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes moral standards from other sorts of standards? a. moral standards are purely optional b. moral standards take priority over other standards, including self-interest c. moral standards cannot be justified by reasons d. moral standards must be set or validated by some authoritative body 2. Choose the statement that gives the most accurate description of etiquette: a. the rules of etiquette are a fundamental branch of morality b. conformity with the rules of etiquette is sufficient for moral conduct c. etiquette refers to a special code of social behavior or courtesy d. the rules of etiquette are backed by statutory law 3. Our relationship with the law is best described by which of the following? a. To a significant extent, law codifies a society’s customs, norms, and moral values. b. The law is a completely adequate guide to the moral standards that we should follow. c. The law makes all immoral conduct illegal. d. Violating the law is always immoral. 4. Which of the following is not one of the four basic kinds of law? a. statutes b. constitutional law c. common law d. contractual law 5. A proper perspective of religion and morality is a. only religion can tell us what is right and wrong b. it’s not true that morality must be based on religion c. religion never influences people’s moral beliefs d...
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...‘Religious Ethics cannot provide good answers to questions of sexual ethics – a rational approach is needed’ Discuss. The ethical theory Natural Law is based on analysing the position and purpose of humans in the universe, e.g. to defend the innocent, live in an ordered society, learn, reproduce, worship God etc, therefore it appears to be entirely reasonable; in fact Aquinas, the theory’s founder, stated 'To disparage the dictate of reason is equivalent to condemning the command of God. ' Considering the teleological thinking of natural law and analysing the purpose of the penis it seems rational to decide that using the penis for anything other than reproduction seems rationally wrong. However, taking into account the consequences of the deontological secondary precepts which natural law imposes it becomes apparent that the end result of millions of Africans catching AIDs due to the banning of the use of contraception appears to show the system as irrational. The atheist ethical system of utilitarianism, for example, appears to show the flaws of Christian ethics. The principle of utility, greatest good for the greatest number, leads by definition to the most pleasure and least pain, this certainly seems more rational than condemning millions to suffering because of a certain understanding of the purpose of humans; indeed even if God exists and intends people to fulfil their purposes it could be argued that God would wish to contain AIDs by compassionately allowing the use...
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...place when they are born. In African nations, female circumcision takes place in adolescent life. Is it right or wrong to deprive anyone of their natural born identity and sexual pleasure? In Business Ethics Concepts and Cases 7th Edition by Manuel G. Velasquez, the author defines morality as the standards that an individual or a group has about what is right and wrong or good and evil. As stated, it is up to the individual or group to decide by themselves as to what is right or wrong. Today, Westerners pressure African nations to put a halt to a tradition they’ve held for many years, but fail to see that Westerners hold their own traditions in circumcision of infant males. Who is right? Who is wrong? In Africa, the practice of female circumcision is practiced by doctors on females as young as 7. It allows for various business opportunities for the people in Africa to make a living. Is it morally wrong for the business to perform such acts? Morally, I am against all circumcision because I feel that harming an individual and depriving anyone of sexual pleasure is wrong. However, I do not wish to push my beliefs on others, and therefore if a business wishes to practice this task, by all means. If these business owners ask a Western organization for a loan, it is up to the lender to make the final say. Morality effects everyone’s decision making differently and therefore I believe it is not wrong for anyone to refuse a loan to someone who wants to practice female circumcision. ...
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