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Versión traducida de CAP6.doc ne of the primary features that distinguishes project management Una de las principales características que distingue a la gestión de proyectos de la dirección general es la atención especial a programación.
Remember from chapter 1 that Dr. JM Juran Dr. JM Juran dice que un proyecto es un problema programado para la solución.
Unfortunately, some people Scheduling is just one of the tools usedLa programación es sólo una de las herramientas utilizadas to manage jobs and should not be considered the primary one. para administrar los trabajos y no debe ser considerado el principal.
People today tend to acquire scheduling La gente de hoy tienden a adquirir la programación software, de los cuales hay abundancia, and think that will make them y pensar que los hacen los gestores de proyectos instantánea. They soon find No tardaron en encontrar que esa idea es equivocada. In fact, it is nearly
Esimpossible to use the software effectively imposible utilizar el software de forma eficaz unless you understand project management a menos que entienda de gestión de proyecto (and scheduling methodology in (Y la programación de la metodología en particular). en particular).
Gestión de proyectos no es sólo programación.
Suggestion: Whatever Sugerencia: Sea cual sea programación software que elegir, obtener algunos formación profesional sobre cómo usarlo.

In the early days of personal computers, there was aDo check out the instructor's knowledge of project managementSome of the people teaching the software know very little Algunas de las personas la enseñanza del software sabemos muy poco about project management itself, and, when you have questions, sobre el proyecto en sí de gestión, y, cuando tenga preguntas, they can't answer them. no puede responder.
You should expect to spend from two to three days of classroom Historia Programación
Until around 1958, the only tool for scheduling projects was the Hasta alrededor de 1958, la única herramienta para la programación de los proyectos fue el gráfico de barras (ver Figura 6-1). Because Henry Gantt developed a Debido a que Henry Gantt desarrolló un complete notational system for showing progress with bar sistema completo de notación para el progreso que muestra con la barra gráficos, que a menudo se llaman diagramas de Gantt. They are simple to herramienta a utilizar para la comunicación de los miembros del equipo de lo que tiene que hacer dentro de determinadotime frames. marcos de tiempo. Arrow diagrams tend to be too complicated for
Bar charts do have one serious drawback—it is very difficultLos gráficos de barras tienen un grave inconveniente: es muy difícil para determinar el impacto de un desface en una tarea en el resto del proyecto. La razón es que el gráfico de barras (en su formato original) no mostró las interdependencias de la obra. (Contemporary software does show links
(Software Contemporáneo se muestran enlaces entre las barras, lo que facilita su lectura. The actual name for El nombre real de los gráficos de barras es "la línea crítica de la ruta horarios.")
To overcome this problem, two methods of scheduling were Para superar este problema, dos métodos de programación se vieron desarrollado en la década de 1950 y principios de 1960, ya que ambos utilizan diagramas de flecha para capturar la secuenciales y paralelos relaciones entre los proyectos las actividades. One of these methods, developed
Uno de estos métodos, desarrollados por Du Pont, se llama Método Ruta Crítica (CPM), y el otro, desarrollado por los EE.UU. y la Marina Booze el, Allen, y el grupo de consultoría de Hamilton, se llama Programa de Evaluación y Revisión Técnica (PERT). En sentido estricto habla el método PERT hace uso de las técnicas de probabilidad, mientras que CPM no lo hace. In other words, with PERT it is possible PERT Diagramas de red es posible calcular la probabilidad de que una actividad se completa con un cierto tiempo, mientras que no es posible con la RPC. Network Diagrams
To show the sequence in which work is performed, diagrams like In these diagrams Task A is done La Figura 6.2 utiliza la actividad en los que la flecha representa el trabajo que se está haciendo y el círculo representa un evento. An event is binary ; that Un evento es binario, que es, o bien ha ocurrido o no es así. An activity, on the other In scheduling terminology, however, an En programación, sin embargo, la terminología, un evento es un punto específico en el tiempo en algo que acaba de comenzar o acaba de ser terminado.
72 Fundamentals of Project Management Figure 6-2. Figura 6-2. Arrow diagrams. Flecha diagramas.

The network in the top half of Figure 6-2 uses activity-onnode La red en la mitad superior de la figura 6.2 utiliza la actividad nodo la notación, que muestra el trabajo como una caja o nodo, y el flechas indican la secuencia en que se realiza el trabajo.
Events are not shown in activity-on-node networks unless they Los eventos no se muestran en el nodo de redes de actividades a menos que son hitos, puntos en el proyecto en el que grandes porciones de los trabajos se han completado.
Why two forms of diagrams? ¿Por qué dos formas de diagramas? Probably a tyranny to confuse Probablemente para confundir ya queya son desarrollados por diferentes profesionales.
Is one better than the other? Es uno mejor que el otro? No. N º
They both get the same results in figuring Ambos obtener los mismos resultados al calcular cuando el trabajo se supone que debe ser completado.
Both forms are still used, although Ambas formas se siguen utilizando, aunque actividad en el nodo se utiliza un poco más de la otra, simplemente porque gran parte de hoy software de ordenador personal es programada utilizar la notación nodo.
What is the benefit of using either ¿Cuál es la ventaja de utilizar ya sea CPM o PERT? The main advantage is
La principal ventaja es que se puede decir si es posible frente a una terminación de proyectos importantes fecha, y se puede decir también con exactitud cuándo diversas tareas deben estar terminadas a fin de cumplir ese plazo. Furthermore, you Además, se puede decir que las tareas tienen un margen de maniobra y que no lo hacen. In fact, both CPM De hecho, tanto CPM PERT y determinar la ruta crítica, que se define como la más larga serie de actividades (que no se puede hacer en paralelo) y que por tanto rige la forma en principios el proyecto pueda ser completado.

The Reason for Scheduling El Motivo de la Programación
Naturally, the primary reason for scheduling a project is to ensure Naturalmente, la razón principal para la planificación de un proyecto es asegurar that the deadline can be met. que el plazo puede cumplirse.
The critical path is La ruta crítica es the longest path el camino más largo a través de un proyecto network. red. Because it Debido a que no tiene holgura, todos los activities on the actividades en el ruta crítica deben Se completará según scheduled, or the programado, o la end date will begin fecha de finalización comenzaráto slip—one day for al deslizamiento de un día para cada día a la crítica activity is delayed. la actividad se retrasa. tify which activities will determine the end date, it also helpsIdentificar las actividades que determinará la fecha de finalización, sino que también ayuda guía de cómo el proyecto debe ser administrado.
However, it is easy to get carried away with scheduling anLa programación software en uso hoy en día debe ser visto como una herramienta, y los administradores should not become slaves to the tool. no deben convertirse en esclavos de la herramienta.

I am often told that scope and priorities A menudo me dijo que el alcance y las prioridades change so often in a given organization cambia tan a menudo en una organización determinada que no tiene sentido spend time finding critical paths. pasar tiempo para encontrar caminos críticos. There No son dos puntos vale la pena considerar aquí. One is that if scope is Una de ellas es que si el alcance es cambiando a menudo en un proyecto, no hay tiempo suficiente se gasta haciendo Frente definición y planificación. Scope changes most often Second, if priorities are changing often, management does En segundo lugar, si las prioridades están cambiando a menudo, la gestión se not have its act together. no tiene su acto juntos. Generally, the organization is trying to
We all have “wish lists” of things we want to do personally, but One company Una de las empresasfound that when encontraron que cuando tienepeople work on personas trabajan en varios proyectos, workers' productivity "Productividad de los trabajadores duplicado!

What does CPM have to do with this?
Thus, CPM can be an invaluable tool, when used properly. Por lo tanto, el CPM puede ser una herramienta de valor incalculable, si se utilizan adecuadamente.

Definitions of Network Terms Definiciones de los términos de redes
ACTIVITY An activity always consumes time and may also ACTIVIDAD Una actividad siempre consume tiempo y también puede consumen recursos. Examples include paperwork,
CRITICAL A critical activity or event is one that must be CRÍTICA Una actividad crítica o evento es uno que debe ser alcanzado por un tiempo determinado, que no tiene paralelo (slack or float) whatsoever. (Margen de demora o flotante)
CRITICAL PATH The critical path is the longest path through a network RUTA CRÍTICA El camino crítico es el camino más largo a través de una red and determines the earliest completion of y determina la primera conclusión de project work. proyecto de trabajo.
EVENTS Beginning and ending points of activities are EVENTOS Comienzo y final de los puntos de las actividades sonknown as events. conocidos como eventos. An event is a specific point in Un evento es un punto específico en time. tiempo. Events are commonly denoted graphically Reacciones se denota gráficamente por un círculo y puede llevar a la nomenclatura de identidad
MILESTONE This is an event that represents a point in a projectHITO Este es un evento que representa un punto en un proyecto of special significance. de especial importancia. Usually it is the completion Por lo general, es la realización of a major phase of the work. de una fase importante de la obra. Project reviews are
NETWORK Networks are called arrow diagrams. Redes RED se llaman diagramas de flecha. They provide Proporcionan a graphical representation of a project plan showinuna representación gráfica de un plan de proyecto que muestra the relationships of the activities. las relaciones de las actividades.
Scheduling Project Work 75
Constructing an Arrow Diagram La construcción de un diagrama de flechasAs was pointed out in chapter 5, a Work Breakdown Structure, un plan de la estructura (WBS) should be developed before work on the project is scheduled. (PEP) debe ser desarrollado antes de trabajar en el proyecto está programado.
The WBS is shown in Figure 6-3. El PEP se muestra en la Figura 6-3. general rule that you should never plan (or schedule) in more detail regla general que nunca se debe planear (o programa) con más detalle de lo que puede manejar. Some projects, such as overhauling a large
While planning in too much detail is undesirable, if you plan
A good rule of thumb to follow is Una buena regla a seguir es que ninguna tarea debe tener una duración mucho mayor de cuatro a seis semanas. A There are two ways you can develop a schedule.
Hay dos maneras en que puede desarrollar un programa. One is to Una de ellas esbegin at the end and work backward until you arrive at the beginning. empezar por el final y trabajar hacia atrás hasta llegar al principio. The second method is to start at the beginning and work El segundo método consiste en empezar por el principio y el trabajo toward the end. hacia el final. Usually, it is easiest to start at the beginning. Por lo general, lo más fácil es empezar por el principio.
The first step is to decide what can be done first. El primer paso es decidir qué se puede hacer en primer lugar. Sometimes A vecesseveral tasks can start at the same time. varias tareas puede empezar al mismo tiempo. In that case, you simply En ese caso, simplemente dibujarlos de lado a lado y empezar a trabajar desde allí. Note the pro- gression in the diagram in Figure 6-4. Figura 6-4 It sometimes takes severaIn doing this schedule diagram, I have una regla de la programación, que es diagrama de lo que es lógicamente posible, hacer frente a las limitaciones de recursos.
You will be worrying about who will be Usted se preocupa acerca de quién será available to do the work and end up in analysis paralysis. disponibles para hacer el trabajo y terminan en parálisis de análisis.
Schedules should be Los horarios deben serdeveloped according desarrollado de acuerdo a lo que es lógicamente possible, and posible, y asignación de recursos se debe hacer después. Esto dará lugar a la programación óptima. D
Figure 6-4Another rule is to keep all times in the same increments. Otra regla es mantener en todo momento los mismos incrementos. No mezcle horas y horario de minutos todo en cuestión de minutos, then convert to hours and minutes as a last step. I suggest that you draw your network on paper and check it It is also important to remembeTambién es importante recordar that there is usually no single solution que suele haber una única solución to a network problem. a un problema de red. That is, someone else might draw the
For example, you can't deliver La conclusión es que hay no single right solution, but a diagram solución única, sino un diagrama se puede decir que estar equivocado si viola logic. la lógica.
The network for the yard project tratar de capturar exactamente cómo vamos a hacer el trabajo, The next step is to figure out how long it will take to do the El siguiente paso es averiguar cuánto tiempo se tardará en hacer el job. Trabajo. Time estimates for each task are made by using history— Las estimaciones de tiempo para cada tarea se realiza mediante la historia- Remember, though, that the estimate is valid only for the individual Recuerde, sin embargo, que la estimación es válida sólo para el individuo who is going to do the task. que va a hacer la tarea. If my daughter, who is six-
It is hard to tell Es difícil saber whether a network si una red is absolutely correct, es absolutamente correcto, but it can be pero puede ser said to be wrong if dice que es incorrecto si logic is violated. la lógica es violado.
Another rule is to Otra regla es mantener todo el tiempo en el same increments. mismos incrementos.
Another rule is to keep all times in the same increments. Otra regla es mantener en todo momento los mismos incrementos.
Don't mix hours and minutes—schedule everything in minutes, No mezcle horas y horario de minutos todo en cuestión de minutos,
I have simply kept everything in minutes. It is also important to remember También es importante recordar that there is usually no single solution que suele haber una única solución to a network problem. a un problema de red. That is, someone else might draw the teen, does the lawn mowing using a push mower, it will probably
Key Points to Remember RESUMEN
÷ Project management is not just scheduling. ÷ La gestión del proyecto no es sólo la programación.
÷ Arrow diagrams allow an easier assessment of the impact of ÷ diagramas de flecha permiten una evaluación más fácil de los efectos de un desface en un proyecto que es posible con diagramas de Gantt.
÷ Schedule at a level of detail that can be managed. ÷ Horario en un nivel de detalle que puede ser manejado.
÷ No task should be scheduled with a duration much greater ÷ No debe ser programada una tarea con una duración mucho mayor de cuatro a seis semanas. Subdivide longer tasks to achieve this Subdividir ya las tareas para lograr este objective. objetivo. Software and engineering tasks should be divided y la ingeniería de software tareas deben dividirse even further, to durations not exceeding one to three weeks. aún más, la duración no exceda de una a tres semanas.

Exercise . Ejercicio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
For the following WBS (Figure 6-5), draw an arrow diagram. Para la EDT siguiente (Figura 6-5), dibuje un diagrama de flechas

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