...Hence Mann et al., proposed a hypothetical, predictive stress-diathesis model in which the risk for suicidal actions is not only due to a proximal stressor/risk factor most likely acute episode of psychiatric illness but also a distal stressor/risk factor likely a diathesis. Research on the elements of the diathesis for suicidal behavior is relatively new. Melhelm et al (Melhem NM, Brent DA 2007) in a prospective study demonstrated that diathesis for suicide is partly heritable and has familial transmission across offsprings. As proposed by Mann, elements of the diathesis include aggressive impulsive traits, hopelessness, more severe suicidal ideation and subjective depression in depressive episode and cognitive inflexibility. The important...
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...and contrast psychological and biological explanations of schizophrenia. Jessica F Smith University Of Sussex Schizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, & Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they may differentiate from one another. This includes: how our biological predisposition, neuro transmitter dysfunction and genetic inheritance, affects how people with schizophrenia respond to social environments, the importance of socio-economic factors and their ability to shape psychotic symptoms, and how people with schizophrenia have faulty cognitions, which arguably develop from social influence and upbringing. The overruling theory, that is important in explanations of schizophrenia, is known as the Diathesis Stress Model (Davey, 2011), which identifies that psychotic symptoms arise from a combination of both biological predisposition and environmental stress. Servan-Schreiber, Bruno, Carter, & Cohen, (1998) alleviate that dopamine is an important neurotransmitter with a function in regulating movement and guiding attention. The dopamine hypothesis suggests that the dysfunction of movement and attention in those with schizophrenia may be a result of excess dopamine due to an increase of...
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...psychology II. Classification d. Current: DSM-IV-TR (Done by APA (American Psychiatric Association) e. Previous: iv. Neurotic v. Psychotic f. Multi-Axial Assessment vi. Axis 1 Basic Psychological or Clinical Disorders vii. Axis-2 Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation viii. Axis-3 General Medical Conditions ix. Axis-4 Psychosocial Factors x. Axis-5 Global Assessment of Functioning (1-100) g. Prevalence- xi. National Comorbidity Study-1994 III. Perspectives: Causes and Treatment h. Biological xii. Medical Model xiii. Electroconvulsive therapy i. Bio psychosocial xiv. Diathesis Stress Model j. Psychodynamic k. Learning l. Cognitive m. Humanistic IV. Schizophrenia n. Symptoms: xv. Positive- beyond normal body functioning 7. Delusions a. Grandeur b. Persecution c. Reference d. 8. Hallucinations 9. Disorganized Thoughts xvi. Negative 10. Flat affect 11. Alogia/Poverty of Speech...
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...Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of though process and by deficit of typical emotional responses. This is characterized as psychosis as people suffering from this disorder are not in touch with reality. Symptoms of schizophrenia include positive, negative and secondary symptoms. According to Schneider, positive symptoms include hallucinations whereby you hear voices- usually arguments, repeating of thoughts, derogatory, obscene voices which may order the patient to commit acts of violence. Positive symptoms also include delusions whereby patients believe other people are trying to harm them as well as personal grandeur where they believe they are much greater, more powerful and more influential than they really are. According to Slater and Roth, negative symptoms of schizophrenia include a lack of energy, lack of interest in life and hygiene as well as the inability to make decisions. This is referred to as avoilation. Thought process disorder is also another negative symptom. This is the inability to keep to the point, words are thrown together and the inability to finish sentences. Patients experiencing negative symptoms of schizophrenia may also experience loss of emotional responses as well as sudden mood change. Secondary symptoms are additional symptoms that occur from having schizophrenia. These include depression, loss of job and friends etc. There are three main types of schizophrenia. Disorganised, catatonic and paranoid schizophrenia...
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...Psychiatric Disorders Psychiatric disorders are disorders that affect psychological functioning. These disorders range from mild to severe and can, at times, be very difficult to diagnose. Depending on the disorder and its severity the treatment for each may vary. A few commonly known psychiatric disorders include Schizophrenia, Depression and Mania, Anxiety disorder and Tourette syndrome. Schizophrenia is an extremely complex disorder with several different types including; catatonic, paranoid, disorganized, undifferentiated and residual. Schizophrenia is characterized by positive and negative symptoms. The symptoms are considered positive or negative because they are behaviors that are either “bizarre” excesses or lacking in a persons character. (Comer, 2011). Symptoms may include things like hallucinations, delusions, illogical speech or thought, bag hygiene, reduction in emotional expression, reduced speech and no motivation. There are different theories behind the causes of schizophrenia but the main biological theories include brain abnormalities or chemical imbalance with the dopamine neurotransmitter, genetics or even the possibility that exposure to a virus during fetal development is the cause. (Comer, 2011). Antipsychotic drugs are typically used to treat this disorder and can greatly reduce symptoms. There are the conventional antipsychotic and the newer atypical antipsychotic drugs. While each has their ups and down the conventional drugs tend to cause...
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...perception of reality or the hindered ability to interpret reality which may cause significant personal distress, self defeating behavior or otherwise dangerous behavior to oneself or others. Often times these behaviors are also socially unacceptable to ones specific culture (Nevid & Rathus, 2005). Schizophrenia is one of the most complex psychiatric diseases of all time. The disease name means “the splitting of psychic functions” (Pinel, 2007, p.481). The individual diagnosed with schizophrenia will commonly present symptoms which include bizarre delusions, inappropriate affect, hallucinations, incoherent thoughts and odd behavior with these symptoms varying in severity (Pinel, 2007). Various theories on schizophrenia have come to fruition over time. It is the belief of some researchers that schizophrenia has a genetic predisposition and that combined with experiences involving immense trauma or stress the disease can be triggered for development. In addition, those individuals with a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia who suffer hindered neurodevelopment at an early life stage may also be more inclined to develop the disease (Pinel, 2007). Another theory suggests schizophrenia to have a connection to an increased amount of dopamine. This theory was stumbled upon in researching Parkinson’s disease and the drug chlorpromazine which was identified as a receptor blocker (Pinel, 2007). Of specific interest under the dopamine theory is the D2...
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...disorders and diseases interfere with the person sufferings everyday lives, emotions, productivity, physical well being and personal relationships. We will discuss theories associated with disorders and diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorder, mania, and tourettes syndrome. We will also discuss the drugs that can remedy these disorders and diseases or lessen the symptoms of them so people can live their daily lives as well as looking at the negative sides of these drugs. Schizophrenia is a very damaging mental disorder. Anyone that has this disorder can lose all sense of reality and can cause delusions, hallucinations and possible chances of extreme paranoia. The ages of those with the first signs of schizophrenia does range. According to (NIMH Schizophrenia, n.d.) males in their late teens, early twenties and women in their twenties to early thirties are the average age range of sufferers. A person suffering from schizophrenia normally makes some recovery, but will likely deal with some of the symptoms of this disorder for the rest of their lives. Many people with schizophrenia become quite suspicious of others and summon a story in their minds of paranoia, like others are out to get them. This type of behavior of paranoid schizophrenia can cause the person suffering to show self-destructive behaviors that can lead to suicide and harm to others (Pinel, 2011). Those suffering from this disorder can maintain the appearance of normality, but when questioned...
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...know that we focus on behaviors/mood/etc. being HARMFUL, not DIFFERENT Anxiety: Which factors predict GAD (stress, etc.), physiological factors in GAD- chronic, chaos, excessive worries, psychological factors, preparedness theory-develop phobia bc they are scary/have scared us-adaptive, psychological factors, how people experience panic disorder initially, basics of OCD and PTSD , specific phobia, social phobia Mood: what is a mood disorder? mood disturbances pre-dominant features, dysthmia- less severe depressive symptoms (timespan of dysthymia vs. MDD) most days for 2 yrs vs. not as long (weeks), helplessness theory (how might these individuals think?) depressed people- automatically attribute negative experiences to internals stable and global causes, bipolar (basics)- unstable moods, most common antidepressant- SSRI: least amount of side effects Suicide: What are common ‘warning signs’ we discussed? upturn in mood, severe stressor, "feeling trapped", giving away possessions, substance abbuse Schizophrenia: What is schizophrenia? profound disruption of basic psychological processes, distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, disturbances in thought/motivation/behavior, negative vs. positive symptoms (i.e., which one is a hallucination), catatonic/paranoid/residual subtypes(basics), know what an antipsychotic does-treats schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, also made deinstitutionalize possible Personality Disorders: Know BASICS of...
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... | |Learning Perspective |A process based on experience that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or | | |behavioral potential. | |Cognitive Factors | The perspective on psychology that stresses human thought and the processes of knowing, such as| | |attending, thinking, remembering, expecting, solving problems, fantasizing, and consciousness. | |Diathesis-Stress Model | A hypothesis about the cause of certain disorders, such as schizophrenia, that suggests that | | |genetic factors predispose an individual to a certain disorder, but that environmental stress | | |factors must impinge in order for the potential risk to manifest itself. | |Personality Factors | A chronic, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of perceiving, thinking, and behaving that seriously| | |impairs an individual's ability to function in social or other settings....
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...Chapter 3 Review Questions 1. What aspects of a person’s life are included in mental health?: They have high self esteem and feel good about themselves, they are realistic and accept imperfections in themselves and others, they are altruistic; they help others, they have a sense of control over their lives and feel capable of meeting challenges and solving problems, they demonstrate social competence in their relationships with other people and they believe that they can rely on them, they are not overwhelmed by fear, love, or anger; they try to control irrational thoughts and levels of stress. They are optimistic; they maintain a positive outlook, they have a capacity for intimacy; they do not fear commitment, they are creative and appreciate creativity in others, they take reasonable risks in order to grow, they bounce back from adversity. 2. What are the six “virtues” identified in the text, and how are they defined? (1) Wisdom and knowledge: cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge. (2) Courage: emotional strengths that involve the exercise of will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external or internal. (3) Humanity: interpersonal strengths that involve “tending and befriending” others. (4) Justice: civic strengths that underlie healthy community life. (5) Temperance: strengths that protect against excess. (6) Transcendence: strengths that forge connections to the larger universe and provide meaning. 3. What are some of...
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...Psychiatric disorder can be difficult to diagnose because they psychiatrist or clinical psychologist must first decide whether the problem is pathological, or if it is in fact an extreme of normal human variation. Currently there is no way to identify a specific brain pathology associated with different disorders; diagnosis usually relies on the patients symptoms. This paper will discuss four psychiatric disorders: Schizophrenia, Depression Mania, Anxiety, and Tourette syndrome. Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the world’s population. Over 2-3% of the population shows symptoms. Some people only ever experience one, maybe two episode and get better, while others go through periods of being healthy, which is also known as remission. There are other cases where patients suffer long-term and are usually severe impairments. Schizophrenia literally means “split mind.” Many people often confuse schizophrenia with the meaning split personality-which is something entirely different. Split personality is a disorder known as multiple personality disorder or syndrome. Symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into two categories, negative and positive. Positive symptoms include thought disorders, hallucinations, and delusions. Thought disorders is disorganized and irrational thinking, and is one of the most important symptoms. For example, they often find it hard to communicate. Most people would expect a conversation to be flowing logically, however people suffering from this disorder don’t follow...
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...Psychology 101: General Psychology Quiz 4: Review Sheet (35 multiple choice questions) Chapter 11: Personality Answer the following questions: • Define personality o Personality is the relatively stable constellation of psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns that account for our individuality and consistency over time. • Define defense mechanism. Correctly identify examples of defense mechanisms o Denial o Rationalization o Projection o Repression o Regression o Reaction formation o Sublimation • Define the structure of personality according to Freud. How many structures? Name these structures. • What is the correct order of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development? • Define archetype. • Identify the “Big Five” personality factors and apply to examples o Openness to experience o Conscientiousness o Extroversion o Agreeableness o Neuroticism • Compare the psychodynamic, behaviorist, and humanistic explanations of personality • Compare internal and external locus of control. What findings regarding behavior are cited in the textbook? Chapter 12: Social Psychology Answer the following questions: • Define social psychology. • What is the relationship between self-disclosure and attraction? Apply to an example. • Define self-fulfilling prophecy and apply to an example. • Define dispositional and situational attributions and define their relationship to internal and external attributions. • Define the fundamental attribution error...
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...PSY/240 10/01/2011 Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases, and Drugs There are many different types of psychological disorders, many of them have treatments or can be lessened with medications. Psychological disorders are also commonly called mental disorders, this is when an individual’s behavior can impact their life and can cause distress for the individual that is experiencing problems. Schizophrenia is when an individual would most likely experience what is called insanity. Schizophrenia can impair an individual’s thoughts, speech, emotional, perception, and motor activities, and can often times lead an individual to not know what is reality and non-reality. Dopamine is the theory with schizophrenia, “schizophrenia is caused by too much dopamine and, conversely, that ant schizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels.” (Pearson Education, Inc, 2009) When the body doesn’t make enough or makes too much of a certain chemical this can often times lead to an illness or disease that needs to be treated by a doctor. Treatments that are given to individuals with schizophrenia can be given medications: (Mayo Foundation, 1998-2011) * Aripiprazole (Abilify) * Clozapine (Clozaril) * Olanzapine (Zyprexa) * Paliperidone (Invega) * Quetiapine (Seroquel) * Risperidone (Risperdal) * Ziprasidone (Geodon) These drugs can help an individual be calm and not get agitated, the medication can help individuals not have delusion episodes or have hallucinations...
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...perspective views the human development which holds that changes in behavior result from | | |experience or from adaptation to the environment. | |Cognitive Factors |Refer to characteristics of the person that affect performance and learning. These factors serve| | |to modulate performance such that it may improve or decline. These factors involve cognitive | | |functions like attention, memory, and reasoning (Danili &Reid, 2006) | |Diathesis-Stress Model |This is a theory that attempts to explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together | | |with stress form life experiences. | |Personality Factors |The factors consists of the Big Five personality traits which are openness, conscientiousness, | | |extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. | |Social-Cognitive...
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...views of the CAUSE of abnormality. The models have different views about how abnormality comes about in the first place Assumptions of the biological model • Abnormality is caused by physical factors – as all behaviour is associated with changes in brain function, abnormal behaviour will be caused by changes in either the structure or function of the brain. - For example in terms of the structure of the brain (neuroanatomy) a damaged hypothalamus has been linked to anorexia - In terms of the function of the brain, neurotransmitters and hormones have been linked to psychopathology, e.g. low levels of serotonin have been lined to depression. • Abnormality is inherited – the genetic view is that there are abnormal genes that are inherited, i.e. passed down from parents to children, even though they may not be shown in every generation. Family, twin and adoption studies are used to establish concordance rates (this shows the extent to which members of the same family share a particular characteristic) to test for genetic predispositions as an explanation of abnormality. - For example Holland et al (1988) found a 56% concordance rate for identical twins (MZ) and only a 5% concordance rate for non-identical twins (DZ) in anorexia nervosa which supports the idea of a genetic basis for abnormality. Evaluation of the biological model Strengths 1. Physiological evidence – A strength of the biological model is that the use of brain scans and...
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