...Humanism, the printing press and the Renaissance art change Europe in many ways. The printing press encouraged people to get the Bible in their language and read about God. Humanism encouraged people to want freedom of religion, and the Renaissance art changed the way people viewed art. Everything caused a new problem. The printing press was a way to copy books. They translated the bible and copied them into everyday languages. This made people want to learn more about god. Now anyone could get a bible in their own language and read about god and his history. This also encouraged people to learn how to read and maybe write their own books. Humanism opened people’s eyes to make their own decisions. They then wanted freedom of religion. Humanism...
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...Basic Principles and Criteria In Western democracies freedom of the press implies that all people should have the right to express themselves in writing or in any other way of expression of personal opinion or creativity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights indicates: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers.” The concept of freedom of the press is often covered by the same laws as freedom of speech, thereby giving equal treatment to media and individuals. This philosophy of freedom is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of...
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...our religious freedoms and rights. The First Amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. (US Constitution) This freedom established by our fore fathers continues to be important not only to me but to everyone in our society. So, what does the First Amendment guarantee? It helps to protect freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. Our nation’s lawmakers, Congress, cannot promote one religion over another nor restrict an individual’s religious practices. The First Amendment allows for freedom of expression. It does not allow Congress to restrict the press or the rights of individuals to speak freely. It also guarantees the right for people to gather peacefully and to petition their government. The importance of religious freedom has been around a very long time. During our nation’s settlement, the pilgrims sought religious freedom. They wanted to find a place to settle,...
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...The Role of Freedom of press in post September 11 in Pakistan – Political Agenda Settings and War on Terror Freedom of press has always been a developmental issue and debate over the time, and from region to region, since the advent of a printing machine and its industry. Almost no one would have hypothesized at the time keeping in view, the evolution and development of technology and electronic media, which could further amplify the voice around the globe with just a tap on the screen, what wonders it can fulfill if handled or regulated rightly to spread the information to educate people and how much hazard and disaster it can create if handled wrongfully to spread the misinformation to manipulate groups of people and although regions to accomplish any personal goal at the dispense of majority of population. State of Pakistan has a turbulent history of the freedom of press since its birth as many dictators with the blend of some rich masters have ruled possessing personals objectives. Before the rapid expansion of electronic media there were few sources of information like print media and a state owned channel “PTV” which had always been exploited and used for setting personal political agendas to highlight the importance of issues which were only important for few individuals. September 11 was an important episode of our history which exposed our importance of position in the international arena. That position made the then military ruler Pervaiz Musharraf a key...
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...extent are restrictions on freedom of speech justified in Australia? While there are laws that restrict Freedom of Speech in Australia in order to protect fundamental rights and to limit discrimination which emerged from multiculturalism, the same laws can also clash with the liberty of the citizens and with the right of Freedom of Speech itself. Introduction To establish the boundaries between the defense of Freedom of Expression and of minorities has become a challenge for modern states. The consolidation of different groups (ethnocultural , sexual diversity , immigrants, religious) within the base community has generated the need to redefine and strengthen the defense of the human rights. As Will Kymlicka explains, cultural mix requires an inclusive process, which involves the establishment of a group of rights that recognizes and protects the minorities. Conversely, the ongoing struggle of the minorities has a major difficulty: the delicate border between the defense of their rights and the violation of the rights of the community. Firstly, this essay aims to explain the current conception of Freedom of Speech, since it is a controversial issue, focusing on the importance of that right for the Australian society and for the world. Secondly, we will analyze whether Freedom of Speech needs limits and the role of harm speech and offense speech in that topic in Australia. Finally, the third paragraph will focus on the restrictions of Freedom of Speech in Australia...
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...Political and Economic freedom is not an easy task to examine but it's not a difficult idea to grasp. What is freedom? Freedom starts with the ability to have self-control. In a free society, everyone has legal control of their mind and body as there is "an equal distribution of legal rights and in which each and every person has as much legal rights as possible" (Hughes). The concept of freedom refers to a certain type of political empowerment such as equal empowerment. Freedom entitles political equality, as it involves as much rights with the same legal rights in others. For example, freedom does not include the legal right to enslave an individual because freedom includes the legal right to not be enslaved. This broad topic of freedom is going to be narrowed into two specific concepts. The two main concepts that are going to be viewed is Political freedom and Economic freedom. Political Freedom are rights such as the rights to vote, the right of free association and the right of expression that helps individuals determine who the rulers would be and how they will be ruled. Political freedom is best appreciated in countries where those freedoms do not exist or are denied as people have a sense of global awareness. This freedom was prominent in western societies but it amounted to little except how the society will be organized in an order where individuals would be able to pursue their own happiness. This kind of freedom created the prosperity that we as individuals now...
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...was quite simple; there wasn’t a bill of rights drafted in the original copy. Without a bill of rights, the people would never be aware of their unalienable rights and the power and roles of their government. Patrick Henry said, “The liberties of a people never were, nor ever will be, secure when the transactions of their rulers may be concealed from them,” at the Convention of Virginia in June 1788. He was trying to convey a message that showed the importance of citizens having their rights listed, so the government would never be able...
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...The Corporate Governance Role of the Media Alexander Dyck* Harvard Business School And Luigi Zingales University of Chicago May 2002 Abstract Do media play any role in corporate governance? In this paper we argue that media pressure corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are “socially acceptable”. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders’ value maximization, others not. We provide both anecdotal and systematic evidence that media affect companies’ policy toward the environment and the amount of corporate resources that are diverted to the sole advantage of controlling shareholders. Our results have important consequences for the focus of the corporate governance debate and for the feasibility of reforms aimed at improving corporate governance around the world. * We thank Mehmet Beceren for assistance in preparing the data and Rakhesh Khurana, Jay Lorsch,, Forest Reinhardt, Richard Vietor, Andy Zelleke and seminar participants at Harvard Business School for helpful comments on an earlier draft. Alexander Dyck gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Division of Research of Harvard Business School and Luigi Zingales from the George Stigler Center at the University of Chicago. In April 1992 the Wall Street Journal published a strange ad. It was a full-page picture of a silhouette of the Board of Directors of Sears Roebuck with the title: the “non-performing assets of Sears”. The ad, paid by shareholder activist Robert Monks, exposed all the directors...
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...limitations serve to protect the natural rights of liberty including freedoms of religion, speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms. The Founding Fathers wanted to ensure that no man could obtain excessive power, which could infringe the citizen’s rights. The Bill of Rights retains an important role in American society as it outlines the rights and freedoms of the individuals. This allows them to use the Bill of Rights as a reference point if they ever find themselves in a situation where they need to defend themselves according to the rights that they claim. This can be seen in Amendment V of the Bill of Rights, whereby a suspected criminal has the rights to not be a witness against himself so as to prevent self incrimination. The Bill of Rights shows the rights of the citizens as it gives individuals the right to keep and bear arms, as outlined in Amendment I where the Bill of Rights clearly shows the right and freedoms of the citizens. However the Bill of Rights can be interpreted in different ways which can lead to inconsistencies in the treatment of the individuals, this is most common depending on where that individual lives. This vagueness has caused a clear debate in the death penalty, where in some states it is commonly used whereas in others it has been abolished. Also external influences on the rights of the citizens have undermined the importance of the Bill of Rights. This can be seen in the Patriot Act, which...
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...In the United States, the First Amendment of the constitution guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. The First Amendment was created because citizens demanded a guarantee of their basic freedoms. Without the First Amendment, religious minorities could be persecuted, the government might well establish a national religion, protesters could be silenced, the press could not criticize government, and citizens could not mobilize for social change. When the U.S. Constitution was signed on September 17, 1787, it did not contain the essential freedoms now outlined in the Bill of Rights, because many of the Framers viewed their inclusion as unnecessary, but after a huge debate, the Bill of Rights was...
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...and I believe that they are all important in their own ways. The Amendment that is most important to me would have to be the first Amendment. I believe that it is the foundation of all our rights as Americans. The first Amendment established the four great liberties; freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly. All of these rights together form the essential core of all our rights as citizens. By me working hard to become a teacher, I also believe this amendment is related to my field and is important to me. Even though all of the Amendments are of great importance, the Amendment that is least important to me would be the seventh Amendment. It codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases, and asserts that cases may not be re-examined by another court. If I were suddenly arrested and tried for a crime, the Amendment that might be most important to me would be the sixth Amendment. It is designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial. After reading about the sixth Amendment, I definitely understand the need for it. Each Amendment has its own importance but in my opinion the first Amendment is important to each of us on a daily...
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...In 1956 three professors of communication-Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm-brought out their Four Theories of the Press which went a long way in establishing a typology in the minds of journalism educators and students. Siebert, Peterson and Schramm discuss journalism philosophy presenting four theories (or concepts): 1. the authoritarian theory, 2. the libertarian theory, 3. the communist theory and 4 the social responsibility theory. Very briefly, here are the main characterstics of each of these theories. Authoritarian: The state, as the highest expression of institutionalized structure, supersedes the individual and makes it possible for the individual to acquire and develop a stable and harmonious life Mass communication, then, supports the state and the government in power so that total society may advance and the state may be viable and attain its objectives. The State (the elite that runs the state) directs the citizenry, which is not considered competent and interested enough to make critical political decisions. One man or an elite group is placed in a leadership role. As the group or person controls society generally it (or he or she) also controls the mass media since they are recognized as vital instruments of social control. The mass media, under authoritarianism, are educators and propagandists by which the power elite exercise social control. Generally the media are privately owned, although the leader or his elite group may own units in...
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...in people`s lives. She appeared in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The first stage of its development, known as "ancient civilization", was marked by the emergence of the core values of Western-type society: the relations of private ownership, private production, market-oriented, the first “government by the people” – democracy, republican form of government. In the early times of Western Civilization the foundations of civil society to ensure individual rights and freedoms were established, as well as socio-cultural system of principles, the mobilization of creativity and development of the individuals (Judith & Learner, 130). There are many significant events that happened in Western Civilization and influenced today`s world, as some of them have significantly affected our modern lifestyle and undoubtedly changed our society. Nevertheless, I think the three major elements that happened in Western Civilization are: The Rise of Christianity, the appearance of Democracy, and the invention of the printing press. To start with, I strongly believe the Rise of Christianity is one of the most significant events that have ever happened in our world. In today`s world Christianity is thought to be the biggest religion, as about 2, 1 billion people follow it. This religion is based on teachings of Jesus Christ, who is believed to be the Son of God (Engels, 46). Based on Jesus preaching and...
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...first published journal from Kerala. This was a publication of the Christian missionaries. In 1864 ‘Paschima Tharaka’ (Western star) started from Kochi. In the last decades of 19th century so many Malayalam dailies were started – Keralan (1866), Sandishtavadi (1867), Travancore Herald (1867), Keralopakari (1874), Sathyanada Kahalam (1876) Malayala Mithram (1878), Travancore Abhimani (1878), Kerala Deepakam (1878), Kerala Chandrika (1879), Kerala Mithram (1881), Kerala Pathrika (1884), Nazarani Deepika (1887), Malayala Manorama (1890) etc. (Vilanilam 1998). In 1865 Devji Bhimiji started ‘Kerala Mithram Press’ at Kochi.. On January 1, 1881 a...
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...Can the amendments from the Bill of Rights be valued of importance? The bill of rights consists of ten amendments each guaranteeing an individual right of every United States citizen. In this essay I have picked two amendments, which I will explain, their importance and negative consequences. Continuing on the relevance of the second amendment in today’s American climate and the arguments that those are for/against about gun control. The first amendment of the Bill of Rights sets the tone for the rest of the document showing the limitations the government has towards any United States citizen. “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,...
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