...GENERAL OVERVIEW - BULGARIA Current Status of Biomass Energy There exists a large potential to utilize biomass as an energy source in Bulgaria. Bulgaria has a total land area of approximately 110,000 km2, of which some 6,200,000 ha, or approximately 60 percent of the overall land area, consists of arable and agriculture lands, and 3,903,000 ha, or approximately 30 percent, is forest cover. While information regarding the use and potential of biomass has been limited, there have been recent developments through pilot projects and preliminary evaluations that do begin to highlight Bulgaria’s full potential. Next to the country’s hydro resources, biomass accounts for a sizable share of Bulgaria’s final energy consumption, approximately 3.7 percent or 409,000 toe of the calculated 10,918,000 toe total consumption (Sofia Energy Center data report). Due to the lack of reliable nationwide assessments and data, it is estimated that in practice this number is much larger. The majority of the biomass energy consumption exists mainly in the rural areas, where fuelwood, followed by the residential consumption of wood briquettes produced from forestry wastes and sawmill byproducts amount to approximately 2 million m3 per year. In addition, wastes generated from agricultural and farming activities are produced in large quantities and exploitation of these wastes can prove to be significant source for energy generation. As the land of Bulgaria is rich and fertile, farming activities...
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...The thorny issue of the energy dependency Russia is the largest single energy partner of the EU Energy represents 65% of total import from Russia (2007) 40.4% of total EU’s gas imports come from Russia Sales of raw materials to the EU represents 40% of the Russian budget EU represents 80% of cumulative foreign investments in Russia More than 60% of the Russian external investments are done in the EU. Russian Federation is also the second EU oil supplier with 20% of the importations and 16% of the total consumption Germany—the fourth largest consumer of natural gas in the world Depends on Russia for 43% of its imports vs: 100% dependence of the three Baltic States, Romania, Bulgaria Vs. France’s - 24% Vs. Spain and Portugal, which do not import gas from Russia at all. • That Russia will threaten to shut off energy supplies or increase prices to extract political concessions; • That Russia will exploit existing debts for energy supplies or other economic weakness in energy consuming countries to buy or take over assets in those countries’ energy sectors or other sectors, with a view to use those assets for political leverage; • That Russia will unfairly seize the assets of U.S. or European energy companies operating in Russia, or force western firms to sell their assets, possibly at low prices; • That Russia’s energy wealth and power will encourage broader assertiveness in Moscow’s foreign policy to the detriment of U.S. and European interests. 1973 Oil Crisis...
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...For Photovoltaics 2014-2018 Supported by: GLOBAL MARKET OUTLOOK For Photovoltaics 2014-2018 Principal authors and analysts: Gaëtan Masson (iCARES Consulting), Sinead Orlandi, Manoël Rekinger Publication coordination: Benjamin Fontaine, Sinead Orlandi External contributors: AECEA, APERe, APESF, APISOLAR, APREN, assoRinnovabili, Australian PV Association, BPVA, BSWSolar, CANSIA, CREIA, CRES, CZEPHO, Danish PV Association, EDORA, ENERPLAN, Fronius, GENSED, GIFI, Goldbeck, HELAPCO, Holland Solar, HUPIA, IEA-PVPS, JPEA, KOPIA, Martifer, PV AUSTRIA, PV Russia, PV Poland, PV Vlaanderen, Renewable Association of Israel, RPIA, RTS Corporation, SAPI, SAPVIA, SASIA, SEIA, SEMI Taiwan, SolarMax, SolarTrade Association, SunEdison, Swissolar, TOTAL, UNEF, Wacker, ZSFI Editor: Tom Rowe Design: Onehemisphere, Sweden Images: iStock.com/CaiaImage (cover), REC – Renewable Energy Corporation ASA (page 8), Sharp (page 10), ENEL (page 12), First Solar (page 14), First Solar (page 16), Kyocera Fineceramics, Stromaufwart Photovoltaik GmbH (page 26), Sharp (page 48), JA Solar (page 54). Supported by: Intersolar Europe Solar irradiation world map has been derived from the SolarGIS database: http://solargis.info (© 2014 GeoModel Solar) Disclaimer: Please note that all historical figures provided in this brochure are valid at the time of publication and will be revised when new and proven figures are available. All forecast figures are based on EPIA knowledge at the time of...
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... Company profile REinVEnTinG A GREAT coMPAnY The year 2008 saw the definitive reinvention of a great company. Less than a decade ago, ACCIONA was one of Spain’s leading construction companies and was actively diversifying and seeking business opportunities worldwide. In the last year, and after divesting Endesa in 2009, ACCIONA has culminated the transformation into a company that is a pioneer in development and sustainability, and a global leader in the development, production and management of renewable energy, water and infrastructure with the minimum environmental impact. This achievement would not have been possible without ACCIONA’s pioneering background. It was created by the first merger in Spain’s construction industry and, in the 1990s, it was the first non-utility to move into renewable energy. ACCIONA is the construction company that has most successfully diversified followed by a process of concentration. Sustainability is a core axis of its strategy, and energy, infrastructure and water are the vectors of future growth. In 2004, José Manuel Entrecanales was appointed Chairman, and he spearheads the Company’s transition towards these three pillars of growth. In 2005, ACCIONA strengthened its position using an innovative strategy based on orienting those businesses towards sustainable development, with a strong international approach. This sweeping transformation was also possible thanks to the enormous investment effort and social commitment as a creator of quality...
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...1. Introduction The most important factor in the fate of societies and nations is command of energy. Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy policy in the European Union represents one of the core policies since the beginning of the European Integration. The treaty of Paris to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or EAEC) were the first attempts to an energy cooperation within the European Community. As the size of the European Union grows (reached twenty eight member states as of March 2013), it needed more energy sources as energy plays an important role for economic development. Now the European Union is the largest importer of energy (oil and gas) in the world, and the second largest energy consumer. Therefore, member states of the EU need more secure access to energy resources. Beside the North-South and East-West energy corridors, Europe ingests the South-North corridor, connecting it with North Africa and the Middle East. In 2007 Oil and Gas Journal estimated stocks and supplies of oil at 114 billion barrel and natural gas at 13, 9 billion cubic meter. Almost one third of European imported oil comes either from the Middle East or from North-West Africa. Europe pipeline interests in the south are focused exclusively on natural gas. In 2006 Algeria delivered 16, 7% of Europe gas, and it’s considered to be the biggest third land delivers natural gas, including LNG (Liquefied Natural...
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...FINAL PROJECT CLIMATE CHANGE AND USE OF ENERGY 2012 Tomás Frías Orozco A01222872 Miguel Madrigal Hernandez A01222919 Pedro Morfin Carlos Giovanni Elizarraraz A01227576 Jorge Blass Coss y Leon Cervantes A01226870 Phase 1 1. Introduction • Energy The capacity or power to do work, such as the capacity to move an object by the application of force • Types of energy chemical energy - energy stored in fuel which is released when chemical reactions take place. kinetic energy - energy of a moving object. gravitational potential energy (GPE) - energy an object has due to its position . elastic (strain) potential energy - energy stored in an object that is being stretched. electrical energy - energy transferred by an electric current. thermal (heat) energy - energy of an object due to its temperature. nuclear energy - energy stored in an atom’s nucleus. light energy - energy transferred through waves and light particles . sound energy - energy transferred via sound waves. • Units used depending on their application * British Thermal Unit-Used in Heating and Cooling * Calorie-Science and Engineering (Raise the heat of water) * Food Calorie, Kilocalorie- Used in Nutrition * Joule-Science and Engineering – Electrical Current * Kilowatt Hour-Electrical Fields (Joule/Per second) * Therm- Home Heating Appliances(Heat) 2. Energy Problems • The distribution of the energy produced in the country, as is showed above...
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...Definition of coal: • caustobiolitică a sedimentary rock that comes from vegetal incarbonizarea. • the transformation is slow in the absence of atmospheric oxygen at elevated pressures and temperatures that depend on the depth at which the plant is accumulation. Classification of coal: Coal (7000-9000 kcal / kg): anthracite, coal Quality coal (2600-5000 kcal / kg) brown coal, lignite, peat Historically the use of coal Late nineteenth century - coal had a role in the development of industry (coal century). Widely used as fuel for steam engine - James Watt (creator of the first motor efficiency). The widespread use of coal: Getting coke resulting from the high temperature carbonization process, the distillation of coal in the absence of oxygen. The coke used as fuel in the steel (for obtaining one ton of steel requires 600 kg coke). The material or by-product in the manufacture of iron, calcium carbide and other industrial thereof. Fuel for power generation and chemicals. construction materials fuel for power stations and cement factories (3/4 of the demand for coal) Chemical Industry Getting paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, etc.. Pharmaceutical industry. Domestic heating fuel Synthetic Fuel Coal Liquefaction Evaluation of coal resources: 1913 - International Geological Congress in Turin (7100 billion tons) - North America 68% -...
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...The economic benefits of environmental policy A project under the Framework contract for economic analysis ENV.G.1/FRA/2006/0073 - 2nd FINAL REPORT November 2009 Matt Raymenta, Elke Pirgmaierb, Griet De Ceusterc, Friedrich Hinterbergerb, Onno Kuikd, Henry Leveson Gowera, Christine Polzinb, Adarsh Varmaa a b c d GHK Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI) Transport & Mobility Leuven VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) Institute for Environmental Studies Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV AMSTERDAM The Netherlands Tel. ++31-20-5989 555 Fax. ++31-20-5989 553 E-mail: info@ivm.falw.vu.nl Internet: http://www.vu.nl/ivm vrije Universiteit amsterdam Contents Executive Summary 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8. 8.1 Introduction Environmental Policy and the Economy Environmental Policies and Productivity Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of the further potential Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Innovation Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence Examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Employment Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from...
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...Experience with Promotion of Renewable Energy: Successes and Lessons Learned Parliamentarian Forum on Energy Legislation and Sustainable Development Cape Town, South Africa 5-7 October, 2005 Richard L. Ottinger[?] Abstract: Renewable energy is becoming economic in all markets as its rapid growth results in more competitive prices. It is particularly appropriate and increasingly being adopted for providing electric power services to rural areas in developing countries unlikely to be served by grid electricity. Policies needed to implement renewable energy systems in rural areas are discussed in this paper. Most prominent are removal of subsidies to traditional energy primarily benefiting the wealthiest; involving the local populace in decision making; educating financial institutions about the economics of investing in renewable energy systems and creating investment vehicles appropriate to financing them in poor localities; training personnel on management, maintenance and drafting contracts; requiring vendor provision of maintenance and parts; and effective regulation and oversight of system management and financing. I. Introduction The recent sharp increases in the prices of oil, natural gas, uranium and coal underline the importance for all countries to focus on development of alternative energy resources. For developing countries, these price increases can have ruinous economic consequences; for many countries already plagued by poverty this means...
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...Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://ec.europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007 ISBN 978-92-79-06576-7 © European Communities, 2007 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on recycled paper that has been awarded the EU eco-label for graphic paper (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel) EU action against climate change Working with developing countries to tackle climate change Introduction EU cooperation with developing countries on climate change Supporting adaptation and capacity building Providing clean and secure energy supplies Stimulating clean development through EU emissions trading Promoting sustainable forestry Assisting developing countries through climate research 5 10 14 17 20 22 24 Introduction As the world’s largest donor of development assistance, the European Union is strongly committed to supporting developing countries in the fight against poverty, the achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals and the promotion of sustainable development. Combating climate change, one of the gravest challenges facing mankind, forms an integral part of this agenda. The EU is actively pursuing this objective, both multilaterally through the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and its...
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...ISWA – The International Solid Waste Association Introduction and Perspectives on Integrated Waste Management, Recycling and Recovery of Energy from Waste Dr. Helmut Stadler Vice-President of ISWA International stadler.helmut@utanet.at www.iswa.org Table of Content l l l Introduction of ISWA International and ISWA Austria Problems and Challenges Perspectives on Solutions Sources: Franz Neubacher, David Newman, and others ISWA‘s Mission ISWA – the International Solid Waste Association – is a global, independent and non-profit making association, working in the public interest to fulfil its declared mission: “To Promote and Develop Sustainable and Professional Waste Management Worldwide“ ISWA achieves its mission through: Promoting resource efficiency through sustainable production and consumption Support to developing and emerging economies Advancement of waste management through education and training Promoting appropriate and best available technologies and practices Professionalism through its program on professional qualifications. More than 1,400 Members in More than 90 Countries WWW.ISWA.ORG ISWA Membership Benefits ISWA members have access to a variety of benefits as for instance access to: • Waste Management & Research • Waste Management World • ISWA Newsletter • ISWA Working Groups • ISWA's Job Exchange Platform • Large International Network • Discount on Registration Fees • Member Discount Program ISWA Membership Categories •...
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...GLOBALIZATION Firm Internationalization and Capital Structure in Developing Countries: The Role of Financial Development Halit Gonenc and Daniel J. de Haan As the trend in globalization continues, developing market economies are moving to the forefront of the world market, diminishing the dominance of developed countries. Their rapid expansion is often underpinned by strong domestic firm performance. The resources and funds required to fuel the sustained future growth of these firms as they compete with global powerhouses from developed markets therefore become important factors. In recent decades the process of globalization has made it increasingly common for developing country firms to internationalize and gain access to developed country capital markets. Developping countries are playing a significant role in the developpment of their home-country economies because of a higher use of external financement, which could give these firms the opportunity of operating in countries with more developped financial markets and a better access to external funds. In addition, developed financial markets can reduce the problem of asymmetric information. To evaluate the role that both the level of financial market development and firm-level characteristics have in the relationship between internationalization and debt financing, they employ three-variable interactions. The purpose was to find out how the relationship between the level of foreign sales and financial development...
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...Geographic Distance LACK OF LAND BORDER As you can see above the island of Taiwan is located in the Western Pacific between Philippines and Japan. Turkey is bounded by the Aegean Sea on the west, on the northwest by the Sea of Marmara, Greece and Bulgaria and on the north by the Black Sea. Taiwan is available for air and sea transportation. There are five harbors and eighteen airports in Taiwan, two of which are international. At this point we think that the sea transportation is suitable for the transport of bulky goods like hybrid cars although it is the slowest shipping method for exporting goods. In addition, sea transportation is the most preferred transportation method according to air, road transport and railway because of the cheapest way. DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATES AND DISEASE ENVIRONMENTS In Taiwan there is no severe cold in winter and no cruel summer. Annual average temperature of Taiwan is 22 degrees Celsius. Weather conditions can fluctuate little during winter and spring but the weather is relatively stable in winter and autumns. As a disease environment, we can talk about a liver disease which is a common disease in Taiwan. A parasite Cryptocaryon which infect with raw or uncooked fish damages to liver so it is known for liver disease. Other diseases that can be seen in Taiwan are HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Ultimately cardiovascular diseases which occurs results of air pollution can be seen in Taiwan. Typically, three climatic types can be seen in Turkey...
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...INNO NATOUR. Lesson learnt from Innovation in Nature Based Tourism Services Contact: Faculty of Economics and Public Administration „Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava Universităţii str., no. 13, Building H 720229 SUCEAVA, ROMANIA Phone: (+40) 230 216147 ext. 294 Erasmus IP web site: www.innonatour.usv.ro Faculty web site: www.seap.usv.ro University web site: www.usv.ro 2012 Subject to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without written permission of the copyright owners. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................................................. 8 STUDENTS OF THE 20112012 ERASMUS IP ...................................................................................... 9 LECTURERS, TUTORS AND EXPERTS OF THE 20112012 ERASMUS IP ................................. 10 RESULTS OF THE ERASMUS IP INNO NATOUR 20112012......................................................... 19 FINAL REPORTS OF THE WORKING GROUPS .................................................................................. 20 INDIVIDUAL POST CASE STUDIES OF THE STUDENTS ................................................................. 44 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ......................................
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...OD Implemented in Starbucks 1 ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTED IN STARBUCKS INDIRAN MBS141104 LEE YEW HOONG MBS141102 CHONG KUEN SOON MBS1133 CHIA WI PEAW MBS141106 MOHD FAIZAL MBS141114 SEM I 2015/2016 UBSE1123 – Session 01 International Business School, UTM Lecturer Name: Dr Harcharanjit Singh Submission Date: 05th Dec 2015 OD Implemented in Starbucks 2 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Challenges ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Opportunities ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.0 Industry Background ................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Relevant to Issue .................................................................................................................. 6 3.0 Organization Background ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Historical Background .............................................................................
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