...health problems. That number is now estimated to be 1.25 million. The rate of reported mental health disorders in the state prison population is five times greater (56.2 percent) than in the general adult population (11 percent). MHCs were developed in an attempt to solve the problem of criminalizing the mentally ill; this phenomenon occurs when the mentally ill are arrested and prosecuted for minor offenses rather than being treated by the mental health system. A greater focus on this may foresee a decrease in the rate of reported mental health disorders within the prison system. The basis for the above approach was founded on the concept of Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ), the notion that the law can play a role as a potential means of therapeutic influence and this could be achieved by making court proceedings more therapeutic to mentally ill prosecutors through involvement in treatment, MHCs hope to produce better outcomes for their defendants. The underlying belief of this approach is that...
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...Island Docket (1985-1993). New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement, 23, 267. Colorado Department of Corrections. �State Sex Offender Treatment Programs: 50 � State Survey.� Online. August 2000. Available http://www.doc.state.co.us/admin_reg/PDFs/SO-report-send2.pdf Edwards, William & Hensley, Christopher. (2001). Restructuring Sex Offender Sentencing: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approach to the Criminal Justice Process. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45 (6), 646-662. Geer, Tracey M., Becker, Judith V., Gray, Steven R. & Krauss, Daniel. (2001). Predictors of Treatment Completion in a Correctional Sex Offender Treatment Program. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45 (3), 302-313. Hanson, R. K. (2002). Recidivism and Age Follow-Up Data From 4,673 Sexual Offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17 (10), 1046-1062. Kalichman, Seth C. (1993). Commentary on Alexander (1993). Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20 (4), 388-390. Lieb, Roxanne & Matson, Scott. �Sexual Predator Commitment Laws in the United States: 1998 Update.� Online. September 1998. Available http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/rptfiles/sexcomm_98.pdf McGrath, Robert J., Cumming,...
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...Composition II - 56 March 15, 2015 The cry being heard throughout small-town America, “Medical marijuana should be legal, the benefits outweigh the risks!” Medical marijuana is a very touchy subject. Some people think it should stay illegal because of it being labeled as a non-beneficial street drug. Many states have already decided that the people of their state should have the benefits associated with the use of medical marijuana, Colorado, to name one, has worked it out so that there are laws regulating the growing, sales and consumption of this product. Other states are looking into the possibility of following suite with Colorado. There is a great amount of revenue to be made from growing and legal sales for medicinal use. They are also looking into the medical benefits to people with any number of illnesses. Some people claim that it is a “gateway” drug. Some claim it will ruin the economics of their town or county or even state, by not having the revenue created by those who break the law by selling, buying or using; if it is made legal. There are not enough people looking into the economic factor of being paid to grow so many plants per person being treated. After being a person who lost a loved one to cancer, it is easy to see where the use of medical marijuana could have helped that individual through what must have been the worst period of a life time. My father wished for his passing once he started into the treatments for his cancer, medical marijuana could have helped...
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...Cognitive Processes (Author’s name) (Institutional Affiliation) Introduction Not all forms of learning can be captured by classical and operant condition. Learning takes place more efficiently through observation, imitation, taking and following instructing. Cognitive learning goes beyond imitation. It involves acquiring information through mental processes. In cognitive learning, one acquires information through listening, watching, touching and experiencing the stimuli before the message is committed to memory. This makes learning effective. Thesis statement. Most people are unaware of the importance of cognitive processes in their lives. Cognitive processes are important because they influence human behavior. When one is aware of his or her preferred approach, he or she is able to discern how his preference influences his personality. The aim of this paper is to look at three types of cognitive processes, their purposes and the methodology used in them. When a child is born the process of learning starts to take place. It has to learn how to crawl, stand, and walk and later on run. At puberty children learn various topics depending on the individual interests. However, before a man can apply what he has learnt he has to undergo a cognitive process. Carl Jung a Swiss psychiatrist came up with eight cognitive processes Introverted Intuiting, Introverted sensing, Extroverted Sensing, Extroverted Intuiting, Extroverted Thinking, Introverted Thinking, Extroverted Feeling...
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...My field of study is the ever growing field of pharmacy. People assume when it comes to pharmacy it’s a guy or a girl that stands behind a counter, counts pills all day, and sells them, there is actually way more to it. Pharmacy is a very dynamic field of study it’s not just someone who stand behind a counter all day, there are different types of pharmacy careers all over the country such as ambulatory care, nuclear, and of course the retail pharmacist. I will go into more detail about each of these later on in the paper, but first I want to explain and give you an idea of what it takes to be a pharmacist and show you the positive and negative aspects of the field. What it takes to be a Pharmacist, depending on where you apply to pharmacy school you’re going to run into different styles of prepharm curriculum. What I mean is some schools might require a 2 year associate degree while others may require a 4 year bachelor’s degree of Chemistry or Biology. One thing that you will run into with all Pharmacy schools though is a PCAT, which stand for Pharmacy College Admittance Test (AACP). This is a test brought around in 1974 to help eliminate student who are more likely to fail out with in the first year of Pharmacy College; the average score of acceptance for a PCAT fluctuates from school to school (PCAT). Once someone has made it through perquisites of pharmacy and successfully entered pharmacy school, they are going to spend at least 4-5 years of professional school. Pharmacy...
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...Monday, April 21, 2008 Roche vs CIPLA: The Rhetoric of Patent Busting Roche, a multinational pharma company and CIPLA, a generic manufacturer from India. CIPLA brazenly defied Roche's patent over an anticancer drug, Tarceva and went ahead and introduced a generic version at 1/3rd the price. It claimed that the patent ought not have been granted in the first place. CIPLA's counsel, Arun Jaitley argued very persuasively in court that Roche's drug did not meet the requirements of section 3(d), a unique section introduced into India's patent regime in 2005 to prevent a phenomenon widely known as "evergreening". Under section 3(d), derivatives of existing pharmaceutical substances would not merit patent protection, unless such derivative was more "efficacious" than the earlier existing pharma substance. The section was challenged by Novartis as being violative of TRIPS and of the Indian constitution CIPLA also stressed that since the price differential between the patented drug and the generic version sold by CIPLA was extremely high, "public interest" demanded that no injunction be granted in favour of Roche. In a remarkably sophisticated and well researched judgment, Justice S Ravindra Bhat of the Delhi High Court ruled in favour of CIPLA. The matter is now under appeal. Unless Roche is able to demonstrate empirically that CIPLA's lower prices for Tarceva (the lung cancer drug in issue) does not really translate to increased access to poor patients, it is difficult...
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...who are set to apply the law in the case before them. By and by, there is an issue of if judges do make law. To put it specially, are judges simply law discoverers or are they truly legislators. It is a reality to the legitimate organization that the essential part of judges is to apply the existing law into the case he is choosing. In this way, judges requirement to find any previous law that they wish to apply and by ethicalness of that gesture, judges are law discoverers in place of officials. They need to find the law and not to authorize the law. This is because of the way that by the convention of detachment of forces, legal ought not meddle with the part of the lawmaking body. Thusly, judges should not meddle with the Parliament, which is the legislator of the nation. In any case, it is additionally a reality that as the lawful framework advances, so does the part of judges. Rather than adhering to their employment as law discoverers and the feeder of equity, they now leave their lawful engraving on the legitimate framework. What is implied by legitimate engraving is that they leave a legacy, which is another guideline of law, improved by them when they settle on a case. As a normal law nation, this legacy will then be connected by numerous others through the convention of legal point of reference and in a roundabout way, to some degree, judges do make law. This judges-made law fundamentally determined from the way that Malaysia is a normal law nation and as a majority...
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...Ethical Responsibility in Pharmacy Practice Robert A. Buerki, Ph.D. Professor Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration The Ohio State University Louis D. Vottero, M.S. Professor of Pharmacy Emeritus Ohio Northern University American Institute of the History of Pharmacy Madison, Wisconsin 2002 Acknowledgments: Pages 208-10: "Principles of Medical Ethics" and "Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship," reprinted with permission from the Code of Medical Ethics, American Medical Association, © 1994 and © 2000. AMA logo reprinted with the permission of the American Medical Association. © 2002 American Medical Association. Usage of the AMA logo does not imply an endorsement of the non-AMA material found in this book. Page 211: "Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements," reprinted with permission from the American Nurses Association, © 2001 American Nurses Publishing, American Nurses Foundation/American Nurses Association, Washington, D.C. Pages 212-15: "A Patient's Bill of Rights," reprinted with permission of the American Hospital Association, © 1992. Pages 216-17: "Pharmacy Patient's Bill of Rights," reprinted with permission of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. On the cover: The "triad of medical care" has been the basis for the ethical relationship between the pharmacist, the physician, and the patient for centuries. In the background, an early depiction of the triad from Book 7 of the encyclopedia...
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...Trends and Issues in Victimology Trends and Issues in Victimology Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon Trends and Issues in Victimology, Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon This book first published 2008 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0069-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0069-3 TO THE VICTIMS OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE. LET US PRAY THAT EXPANDING THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE INTO THE RIGHT HANDS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF HUMAN EVIL AND CONSEQUENT SUFFERING. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... x Gerd F. Kirchhoff Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Between perception and victimization: Trends and issues in victimology Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar & Moshe Bensimon Part I: Justice for victims Chapter One.....................
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...An effective system of inmate discipline is very important when running a prison or jail. Usually, mentally ill inmates have had few or no protections against discipline routinely applied to their non-mentally ill peers. Arising from recent class action lawsuits challenging the quality of mental health care delivery in the nation’s prisons, prison mental health professionals have been called on to play an increasing role in the inmate disciplinary process. Referral questions include whether an inmate is competent to proceed with disciplinary proceedings and whether mental illness may have contributed to the rule violation. Prison mental health professionals participating in inmate disciplinary proceedings must therefore be familiar with relevant clinical, legal, and ethics issues. Little has been written in the psychiatric literature, however, examining this important role for prison mental health professionals. After first reviewing core legal and constitutional concepts, the author presents the results of a nationwide survey examining the role for mental health professionals in the inmate disciplinary process. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive review of this subject. Most prison systems have procedures for punishing prisoners who violate prison rules and for removing inmates from the general population for disciplinary or safety reasons. (For the purpose of this article, the terms “prisoner” and “inmate” will be used interchangeably...
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...doing the same kind of acts in future. On the one hand, it is some solace to the victim or to his relatives if the offender is punished and on the other hand it serves a social purpose to prevent the people from indulging in criminal acts. So that the punishment may be a reasonable means to check the crime, three things are essential for it. The first is the speedy and inescapable detection and prosecution, the second is a fair chance of “a fresh start” after the punishment and the third is that the State which claims the right to punish must uphold the superior values to be reasonably expected from the prisoner for being acknowledged.[1] The concept of punishment is that of inflicting some sort of pain on the offender for his violation of law. The idea of inflicting pain or suffering in awarding punishment has been modified in view of the modern reformatory methods introduced recently in dealing with the criminals. For instance,...
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...Page 1 of 14 NURSING LAW AND ETHICS JURIS OUTLINE ( Atty. Aleth Joyce T. Cubacub) Chapter 1- Overview Nursing Profession - Process of constant change - Etymological perspective it comes from the Latin word meaning NUTRIX or nourish Nursing - Art, a science and a social science - Being an art, deals with skills that require dexterity and proficiency - Science : systematic and well-defined body of knowledge which utilizes scientific methods and procedures in the application of nursing process - Social Science: primordial interest is man whether well or sick - It is involved in total quality patient care when giving the patient prescribed medication or treatments - Primary focus is the individual’s response to health related problems FOUR FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSING a. Promote health b. Prevent illness c. Restore health and d. To alleviate sufferings - Noble goal to promote the harmonious or symphonic interaction between men and their environment CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING a. Nursing is caring b. Involves close, personal contact with the recipient of care; c. Concerned services ( humans as physiological, psychological and sociological organisms) d. Committed to personalized services regardless of color, creed or social or economic status e. Committed to promoting individual, family , community and national health goals f. Committed to involvement in ethical, legal and political issues in the delivery of health care NURSING PROCESS - Use nurse process as a tool in nursing...
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...RESEARCH ON THE TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE AND EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF THE DRUG ABUSERS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES AN ANALYSIS OF INNOVATIVE MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF DRUG ABUSERS PREFACE Crimes related to drug abuse and the illegal manufacturing and trafficking of drugs are serious problems for virtually every country. The abuse of drugs has an adverse impact, not only on the individual abuser, but also on the economy and society of a country as a whole. Drug use and the problems that accompany it have an extremely deleterious effect on the healthy development of young people, especially. Due to the rapid increase in drug related crime and drug abusers in Asian countries, the establishment of effective countermeasures for demand and supply reduction are a pressing issue. In light of the above-mentioned situation, the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI); and the Research Division of the Research and Training Institute, Ministry of Justice jointly conducted a comprehensive study on drug abuser treatment, from 2002 to 2004, entitled “Research on the Trends in Drug Abuse and Effective Measures for the Treatment of the Drug Abusers in Asian Countries - An Analysis of Innovative Measures for the Treatment of Drug Abusers”. The Asian countries included in the study are: China (Hong Kong), Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. This is the first phase of the study on drug abuser treatment; the second...
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...000 – Computer science, information, and general works • 000 Generalities • 001 Knowledge • 002 The book • 003 Systems • 004 Data processing and Computer science • 005 Computer programming, programs, data • 006 Special computer methods • 007 Not assigned or no longer used • 008 Not assigned or no longer used • 009 Not assigned or no longer used • 010 Bibliography • 011 Bibliographies • 012 Bibliographies of individuals • 013 Bibliographies of works by specific classes of authors • 014 Bibliographies of anonymous and pseudonymous works • 015 Bibliographies of works from specific places • 016 Bibliographies of works from specific subjects • 017 General subject catalogs • 018 Catalogs arranged by author & date • 019 Dictionary catalogs • 020 Library & information sciences • 021 Library relationships • 022 Administration of the physical plant • 023 Personnel administration • 024 Not assigned or no longer used • 025 Library operations • 026 Libraries for specific subjects • 027 General libraries • 028 Reading, use of other information media • 029 Not assigned or no longer used • 030 General encyclopedic works • 031 General encyclopedic works -- American • 032 General encyclopedic works in English • 033 General encyclopedic works in other Germanic languages • 034 General encyclopedic works in French, Provencal...
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...unwarranted extensions to existing patents, and to have strategically withdrawn the market authorisations ordinarily relied upon by generic producers to sell their products. What is novel about this? Abuse of dominance laws are typically applied to what might be described as conduct in the market. What we mean by this is the manner in which the dominant firm provides its goods or services to the market, and engages with its suppliers, customers and competitors. The AstraZeneca case applies abuse of dominance law to ‘non-market’ conduct in this case conduct in the course of engaging with regulatory authorities. This previously unchartered species of anti-competitive behaviour could be described as a ‘regulatory abuse’. This case appears, therefore, to have expanded the frontiers of European abuse of dominance law. Its implications may well be profound for the enforcement activities of competition authorities around the world, and the dominant companies whose behaviour they scrutinise. If the principles laid down by the European Commission and relevant courts are capable of adoption in other competition law jurisdictions, the already burdensome duty on dominant companies not to abuse their position will intensify. In particular, to avoid potential liability under competition law, dominant...
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