...How Speed of a Computer Is Affected By Different Storage Devices Traci Benge CIS/201 May 7, 2012 Charles Jacks Abstract Today’s computers have different ways to store data. Some examples of these ways are devices as the hard disk (aka magnetic disk), floppy disk, RAM, CD ROM, tape, and the flash (aka jump drive, USB memory stick, and thumb drive). Storage devices come in two different sources; primary or secondary. Each of these devices causes the computer to process data at different speeds. This paper will show how each of these devices store data and how they affect the speed of the computer. How Speed of a Computer Is Affected By Different Storage Devices The hard disk of a computer is a secondary type of storage. It can be either an external or internal source of storage for a computer. It is primarily to store a mass amount of data. The data remains stored on the hard disk indefinitely until permanently deleted. The hard disk stores the operating systems and application instructions. Without the hard disk the computer would not know how to open any of its operating systems or any of the other applications for the user. In this RAM (Random Access Memory) works with the hard disk. RAM is part of the primary storage; it contains a software program with small amounts of data for processing. When the computer boots up, it loads the whole program from the hard disk through RAM. Its storage capabilities get larger the farther away it is from...
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...NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COLLEGE STORAGE TECHNOLOHY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement For Diploma in Hardware Engineering MG AUNG KYAW SOE Roll No. 6 Batch 25 Diploma project report January, 2014 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents because I had attended “Diploma in Hardware Engineering”. Next, I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Than Win (Principal of National Management Collage, Yangon) and Daw Khin Toe Yin (Managing Director of Winner Computer Group). Special thanks to Saya U Myo Aung Latt. A very grateful thanks to all my teachers, lectures and also teachers from laboratory for their supervision, advise and patience. Special thanks my hardware teachers Daw Ohnmar Myo, U Thein Moe, U Min Thu and U Win Naing Oo. 2 CONTENT Page CHAPTER – 1 1.1 1.2 INTRODUCTION 6 6 7 9 Computer data storage Storage Type 1.2.1 1.2.2 Primary storage Secondary storage CHAPTER – 2 2.1 2.2 STORAGE TECHNOLOGY 12 The basic components of data storage system Interaction with a storage system and other computer Components 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Online storage vs. External hard drives Off-line storage Memory hierarchy Memory organization Main memory Secondary memory Type of storage technology CHAPTER 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 MAGNETIC STORAGE 19 20 21 23 23 24 24 How to work magnetic storage History Design Magnetic recording classes 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 Analog recording Digital...
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...Summary Storage devices and backup media The storage is where we save or backup our files. The most common storage device and backup medias are: floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, optical drives, and removable storage devices. Motherboard components, types and features A motherboard is “a circuit board in a minicomputer or microcomputer through which all signals are directed.” The motherboard is one of the most important components of a computer. Power supplies types and characteristics The power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. The power supply of a computer converts the alternating current to direct current. Purpose and characteristics of CPUs and their features The main purpose of the CPU is to control and direct all the activities of the computer using both external and internal buses. There are also many different types and features of CPUs. It is necessary to have a CPU for the computer to function. Cooling methods and devices As you continue to use the computer for long hours, it might heat up, so it is necessary to have a cooling fan, it helps the heat to travel away from the CPU to prevent it from overheating that may lead to some problems. Memory types, its characteristics and purposes The RAM or memory is a form of computer data storage. There are different types of memory. Some common types of memory are: DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM and DDR. Different display devices and their characteristics There are many different...
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...stored in a computer in binary form? Computers are only able to read and store data in binary form, 1 or 0, on or off, yes or no, voltage or none. Binary is the simplest way to manage information. 2. What are the four primary functions of hardware? input, output, PROCESS, and Storage 3. What are the two main input devices and two main output devices? the mouse, keyboard, printer, and monitor. 4. What three things do electronic hardware devices need in order to function? power, ground return, and load. 5. How many bits are in a byte? There are eight bits in a byte. 6. What is the purpose of an expansion slot on a motherboard? Expansion slots on a motherboard are designed to accept peripheral cards that add functionality to a computer system, such as a video or a sound card. 7. Which component on the motherboard is used primarily for processing? The CPU 8. Name the two main CPU manufacturers. Intel and AMD 9. Order the following ports according to speed, placing the fastest port first: FireWire, eSATA, USB. eSATA is faster than FireWire and firewire is faster than USB. 10. What are two other names for the system bus? The PCI bus, and the PCI express bus 11. What type of output does an S/PDIF port provide? Digital output 12. Why is an SSD hard drive more reliable under rugged conditions than an IDE hard drive? SSD hard drives have no moving parts that can disintegrate under rugged conditions. Because SDD drives have no moving parts,...
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...servers , databases ,networking and communication devices in close with each other rather than having them geographically dispersed. Advantages of Data Center :- 1. It allows for power sharing 2. Higher efficiency in usage shared IT resources 3. Improved accessibility for IT personnel(less management team is required) 4.1.1 Different Types of Infrastructures in a Data Center 1. Building Infrastructure:- “BUILDING SYSTEM” electrical system, fire suppression, lightning, security etc. 2. Data Center Infrastructure:- power, cooling racks, management, physical security, fire suppression etc. 3. IT Infrastructure :-“IT ASSETS” servers, storage, hypervisor etc. 4. Network...
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...Introduction To Computers Computer - is an electronic device, operating under the control of instruction stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce result, and store the result for future use. Data & Information Data- is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Information- conveys meaning and is useful to people. Computer process data (Input) into information (output). Computer carries out processes using Instructions, which are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task. A collection of related instructions organized for common purposes is referred to as software. Some people refer to the series of input, process, output, and storage activities as the information processing cycle. Advantages of using Computers Speed- when data, instruction, and information flow along electronic circuits in a computer, they travel at incredibly speed. Reliability- The electronic components in modem computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely break or fail. Consistency- Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results. Storage- A computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory, process it, and then store it again for future use. Communication- the capability to share and communicate with other computers. Disadvantages of using computers Health Risk- Prolonged or improper computer...
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...Networks. 3 Types of Computer Networks. 4 PAN (Personal Area Network) 4 LAN (Local Area Network) 5 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 5 WAN (Wide Area Network) 5 CAN (Campus Area Network) 5 SAN (Storage Area Network) 5 Why do we network our computers? 6 Peer-to-peer networking. 6 Computer Network Technologies 7 Conclusion: 8 Reference: 9 Introduction The purpose of the report is to survey and monitor the current state of computer network and the types of computer networks. This report is written by examining a range of recent published articles, magazine articles, and internet sites on the topic of computer networks used which are used commonly. The report is mainly about the types of computer network and their functions. Computer and Networking. A computer is a programmable machine, which is designed to sequentially and arithmetically carry out a sequence of logical operations. The particular sequence of operation allowing to solve more than one kind of problem. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well defined manner. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. Main components of computers are input, output and process. (Thakur) According to (Mitchell, What is (Wireless / Computer) Networking?) networking is linking or joining two or more computers with the purpose of sharing data. It consists of computers, wiring, and other devices, such as hubs, switches and routers, which make up the network infrastructure. Some devices, such as...
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...Tech Guide 1 Hardware TG1.1 Components of a Computer System TG1.2 Evolution of Computer Hardware TG1.3 Types of Computers TG1.4 Microprocessor and Primary Storage TG1.5 Input/Output Devices TG1.1 Components of a Computer System Computer hardware is composed of the following components: central processing unit (CPU), primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communication devices. Communication devices are covered in detail in Tech Guide 4. The input devices accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can understand. The output devices present data in a form people can understand. The CPU manipulates the data and controls the tasks done by the other components. Primary storage (internal storage that is part of the CPU) temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing. Secondary storage (external storage such as flash drives) stores data and programs that have been saved for future use. Communication devices manage the flow of data from public networks (e.g., Internet, intranets) to the CPU, and from the CPU to networks. A schematic view of a computer system is shown in Figure TG1.1. REPRESENTING DATA, PICTURES, TIME, AND SIZE IN A COMPUTER ASCII. Computers are based on integrated circuits (chips), each of which includes millions of sub-miniature transistors that are interconnected on a small (less than l-inch-square) chip area. Each transistor can be in either an “on” or an “off” position...
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...Chapter 4 Motherboards and Buses 1. What types of ports and slots are found on a motherboard? CPU,s Graphic slots , ram slots 2. List the signals carried by the system bus. Data, power, control, and address 3. How are memory locations identified and accessed? By an address scheme, and numbering the bits 4. What is another name for the MCH? What is its function? The Northbridge, its where the RAM goes 5. What is another name for the ICH? What is its function? The Southbridge, its where the input and output slots go. 6. List the 4 most common motherboard form factors. ATX, Micro ATX, BTX, and NLX 7. When was the ATX introduced? What was its predecessor? 1990’s, and AT, BabyAT 8. What was a major problem with the ATX design? How was this corrected? The cooling System, by doing the BTX design 9. Which of the ATX and BTX layouts are the smallest? picoBTX and the FlexATX 10. What is an integrated I/O port form included on all motherboards? Rear port clusters 11. How many memory slots do modern motherboards have? How many memory modules are required to boot a PC? 2 or more slots, and 1 memory module 12. List the most common expansion slots types on modern computers. PCI, PCIe, and AGP 13. What is the speed and bit size of the PCI bus? 33Mhz 32 bit 14. Which port type was developed for 3D graphics? The AGP 15. Which expansion slot types were replaced by PCIe? PCI and AGP slots 16. Explain...
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...computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its memory. Input – accept data Processing – manipulate data Output – produce results from the processing Storage – store the data and results for future use HARDWARE Hardware is the physical parts of the computer. There are five main components: 1. Central Processing Unit 2. Primary Storage devices 3. Secondary Storage devices 4. Input Devices 5. Output Devices 1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is also known as the processor. It is the brain of the computer and converts data into information. CPU speed is measured in Hertz. 1 hertz = 1 clock cycle/machine instruction per second 1 Kilohertz (KHz) = 1000 Hz 1 Megahertz (MHz) = 1000 KHz = 1 000 000 Hz (1 million) 1 Gigahertz (GHz) = 1000 MHz = 1 000 000 000 Hz (1 billion) A CPU with speed of 1 GHz can execute 1 billion machine instructions per second. There are two main parts of the CPU: A: Control unit – This controls the sequencing of operations of the CPU by fetching and decoding instructions and coordinating the input and output devices. B: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – This manipulates the data. It performs arithmetic operations (including addition, subtraction, division and multiplication and logical operations (including reasoning and performing the comparisons necessary to make decisions). 2. Main Memory/Immediate Access Storage (IMAS)/Primary Storage – This is storage that is directly available ...
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...IPOS (Input Output Processing Storage) A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, which can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the results (storage) for future use. The IPOS cycle happens every time you use a computer its stands for Input, processing, output and storage. These are the steps in the IPOS cycle. First input is entered into the computer through an input device, second, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of the computer processes the information. Third the computer can output the information as a finished product or forth it can save it in storage for a later use. Output devices are continuously changing as technology advances. The IPOS cycle is the process the computer goes through to receive input, process the data, output a display of the results and storage store the information for a later use. An input device like a keyboard enters information into the computer. An output device like a monitor displays the results or information from the computer. Storage device act like an input/output device with the additional quality of saving data to use at a later date. Input is anything we wish to embed in a system for some type of use. It is any type of data or instruction used by a computer. It is the process of sending information to the computer’s CPU (central processing unit). Different types of things are used to input...
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... A computer is defined as an electronic device that operates under the control of internally stored instructions that can accept input, process data (both mathematical processes and logical processes), produce output, and store the results. Basically, a computer transforms data into information. There are 4 General Operations of a Computer (based on this definition): 1) Input Data is input into the computer. Data is the numbers, words, images, etc. that are given to the computer during the input process. Data is input using Input Devices: keyboard, mouse, joystick, touch screens, etc. 2) Process This is the manipulation of the data to create useful information. Data is processed very quickly within the computer, within billionths of a second. Once the raw facts are processed into a meaningful form it is called information. Computer processing is accomplished through the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The CPU interprets the instructions for the computer. It performs all logical and arithmetical operations as well as causes all input and output to occur. The CPU is contained on a Microprocessor chip. 3) Output Output devices convert digital signals from the computer into a recognizable output. This is accomplished via the monitor or the printer. 4) Storage Auxiliary storage is used to permanently store information for future use. This storage is outside the workings of the computer –...
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...1.1 Purpose and Scope The information security concern regarding information disposal and media sanitization resides not in the media but in the recorded information. The issue of media disposal and sanitization is driven by the information placed intentionally or unintentionally on the media. Electronic media used on a system should be assumed to contain information commensurate with the security categorization of the system’s confidentiality. If not handled properly, release of these media could lead to an occurrence of unauthorized disclosure of information. Categorization of an information technology (IT) system in accordance with Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 199, Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems1 , is the critical first step in understanding and managing system information and media. Based on the results of categorization, the system owner should refer to NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-53 Revision 4, Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations2 , which specifies that “the organization sanitizes information system digital media using approved equipment, techniques, and procedures. The organization tracks, documents, and verifies media sanitization and destruction actions and periodically tests sanitization equipment/procedures to ensure correct performance. The organization sanitizes or destroys information system digital media before its disposal...
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...identification of I/O ports and devices linked to a computer. It is easy to accidentally unplug an I/O device. If you do, knowledge of the ports and the devices that connect to them will help you correctly reconnect the device. Required Setup and Tools In this laboratory, you need to: * Look at the outside of a desktop or notebook computer. * Access to the Internet for research. Recommended Procedures Task 1: Identify the Ports Procedure 1. Look at the front and back of a desktop or notebook computer for the following bus connectors: RS232, USB, FireWire, and infrared. How many of each type of connector did you find? I found on my desktop a total of five USB ports, 2. Label the appropriate names to the ports and adaptors given below. PS/2 mouse/keyboard port PS/2 mouse/keyboard port Parallel port Parallel port Ethernet port Ethernet port USB Mini-B socket USB Mini-B socket Serial port Serial port USB Micro-B socket USB Micro-B socket 1/8inch mini jack audio port 1/8inch mini jack audio port USB ports USB ports A memory stick is a removable flash drive. It can store images from digital cameras, camcorders, or other kinds of electronics. It was introduced in 1998 by Sony, which can describe it in the whole memory stick family. There are many types Memory stick Pro, Memory stick Duo, Memory stick Duo Pro, Memory stick Micro, and Memory Stick Pro-HG. The memory stick pro allows maximum storage and faster file transfers....
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...and Logic Research Project – Network Attached Storage A Network Attached Storage (NAS) device is a device connected to a network of two or more computer with the purposes of providing “community storage” of files and other data. As our society moves closer towards greater mobility the need to have mobile storage has increased. There are many types of storage devices, with various advantages and disadvantages to each of them; including Direct Attached Storage (DAS) and Network Attached Storage Devices. NAS devices are useful if all the computers on the network need access to the same files, DAS can only be accessed by the computer they are attached to (unless the computer grants access to another user. Most NAS devices contain multiple hard drives, which are connected by an internal server. There are many features of NAS devices. The speed of the network is dependent on the service available to the network and the number of users on the network. The capacity range of the network is depend on the hard drives contained in the device and the way it is setup. As with most servers or combination of two or more hard drives (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) RAID can be set up to maximize the use of the server and to protect the data. Also most NAS devices have software, which can be installed on client computers which allows the user to manage the device. The device has an IP address which also allows you to manage the device and connect to it. Password, usernames and...
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