...supernatural concepts. From the perspective of government and governance, secularism refers to a policy that separates religious authority from the state .The opposite of secularism is usually theocracy; that is, where religion has a major role in government. Religion in the Civil War pervaded virtually all aspects of American society. Not all Americans held religious beliefs and values, but many did. Religion was not confined to one particular group, but soldiers and civilians, Northerners and Southerners, freed and slave, males and females, and Jews and Christians all made use of religion. Furthermore, a reciprocal relationship existed between the Civil War and religion, with both influencing and being influenced by each other. As a result, religion during the Civil War did not remain a static entity during 1861-1865; instead, it became an institution that constantly changed and adapted itself, as well as its devotees. Americans used religion to interpret their experiences during and after the war. People on both sides of the conflict believed in a God who was actively involved in their affairs. To them, the war was not a secular event, but one guided by God. The God of the Civil War judged, chastised, and liberated people. Religions is a very serious topic, there is all types of beliefs on religion. Enlightenment thought gained influence in Europe and elsewhere,...
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...SIM336 (Off Campus) Strategic Management Case Study – Reconciling Managerial Dichotomies, Honda Motors in De Wit & Meyer Company Overview: Honda Motor Company was established in 1948 in Japan, on the backdrop of 1 million (Yen) and 34 employees. Over the years the company has grown to become the world's largest engine, motorcycle and automobile manufacturers, with more than 178000 employees and stock holder equity of 4,544265 million Yen (Annual Report, 2008). Honda is the 5th largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Moreover, it recently surpassed Chrysler as the 4th largest automaker in the US. It is the 2nd largest Japanese automaker, behind Toyota and ahead of Nissan (Just Auto, 2008). In the early years, the Company was focused in manufacturing locally and serving its domestic market, after which it began exporting its products internationally. In 1982, it became the first Japanese automaker to setup a plant outside its domestic boundaries (Ohio, USA). Now it has established plants all over the world, covering bases such as North America, South America, Europe and Asia. In terms of Japanese automakers, it has the largest share of plants as a ratio of total business outside its domestic boundaries (Dicken, 2007). North America, with Unit Sales of 1850 (thousands) is the largest Market of the company, noted for the year ended 31 March 2008. In 1963, the company set up its first international motorcycles production plant, in Belgium. Honda...
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...PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTING ACHIEVEMENT TESTS BY DR UCHENNA UDEANI DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS AKOKA, YABA, LAGOS. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE TRAINING PROGRAMME ON IMPROVING THE ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION SKILLS OF SCHOOL TEACHERS 11TH -15TH APRIL 2011 1.0 INTRODUCTION The amount of effort involved in constructing an educational test varies with the type of test and the purpose for which it is intended. Most classroom teachers probably spend relatively little or no time in preparing essay or short answer tests for measuring students’ progress in a unit of instruction. The procedures employed in constructing a test also vary with the type of test and the aims of the users. Whatever the kind of test or the goals of the users may be, some content planning is necessary before the items comprising the test are written. 2.0 PURPOSES AND USES OF TESTS The primary purpose of test is to assess behaviour, mental abilities and other personal characteristics in order to assist in making judgements, predictions and decisions about students. More specifically tests are used to * Retain or dismiss, promote and rotate student in education and training programmes. * Evaluate cognitive changes due to educational and other interventions. * Classify and place people in educational and employing contexts. * Counsel and guide individuals for educational, vocational and personal counselling. * Diagnosis of...
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...Revolution to Civil War By Maya Bhardwaj Abstract: social movements and regime change across the Middle East and North Africa. While interconnected, uprisings in each nation took different forms and reached out distinctions and interactions between uprisings, revolution, and civil war. standing scholarly debate. The presence or absence of civil war is examined in examinations of civil war: the nature of the governmental regime, territoriality complete understanding of what constitutes civil war and provides a framework 76 Introduction the Middle East, authoritarian regimes thought invulnerable to protest and impossible to oust began to cede to massive protest. Attacks on governmental institutions and elite leaders ensconced from public opinion developed divergently in each nation, employing tailored strategies to mobilize the public and reap key support. This paper focuses on the nature and development of these Arab Spring further use these distinctions to illuminate the conceptual, instrumental, and semantic nature of civil war in general. - exacerbated the grievances felt by rebel forces and smoothed over ethnic, religious, and tribal ten- trastingly, in Syria, instances of mild reform under Bashar al-Assad, popular concerns for security, kept civil war at bay. Conceptual Isolation of Civil War presence or absence of civil war. However, the scholarly distinction between civil war and other insurgency and counter-insurgency, uprisings, genocide or genocidal...
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...Starbucks Developing International Expansion Plan Starbucks Starbucks Corporation is a publicly traded company that was established in Seattle in 1971 and is now one of the fastest developing coffee retailers in the world. The company now has over 8,000 company operated stores and 7,803 licensed stores in 49 countries. Starbucks has been in a steady state of development since CEO Howard Shultz in a franchise with a group of investors in 1987. Starbucks is the largest coffee bar chain in the U.S. In actual fact, they are the largest in the world, with some 2,600 stores globally. These stores all have like products that are similar in appearance. Starbucks seeks to provide the same experience to coffee drinkers in Seattle, New York, London, Kuwait City, and Taipei. Starbucks also offers services to companies to supply coffee and related items to their employees, owns a supermarket channel run by Kraft Foods, and sells its coffee and other items directly to customers through catalogs and its website. Ahead of these items, the company has an agreement with Pepsi-Cola to develop and produce bottled coffee drinks like the "Frappuccino" drinks and an agreement with Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream to produce different flavors of ice cream. Moreover, the company provides coffee service to customers like airlines and hotels. To put all this in perspective, in fiscal year 2009, Company operated retail stores accounted for about 84% of revenues...
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...in revised form 10 April 2011; accepted 18 May 2011 Abstract A model depicting competitive technoeconomics of business structures specific to mobile-platforms is developed. The underlying co-evolution of large, competing enterprises of mobile-platforms that face customerchurning due to application-preferences and pricing structures in the deregulated ambient is viewed in the perspectives of nonlinear logistic systems akin to that of biological ecosystems. Relevant considerations are decided by and embodied with several stochastically-interacting subsystems. Hence, the temporal dynamics of competition/co-evolution of known competitors in the mobile-platform market, like Android, Symbian and iPhone is depicted by a novel model posing dichotomy of prey-predator flip-flops in the market; and, an asymptotic projection of ex post computations of underlying technoeconomics into the ex ante region would correspond to futuristic forecasts on the performance of test platforms. Further, computed results are exemplified with a sample calculation and associated sensitivity details. Keywords: Mobile-platform, Co-evolution, Competition, Prey-predator model, Technoeconomic forecasting 31 Perambur Neelakanta Raef Yassin A Co-Evolution Model of Competitive Mobile Platforms: Technoeconomic Perspective Journal of Theoretical...
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...afoot to shift the Chinese economy more toward the market-oriented end of the spectrum. China’s 1978 open door policy initiated rapid economic development, and consequently exposed china to a flood to Western management practices. CHINA 2 China is a country of old and new and one that is in transition. With the rise of China in the global economy, it has never been more important for business leaders to understand Chinese leadership philosophies and practices. Ancient Chinese thinking and Western ideas have shaped the development of leadership styles in China. Leadership theories (paternalistic leadership as practiced by business leaders in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China), associated with Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, the Arts of War, and the writings of Mao and Deng are analyzed by both Chinese and Western experts. To set this in a modern business context, top executives, reflect on how ancient Chinese philosophers, modern Chinese leaders, and Western management...
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...IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL . . . Learn three key facts about shor t-run economic fluctuations Consider how the economy in the shor t run dif fers from the economy in the long run A G G R E G AT E AND DEMAND S U P P LY Use the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply to explain economic fluctuations A G G R E G AT E Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. In most years, the production of goods and services rises. Because of increases in the labor force, increases in the capital stock, and advances in technological knowledge, the economy can produce more and more over time. This growth allows everyone to enjoy a higher standard of living. On average over the past 50 years, the production of the U.S. economy as measured by real GDP has grown by about 3 percent per year. In some years, however, this normal growth does not occur. Firms find themselves unable to sell all of the goods and services they have to offer, so they cut back on production. Workers are laid off, unemployment rises, and factories are left idle. With the economy producing fewer goods and services, real GDP and other measures of income fall. Such a period of falling incomes and rising 413 See how shifts in aggregate demand or aggregate supply can cause booms and recessions 414 PA R T E I G H T S H O R T - R U N E C O N O M I C F L U C T U AT I O N S recession a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment depression a severe recession unemployment is...
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...GLOBALIZATION BACKLASH AND THE RISE OF ANTI-HEGEMONIC PARTY STATES Diego Olstein Hebrew University of Jerusalem Contents Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………..5 Part I: Principle Chapter 1: Defining Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………………………….18 Chapter 2: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Domestic Features of Political Regimes…………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Chapter 3: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Exogenous Perspective on Political Regimes……………………………………………………………………………………………75 Part II: History Chapter 4: The Global Rise of Anti-Hegemonic Party States and Globalization Backlash 1917-1945...…………………………………………………………….91 Chapter 5: The Big Leap of Anti-Hegemonic Party States: The Second Wave 1946-1975…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………111 Chapter 6: Globalization Anew and the Marginalization of Anti-Hegemonic Party States 1976-2010………………………………………………………142 Conclusions Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State In 1997 the European Commission defined Globalization “as the process by which markets and production in different countries are becoming increasingly interdependent due to the dynamics of trade in goods and services and flows of capital and technology. It is not a new phenomenon but the continuation...
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...THE ENDLESS CRISIS REPORT Introduction The Endless Crisis was written by John Bellamy Foster, the editor of Monthly Review and professor of sociology at the University of Oregon collaborating with Robert W. McChesney. The article came originally from the introduction of the book called The Endless Crisis: How Monopoly-Finance Capital Produces Stagnation and Upheaval from the United States to China. The Great Financial Crisis and the Great Recession began in the United States in 2007 and quickly spread across the globe, which appear to be the turning point of the world history. The recovery plan was set to two year, however the world economy five years after crisis is still in the sluggishness. The Traid – United States, Europe, and Japan remain caught in a slow growth condition, financial instability, and high unemployment rate. As a consequence, the effects spread globally. Despite the slowdown of the global economy, China is the only country found out to be a bright spot as its economy is still expanding. Different views on the Stagnation In the United States, the focus of financial crisis shifted to the idea of economic stagnation. The idea of stagnation was introduced by authorities and published books as follow. Firstly, Ben Bernanke, chairman of Federal Reserve Board said on his speech in 2011 that the stagnation was not affects only the United States, but the global economy as a whole. He moreover stressed that he do not expect the long-run potential growth...
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...“If we knew what it was that we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?” Albert Einstein Mixed methods research is fast becoming recognised as a third major research approach or paradigm alongside qualitative and quantitative research. Its philosophy is pragmatic, and in general terms it is an approach which attempts to acknowledge several perspectives, viewpoints and angles. Research methods are a fundamental component of the social sciences which facilitate the understanding of human behaviour. Grinnell (1993, as cited in Kumar, 2005, p.95) defines research as being a “careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles”. Grinnell also adds that research is a structured inquiry which employs scientific methodology for problem solving and creating new knowledge. This paper will critically discuss the nature and design of mixed methods research. The essay begins by defining mixed methods before giving an outline of the quantitative and qualitative approaches followed by a discussion on the debate surrounding the multi-strategy approach. Multi-strategy research attempts to combine methods from the positivist- quantitative and the interpretive- qualitative paradigms. Both numerical data, a result of quantitative enquiry and narrative data, a result of qualitative...
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...without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Hypertext links to other Web locations are for the convenience of users and do not constitute any endorsement or authorisation by Cambridge University Press. Ben Clift, University of Warwick b.m.clift@warwick.ac.uk http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/staff/clift Jim Tomlinson, University of Dundee j.d.Tomlinson@dundee.ac.uk Abstract This article questions prevailing interpretations of New Labour’s political economy. New Labour’s doctrinal statements are analysed to establish to what extent these doctrinal positions involve a repudiation of Keynesianism. Although New Labour has explicitly renounced the ‘fine tuning’ often (somewhat problematically) associated with post-war Keynesian political economy, we argue that they have carved out policy space in which to engage in macroeconomic ‘coarse tuning’ inspired by Keynesian thinking. This capacity to ‘coarse tune’ is precisely what is being sought in New Labour’s quest for credibility through the redesign on the UK macro policy framework and institutions. Our empirical focus on New Labour’s in government since 1997 offers considerable evidence that this search for the capacity to ‘coarse tune’ has been successful. Credible Keynesianism?: New Labour Macroeconomic Policy and the...
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...I. Introduction In his foreword to a collection of the radio scripts of comedians Bob Elliott and Ray Goulding, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. endorses these entertainers as somehow new and different—and relevant—since they draw their humor from the plight of the (American) Common Man. In the process, Vonnegut offers us an insight into his own writing, and the philosophies that inform it. “They aren’t like most other comedians’ jokes these days,” Vonnegut writes, aren’t rooted in show business and the world of celebrities and news of the day. They feature Americans who are almost always fourth-rate or below, engaged in enterprises which, if not contemptible, are at least insane. And while other comedians show us persons tormented by bad luck and enemies and so on, Bob and Ray’s characters threaten to wreck themselves and their surroundings with their own stupidity. There is a refreshing and beautiful innocence in Bob’s and Ray’s humor. Man is not evil, they seem to say. He is simply too hilariously stupid to survive. And this I believe. Jerome Klinkowitz, in the introduction to his essay collection entitled Vonnegut in America, has used this quote—as he certainly should—to support his claim that Vonnegut’s humor has its roots in the comedic response to the Great Depression. But of course there is much more to it than that. The reader is left with a nagging question: Were humanity’s case really as Vonnegut describes it, and were this truly his belief, wouldn’t it seem that the...
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...Interdependence and Conflict: An Introduction Edward D. Mansfield and Brian M. Pollins Over the past few decades, there has been a surge of interest in the relationship between economic interdependence and political con›ict. One view that has gained considerable popularity and empirical support is that heightened interdependence fosters cooperative political relations. Voiced with increasing regularity in both academic and policy circles, this claim has been used to help justify the formation of the European Economic Community, Richard Nixon’s opening to China, Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik, and Henry Kissinger’s conception of détente with the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, critics of this argument have not been stilled. Some observers maintain that, rather than fostering cooperation, increased interdependence generates political discord. Even more widespread is the argument that economic exchange has no strong bearing on the high politics of national security. This debate is hardly new. For centuries, the nature and strength of the links between interdependence and con›ict have been the subject of heated disagreement. Until lately, however, these links remained the subject of remarkably little systematic scrutiny. In recent years, a growing number of studies have attempted to ‹ll this gap in the literature, but they have yet to resolve various crucial questions. Most important, how and to what extent does interdependence in›uence political antagonism? What are the causal...
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...SAMPLE ESSAY The essay which follows is not perfect! It was, however judged to be an excellent essay and was given a mark of 74%. It is presented here as an example of first class work. The mark reflects some weakness in content particularly in the second part of the question. The essay was also well over-length (4650 words for a 3500-4000 word essay.) N.B. word count does not include abstract or bibliography. The mark sheet is attached at the end. Please note that this has been amended for academic year 2003-2004. The occasional citation errors are pointed out but were not penalised. It is a well presented essay, with a clear structure. Points are well supported from the literature and there is some critical discussion of what the student has read. The essay showed evidence of very wide reading (nearly 40 items in the bibliography) but the writer could have achieved the same mark with a lot less. There was a heavy reliance on some basic reading list material in places that did not do justice to the amount of independent research. There are marginal comments throughout the essay. Passages referred to are marked in red. 1 "As new strategies are implemented in any organisation, tension and conflicts are likely to arise ... such conflicts must be confronted, no matter how uncomfortable it may feel to operate in such a situation. " Discuss in relation to LIS organisations and examine the management strategies which attempt to confront the problem of conflict. Note how...
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