...MASCULINITY: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A VISUAL ARTIFACT Visual Culture Essay 2 Module 2 Wessel Viljoen 090029 Genieve Eloff Thursday 14h00 Word Count = 860 TABLE OF CONTENT Pages LIST OF FIGURES…………….....……………………………………………iii 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 What is Musculinism…………………………..………………………..1 1.2 Branded Masculinity…………………………………………………….1 2. MASCULINISM AND ADVERTISING………………………………………...2 3. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..3 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………...4 LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig 1 Old Spice, The Man Your Man Could Smell Like, 2010. ………………….2 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is masculinism? Masculinity is a word that describes an idea generated by the media of what it entails to be a man. According to Cohen(2001:5) “a gender is formed by shared beliefs or models of gender that majority of society accepts as appropriate”. Gender ideals are socially constructed in specific historical and cultural context and changes over time and location. As identified by Brannon (1976) being a hegemonic masculine male entails four main themes: (i) No Sissy Stuff: men must never resemble women or display stereotypical characteristics of a woman. Kimmel (2001:35) suggests that “Homophobia is a centralised principle of our cultural definition of manhood.” (ii) The Big Wheel: the ability of real men to obtain wealth, fame, success and status. Typically determined by occupation. (iii) The Sturdy Oak: manliness...
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...INTRODUCTION TO DECISION MAKING Student`s Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction Decision making, in simplest terms, is the process of making a choice between two or more courses of action. We may find it hard, at some point, to pick one course of action over another. But unfortunately, we must decide all the time. Some of us avoid making decisions by procrastinating, in the guise of looking for more information or recommendations from other parties. Decision making takes many forms; ranging from intuition to reasoning. Other people may employ crude methods such as tossing a coin or taking a vote. Taking intuition and reasoning methods culminates in either programmed or non-programmed decisions; strategic or operational decisions and rational or intuitive decisions (Rao, 2010). Discussion. Programmed vs unprogrammed decisions. Where a manager makes decisions which he/she has made previously, those choices are referred to as “programmed decisions”. A programmed decision is taken over and over when a manager is faced with the same challenge since the course taken worked before. Such decisions are often guided by predetermined procedures, policies, calculations or data. With programmed decisions, a manager does not take long to conclude when confronted with a business-related involuntary decision since the test faced is not novel. Therefore, programmed decisions sanction a manager to make rationalized and dependably effective choices. For instance, one would immediately...
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...Haaland, Ch. 8 and Ch.14 * Bales, “A New Slavery” OR Reiter, “Serving the Customer: Fast Food is Not about Food” Unit #10: Global Inequality * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 9 * Eglitis, “How Economic Inequality Benefits the West” OR Klein, “The Discarded Factory….” * Video: NO LOGO Unit #11: Racial and Ethnic Inequality * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 10 and Ch. 16 pp. 375-377 * Video: The Real Avatar – optional Unit #12: Gender and Family * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 11 and Ch. 12 pp. 254-259, 262 and 265-267 * Adam, “Why Be Queer?” * Kimmel “Masculinity as Homophobia” * Video: Tough Guise 1. Explain how Daniel Wolf used participant observation to conduct research on biker gangs and how he used the interactionist perspective and labeling theory in his analysis. Define the term counter-culture, say how this concept applies to biker gangs, and use the conflict perspective to explain why people might join a counter-culture such as a biker gang. Use Merton’s anomie theory and the cultural transmission theory of deviance to analyze biker gangs. (Chapter 7 and Wolf article) Participant observation because He joined the rebels for a period of time to get an accurate sense of how they operate, referred to as participant observation By being one of them he was able to observe the gang in their natural settings and gather information from the field. This resulted in him being able to collect primary information...
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...Enumerate and discuss the different Pinoy Management theories/styles. Management by Kayod (Realistic) Managers that are rational thinkers. They solve problems right away or they would at least cut down the problem into a manageable size if the problem cannot be solved right away. When it comes to decision making, they wouldn’t wait for the information to come in, they decide based on experiences, common sense, and instinct. These managers also know very well on how to make use of the resources that they have to reach the goal set by the employer. Management by Libro (Idealistic) Managers in this area are very planning and process oriented. They solve problems by reflecting on them first before taking any action, then brings in the analysis of the problem that they believe in fact. Since they are process-oriented and want to make sure that everything in their plan would work smoothly. In most cases, they have a system of their own, believes in the rules they set and won’t change them easily. Management by Lusot (Opportunist) Managers who are opportunists have no principles, or they change their principles according to the situation. They have strong faith in money and power but not in people, and they lack the sense of loyalty. Once their padrino is no longer in power, they would terminate the relationship with him and look for another one. When it comes to decision making, they tend to avoid headaches by passing the pressure to other people. Management by Ugnayan (Reconciler) ...
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...nails as “a professional asset.” The nail salon illustrates a ritualistic approach to beauty. Lunch break appointments at the nail salon ritualize the practice. Kang points out that mostly white, middle-class women go to the nail salon, “largely for the benefit of white, middle-and upper-class men.” Agreeing to conform to the wishes of white men reinforces a heterosexual gender divide, and an expectation for feminine beauty. A less ritualistic construction of feminine beauty, but the epitome of transforming the body is cosmetic surgery. In 1999, over 2.2 million people choose surgery to alter their bodies. Both men and women turned to cosmetic surgery as the answer to perceived inadequacies. For some women, motivation comes in the guise of professional career pressure, but many are driven by something more personal. For instance, social science professor Debra Gimlin wrote about Jennifer, a 5 foot 6, straight blond hair, blue-eyed women from Long Island, New York in her short article Cosmetic Surgery: Paying for Your Beauty. Gimlin wrote that Jennifer saw her legs as “thick and shapeless” and that “her decision to have liposuction was motivated primarily by her inability to reshape her legs through diet and exercise.” She had tried intense diets and aerobic and weight training exercises, but failed to gain results. Surgery was her last “desperate” option. Jennifer blamed it on “genetic flaws,” which could only be altered through surgery. Moreover, plastic surgery assists...
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...Executive Summary Activities in the commercial aeroplane manufacturing industry have been outshined by the competition involving the European owned Airbus and the USA owned Boeing. These two companies exist as a duopoly at the top end of the commercial aeroplane manufacturing industry that covers the development of airplanes with a capability of more than 200 persons. Other aeroplane manufacturers also exist but at the lower end of the industry, these smaller firms mainly develop low capacity airplanes that basically convey less than 150 persons. Boeing is a United States of America based company which was founded by William Edward in 1916, the firm has been dominating the industry since its inception while on the other hand Airbus was founded in 1970 by the European Aeronautic and Space Co. (EADS) with its headquarters in Toulouse, France in other to challenge the monopoly thus far enjoyed by Boeing. The trade disputes or disagreements involving the European Union (EU) as well as the United States (US) take precedence in the rivalry or fight between this two firms. Whilst Airbus receives subsidies in the form of launch aid from the European Union while at the same time Boeing is granted right to use the United States military’s Research and development technology. Owing to the soaring operating fund as well as long product break even time associated in the airplane manufacturing industry, it can be reasonably debated or argued that it will be somehow difficult for each of...
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...challenges with regard to enriching customer value at the appropriate time and appropriate cost. Thus the essence of customer value entails the organizations to structure their activities in such a way that leverages their cost and time potential. An increasing number of organizations are resorting, thus to a more simplified organization design that embodies built in mechanisms to cater to the core activities and embrace a methodology that abhors waste and with a fierce dedication to excellence. This has seen the emergence of “Lean” management practices as a cornerstone of organizational effectiveness. Lean organizations thrive to provide perfect value through a value creation process that has zero waste. But in pursuit of cost saving in the guise of “Lean”, most acclaimed lean practicing organizations attempt to over automate and thereby leading to qualitative underutilization of human resources. Successful leadership and Self-reinforcing human...
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...It is common thinking that leaders are the bold risk takers or in other words they are heroes. Although such figures are admirable, Joseph Badaracco argues that their larger-than-life achievements are not what make the world work. He says, is the sum of millions of small yet significant decisions that individuals working far from the others make every day. Badaracco calls them "quiet leaders", people who choose conscientious, behind-the-scenes action over public heroism to resolve tough leadership challenges. Quiet leaders don't fit the stereotype of the bold leader, and they don't want to be. What they want is to do the "right thing" for people, organizations, their colleagues, and themselves, but inconspicuously and without casualties. Drawing from extensive research, Badaracco have described eight practical yet counter-intuitive guidelines for situations in which right and wrong seem like moving targets. Compelling stories illustrate how these "nonheroes" succeed by managing their political capital, buying themselves time, bending the rules, and more. Leading Quietly shows how patient, everyday efforts can add up to a better society and a better company. This book is the culmination of a four year study of leadership exhibited by modest individuals who are probably more concerned with doing the right things than doing things right. The author suggests that most of us look at people in terms of a pyramid. At the top of the pyramid are the great leaders who act boldly, set examples...
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...The Long Road Out Of Eden A scrutiny of marital relationships and the subsequent consequence on the individuality of women as seen in Astitiva Submitted by: Pavithra Sagar 05D1829 III PSEng Submitted to: Ms. Abhaya Dept. Of Media Studies Christ College “In olden times, sacrifices were made at the altar – a custom which is still continued” Helen Rowland Although marriage might have been instituted in the Garden of Eden when man was in innocence (Gen 2:18-24), marriages are seldom believed to have been made in heaven, unless couples habitually wear rose-tinted glasses. Essentially and realistically, marriage is but a contract or a traditional bargain which is drawn up between men and women. As defined by the World Book Encyclopedia. ‘It is the relationship between a man and a woman who have made legal agreement to live together. When a man and a woman marry, they become husband and wife’. Almost every society has certain traditional ideas about marriage and many roles and duties of the husband and wife are based on religious codes. Most marriage laws that are based on religious edicts favor men. Genesis, the story of creation reveals how God created Man and Woman and placed them in the Garden of Eden. There, they dwelt as equals as both were created in the image of God and thus had undifferentiated roles, duties, shared the same status and their relationship was a ‘partnership of equals’. It was only after the deception of the...
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...Accountable Care Organizations May 5, 2012 Accountable Care Organizations represent a strategy outlined within the Affordable Health Care Act to control costs and improve quality. They require partnerships between providers, hospitals, and communities. There are challenges in health systems where private practice is the predominant practice structure. Key issues and challenges to an effective ACO are cost reduction and utilization management, business model shifts, risk sharing and population management, consolidation, a changing role of IT and value of data, physician integration, clinical process improvement, and consumerism and the patient. How to reduce cost is a question that has been pursued, and it needs to be looked at, as well as utilization of management. Does this mean that homes for critically ill children or a hospital that cares only for transplant patients is becoming the future of health care in the USA? Why Accountable Care Organizations? No one will dispute the high cost of health care in the United States. Critics often say that it is the result of how health care providers are paid. They claim that—with a fee for each service— this results in increased and wasteful spending. Critics say that this system rewards providers just for doing more procedures, rather than for providing efficient and high-quality care (Matthews, 2012). In an effort to handle this problem, the United States Government has passed legislation: The Affordable...
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...Benefits of Work-life balance Benefits for you Employees in companies already implementing work-life practices enjoy significant benefits such as: * Being able to effectively manage multiple responsibilities at home, work and in the community without guilt or regret. * Being able to work in flexible ways so that earning an income and managing family/other commitments become easier. * Being part of a supportive workplace that values and trusts staff. People want to be able to have1: * a good quality of life * an enjoyable work life and career progression * training and development * good health * affordable childcare or eldercare * further education * more money * time to travel * time with friends and family * time to do sports and hobbies * time to do voluntary work Benefits for your business Good work-life balance policies and practices are good for business. Some of the benefits for you and your staff are: * Getting and keeping the right staff * Getting the best from staff * Being an ‘employer of choice’ and future proofing * Improving productivity Getting and keeping the right staff Finding and keeping good staff can be difficult especially in a tight labour market. Employers who can offer work-life balance and flexible work options are likely to have the competitive edge, gain access to a wider recruitment pool, and are more likely to hold onto existing staff. As a result of...
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...THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY is in deep crisis. Losing over 100,000 jobs since September 11, 2001, and suffering major wage and benefit cuts, workers are in shock and looking for new leadership. The recent U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq, the outbreak of the SARS epidemic and the economic downturn exacerbate the impact of the crisis on labor. Airline workers are in the forefront of discussions about their own industry and more general questions as political and social consciousness changes under the impact of the restructuring crisis. These experiences are valuable for all workers. While 9/11 and subsequent events greatly worsened the crisis, the dire state of this industry pre-dated the 9/11 attacks. The major carriers were losing millions of dollars and facing possible bankruptcy filings because of broken business models that were no longer profitable. In the capitalist system that generally means businesses fold. Bankruptcy as a Weapon Government aid still flows to the airlines, as it did after 9/11. But Wall Street and Washington are pushing the restructuring process. Meanwhile some important facts indicate the depth of the crisis and the challenge facing rank-and-file workers and their unions. Last summer US Airways, the seventh largest carrier, filed for bankruptcy and began slashing jobs, wages and benefits. It emerged from bankruptcy in the spring as a smaller carrier with lower labor costs than most of its competitors, but US Airways is still not out of turbulent...
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...tions Managmen Introduction What makes a good process? When a process operates, how do you determine whether it is successful or not? Processes seem simple, yet seem to cause so many problems and the very word 'process' can strike fear into the hearts of many people. If you are leading any type of process improvement program, you have probably felt at times like your efforts were yielding less-than-expected results. It is no wonder: the list of possible hurdles to overcome – restrictive organizational structure, politics, stagnant organizational culture, power trips – goes on and on. Continuous Improvement is the on-going effort to improve products, services and processes by making small, incremental improvements within a business. It is based on the belief that these incremental changes will add up to major improvements over time and it is as much about tactics (i.e. specific improvements) as it is about changing the culture of the organization to focus on opportunities for improvement rather than problems. At the other extreme, there is the Business Process Reengineering which advocates starting from a clean slate with a quantum leaps. Whatever techniques/methods is used it relative the pulse of an organisation. Your objectives In this chapter you will learn about the following: * Understand the 3 Es of operational excellence * Understand the importance of the 3 Es * Understand the techniques/methods to achieve the 3 Es * Understand how to acehive...
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...1. Introduction This chapter provides an assessment of the contemporary labour market context of Human Resource Management and the impact of current trends in labor market on the practices associated with Human Resource Management in relation to attraction, motivation and retention of talents. 1.2 Review of Prior Work A labour market can be understood as the mechanism through which human labour is bought and sold as a commodity and the means by which labour demand (the number and type of available jobs) is matched with labour supply (the number and type of available workers). As such, the labour market constitutes the systematic relationship that exists between workers and work organisations. In order to achieve its strategic objectives, a fundamental concern for an organisation is to ensure that it has the right people with the right skills, knowledge and attributes in the appropriate positions. Labour market is divided into two the internal labour market and external labour market. The internal labor market refers to that which exists within a single organisation and represents its internal supply or stock of labour. In its broadest sense, the internal labour market is the mechanism by which existing employees are attributed particular roles within a firm. The specific characteristics of an organization’s internal labour market are reflective of a number of HR policy emphases, for example...
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...the regulatory environment in which the firm competes; and the actions of competitors and the implications of these actions. The emergence of the data warehouse as a repository, advances in data cleansing, increased capabilities of hardware and software, and the emergence of the web architecture all combine to create a richer business intelligence environment than was available previously. Although business intelligence systems are widely used in industry, research about them is limited. This paper, in addition to being a tutorial, proposes a BI framework and potential research topics. The framework highlights the importance of unstructured data and discusses the need to develop BI tools for its acquisition, integration, cleanup, search, analysis, and delivery. In addition, this paper explores a matrix for BI data types (structured vs. unstructured) and data sources (internal and external) to guide research. KEYWORDS: business intelligence, competitive intelligence, unstructured data I. INTRODUCTION Demand for Business Intelligence (BI) applications continues to grow even at a time when demand for most information technology (IT) products is soft [Soejarto, 2003; Whiting, 2003]. Yet, information systems (IS) research...
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