...functionality with longer battery life while reducing their sizes, weights and energy consumption has driven the semiconductor industry to develop more advanced packaging technologies. Among all different types of packaging technologies proposed, three-dimensional (3D) vertical integration (3D stacking of chips) using through silicon via (TSV) copper interconnect is currently considered one of the most advanced technologies in the semiconductor industry. The co-efficient of thermal expansion of copper is 5-6 times more than that of silicon. This leads to thermal stresses in the via. These stresses are analyzed in this paper. Also, these stresses lead to a change in carrier mobility. This leads to formation of keep out zones (KOZ) in surrounding silicon. The various factors affecting the size of the KOZs are also considered. 1 1 Introduction A via (Latin for path or way) is an electrical connection between layers in a physical electronic circuit that goes through the plane of one or more adjacent layers. A through-silicon via (TSV) is a vertical electrical connection (via) passing completely through a silicon wafer or die. This is an interconnection method in which holes are drilled through active chips, after which they are filled with an interconnect material. Different tiers of chips are then stacked on each other by CuCu bonding or by the use of micro-bumps [1] Even though there are many interconnect materials that are currently used for the filling of TSVs...
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...This assignment is based upon stress, the bio-psychosocial approach on how stress can affect health, well-being and the maintenance of homeostasis. There are many definitions of stress but the majority of definitions put emphasis on the relationship between the individual and the environment. This is called the bio-psychosocial approach. When treating patients the Practitioner should take a more holistic approach when determining the type of treatment that is required, this would include taking into account the patients lifestyle, environment and social support. The World Health Organisation states that ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. (WHO 1948). Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. However, there are many types of stress and not all types of stress are harmful or negative. One theory is that stress is the result of a persons appraisal process. The assessment of whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment. Stress has been identified as being the individuals ability to adapt to the environment (Lazarus and Folkman 1984; Lazarus and Launer 1978; Pervin 1989). There are two types of stress response which Lazarus (1966) made a distinction between, these are psychological and physiological stress. Lazarus stated that physiological stress is a response to a physical damage already incurred...
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...Psychology and Management of stress Task 1 Outline and evaluate (i) Selye’s (1956) General Adaption Syndrome of stress. The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) is Selye’s belief that that the body has physiological ways in which to deal with long term and short term stress and its and that prolonged exposure to stress can result in illness. He started this in the 1930’s and based this on researching hormones of rats and found that the rats had stress response to his research. He believed that regardless of the type of stressor, the reaction of the stressor was always the same. (Rice et al 2010p100) Selye’s model has three stages: Alarm stage – This is where the environmental stimuli is viewed as a stressor and the ‘fight or flight’ instinct is aroused and the first reactions are aroused. This is where the automatic nervous system (ANS) is activated and the sympathetic branch of the nervous system to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, which in turn raises the heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration and digestion, slows. This stage is usually disappears quickly through the parasympathetic branch which returns everything to normal. If it continues we then move to the next stage Resistance stage – This is where the environmental stressors are still there, and the body physiologically starts to adapt and adjust. Arousal is still high and the high level of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is still in the body. ACTH will try to resist stress by conserving glucose. The...
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...Personal Stress Management Mujtaba, B., & McCartney, T. O. (2010). Managing workplace stress and conflict amid change. Davie, Fl.: ILEAD Academy, LLC. What is stress? According to the American Institute of Stress “stress is difficult to define because it is so different for each of us”. Stress contributes to anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular disease. Can we control our stress levels in order to not let it impact our physical health? The answer in simple terms would be yes, but we each would have to understand what triggers stress within us individually and learn the steps to manage out stressors. Mujtaba and McCartney speak on stress, personality, and behavior in their book. Their article has examples of different personalities as well as ones awareness and self esteem which also affect individual stressors. There are two personality types that can help with some stress management techniques. Type A personality and type B personalities are different in character and seem to be stressed by different factors. Type A personality “often include characteristics such as being overly aggressive, impatient, inconsiderate, and arrogant”.(Mujtaba p.102) These are qualities that not many people want to be associated with, but they are frequently labeled as such because of their drive to work and be successful by their own hard work and dedication. Type A can at times be perceived to work harder than those with Type B personalities because Type B individuals are “viewed as less...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study: We are the student of BBA program in East West University, as a part of ‘classroom teaching’ of course ‘Organizational Behavior’, sec-5, has been highly encouraged to prepare a term paper on the topic – “Type A Type A Personality and Occupation Stress” – A study on United Commercial Bank Ltd (UCBL)’’. Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of organizational theory (which is more macro-level) and human resource studies (which is more applied and business-related). It may also be referred to as organizational studies or organizational science. The field has its roots in industrial and organizational psychology. The main reasons for studying organizational behavior is that most of us work in organizations, so we need to understand, predict, and influence the behaviors of others in organizational settings. Marketing students learn marketing concepts, and computer science students learn about circuitry and software code. But all of us need organizational behavior knowledge to address the people issues when trying to apply marketing, computer science, and other ideas. 1.2 Objectives of the Study: We the students of this university are very lucky for getting the chance to...
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...When was the last time you felt stressed? Everyone feels stressed almost everyday, whether you have a traumatic situation occurring, or you are just going to school, but do you actually know what stress is? Stress is the reaction your body has in a difficult situation and can result in different types of stress. In these situations, your body can react to stress in many different positive and negative ways. The first two types of stress are called acute and episodic acute stress. Acute stress is the most common type of stress and is caused by everyday demands and pressures. It can also be fun and exhilarating at times such as when you’re on a roller coaster or watching a suspenseful movie. However, when stress becomes more and more common...
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...Summary Stress is a term we all are aware of, and it is experienced by people in their different workplaces. Stress in the workplace is detrimental to human health and organization when it comes to productivity, performance standards and job satisfaction. Organizations whose workers are stressed are likely to be successful in a competitive market. Workers who are stressed are more likely to be unhealthy, poorly motivated, less productive and less safe at work. Stress can be destructive in a way that, after reaching a certain point, the performance of the employees begins to reduce also which prevents fulfillment of work and various assignments. The following are the causes of stress in the workplace; Exhaustion (weakens the employees mentally and physically), moral injury (destructive of self-esteem of employees or lack of confidence in their abilities, discrimination), illness of the employees (feeling of irritation, uncertainty, guilt or mistrust), violence (damage to the property of the employees or organization), long hours, lack of rewards or incentives by the managers and managers lackadaisical attitude to employees. Stress can be brought to a minimal level; to prevent stress, we have to identify, know the causes and prevent it. The reduction or elimination of stress are the employee’s participation in the management, improvement of communication skills of managers, adequate training should be given to employees in other to prevent negligence of training which...
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...This essay will define stress and stressors. It will also explain the how stress can affect an individuals and outline and evaluate the at least two models of stress. It will explore how stress can be measured and outline and evaluate two models of stress and stressors. Stress is a pressure or force exerted on an object according to engineers and physicians (Gross r,Mcilveen r and Cooligan2000). Lazarus and folkman (1984) define stress as “a pattern of negative physiological states and psychological response occurring in a situation where people perceive threats to their well-being which they may be unable to meet” (Grossr,Mcilveen r and Cooligan 2000). There are different views of stress. Stress as a “stimulus” which means it is applied to the person or stressor and it is in the environment. This relates to the engineering model of stress identified by Cox (1978)(blackboard).secondly stress is seen as a “response”, the body identifies stress as a reaction made within the body(Blackboard).Selye 1956 defines stress as “the non-specific response of the body to any demands made upon it” this relates to the physiological model of stress(Blackboard). Finally stress is viewed as an interaction, in this view stress is seen as a transaction between environment and the individual and this relates to the “transactional model of stress” (Blackboard). The ability to cope with stress and the meaning people give to stressors will define the stress experienced (Blackboard).How people react...
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...Figure 2: Stress- strain graph The stress strain relation dependent on time and time-depending behavior of materials is known as visco-elasticity. This term derived in two expressions: Viscosity and Elasticity, Elasticity is about solid whereas Viscosity resistance to flow in fluids. Therefore, this type of material is a combination of fluid and solid properties which presents a following relation (1) where is stress tensor, is visco-elastic coefficient and is strain rate. In my thesis research problems we have choose Kelvin Voigt model. Since Kelvin gives Voigt model for visco-elastic solids. This...
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...This essay will discuss the causes of two emotional disorders and explain how the human body responds to the stress response. Two causes of emotional disorders, stress and phobia will be discuss. It will also evaluate the theories and literature used to explaining the disorders. According to Eysenck (2008) Emotional disorders affect human behaviour in relation to the cells, muscles, blood, hormones and the nervous system. The biological and psychological approaches allow psychologists and other health professionals’ to accessed deeper understanding of the disorders and its impact on human behaviour. Stress which is one of the emotional disorders can be seen as a physical or psychological response to a threatening event. The causes of stress (the threatening event or the demands of a situation) for instance, exams or being redundant, are referred as stressor (Woods 1997). Selye (1956, cited in Woods 1997) suggested that the human body respond to stress in three different patterns known as “the general adaptation syndrome” which is identified in three stages, firstly is the alarm response; this involves the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for ‘fight, flight or frolic’. The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to trigger the release of stress hormones like the adrenaline and noradrenaline to cause changes in the physiological activity such as, fighting inflammation and breathing difficulties. Secondly is the resistance, this is when...
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...LTP is the “lasting communication established between two neurons when they are stimulated simultaneously”. When a person goes through an experience, a pair of neurons transfer information through a synapse, which is known as a chemical conversation. Once this happens, the reaction starts a continuous connection between the neurons streaming and creating a pattern. The event then becomes familiar to the person.2 We want to test how the LTP is affected by different music/audio. According to Mark A. W. Andrews, a...
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...Strategies for reducing different kinds of stress Stress is how you respond physiologically or psychologically to any kind of demand. In certain instances, some stress can actually be a positive force. It helps motivate people to solve problems, take action or perform to their best ability. However, other kinds of stress can wreak havoc on our lives and ultimately lead to long-term health consequences. To avoid these consequences, it's important to get a handle on your stress condition as soon as possible. The impact that stress has on any individual person can vary dramatically, since people are affected in unique ways. Despite this, there are some common symptoms that are often attributed to excessive stress. The symptoms can be Fatigue and Exhaustion, Headaches, Weakened Immunity, Decreased Sex Drive, Anxiety, Difficulty Sleeping and Anger and Frustration. Sometimes it may seem that there’s nothing we can do about our stress level. The bills aren’t going to stop coming, there will never be more hours in the day for all our errands, and career or family responsibilities will always be demanding. But we have a lot more control than we might think. In fact, the simple realization that we’re in control of our life is the foundation of stress management. Stress is actually broken down into four distinct types. These are known as Eustress (is defined as a healthy type of stress), Distress (it can be termed the bad stress and can lead to many illnesses and diseases), Hyperstress...
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...C H A P T E R 7 Work-Related Stress and Stress Management Learning Objectives AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER , YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO : I Define stress and describe the stress experience. I Outline the stress process from stressors to consequences. I Identify the different types of stressors in the workplace. I Explain why a stressor might produce different stress levels in two people. I Discuss the physiological, psychological, and behavioural effects of stress. I Identify five ways to manage workplace stress. S ylvia Noreen thought that working at a small hospital in Prince Edward Island would reduce the stress she had experienced as a nurse in Ontario for 17 years. Instead, she discovered that Stewart Memorial Hospital nurses in Tyne Valley also experience unacceptable stress levels due to budget cuts and staff shortages. “There can be a lot of demands made on you,” says Noreen. “The workload can get quite strenuous at times.” With no vacations during her first year at Stewart, Noreen’s scheduled days off were precious time to recharge her batteries. Unfortunately, those moments were fewer than she had hoped. “We’re faced with being called back on our days off,” Noreen says. “It is trying at times.” Canadian nurses and other health care workers are feeling some of the highest levels of stress and burnout of any occupation across the country. With Montreal-area emergency rooms filled to 167 percent, nurses at St. Luc Hospital in Montreal recently...
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...Dealing with PTSD Dealing with PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been an everlasting mental battle due to the traumatic events that have occurred in a person's lifetime. Educating ourselves about this mental condition can be very beneficial to our loved ones or even ourselves. Military members have been dealing with this condition before it was labeled, and some are still dealing with the mental stress and painful memories of battle. Even though individuals dealing with PTSD have a difficult time dealing with mainstream society, understanding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the various types of symptoms associated with PTSD and Types of treatment options available for individuals. To better understand PTSD, it is good to know who and how PTSD impacts people. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can affect anyone at any age that has been through a traumatic event (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). "This includes war veterans and survivors of physical and sexual assault, abuse, accidents, disasters, and many other serious events" (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). One of the populations groups that are widely affected by PTSD is the Nation's veterans. The Veteran population is widely affected because of the wars that the veterans have been battling across the world. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may cause problems in work or social relationships and situations. PTSD symptoms usually start within three months of a traumatic...
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...Preference: Paper Type: Date Submitted by the Author: Complete List of Authors: Page 1 of 5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PS INJECTED PARTS UNDER SURFACEACTIVE SUBSTANCES (1) The main objective of this work was to develop the influence of surface-active substances in the mechanical properties of injected plastic parts in presence of cracks, a tension test and a constant load. The material used was Polystyrene and the surface-active substances were olive oil and corporal sweat. This study was conducted because it was observed that the surface-active substances affects the mechanical properties of the resin as well as the presence of cracks, and actually is not reported any methodology for conducting this study. Experimental Part For this study, there were injected 110.5*85.5*1 mm plates in a REED-Prentice 100 TE (Clamp Force = 100 ton) injection machine with an injection mold with two similar cavities, but with a different located entrance. The used material was a Polystyrene PS-2820 from Estirenos del Zulia (Table 1). In table 2 are showed the used optimal process conditions. Notches were mechanized in each plate with a saw. The normalized tensile test specimens were cut with a milling machine. It was used a Galdabini 2500 universal test machine to make mechanical tests, and a Starrett Sigma VB300 stereoscopic magnifying glass to verify the crack length. To study the crack surface it was used a Macro Magnifying glass Olympus SZ61. To study the orientation and the stress concentrator...
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