Free Essay

Union Budget Impact Analysis

In:

Submitted By darrshann9
Words 10541
Pages 43
UNION BUDGET 2010-11 Impact Analysis

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

CONTENTS
BUDGET AT A GLANCE ............................................................................................ 1 UNION BUDGET 2010-11 : A MACROECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ........................ 2 - 3 SECTORAL IMPACT ........................................................................................... 4 - 23 CHANGE IN CENTRAL PLAN OUTLAY..................................................................... 24 RECEIPTS .......................................................................................................... 25-26 EXPENDITURE ................................................................................................ 27 - 28 KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORS (Absolute Values) ................................................... 29 KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORS (Percentage Change Over Previous Year) ............... 30

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

BUDGET AT A GLANCE
(Rs bn) 2009-10 Revised Estimates 1) Revenue Receipts 2) Tax Revenue (net to centre) 3) Non-Tax Revenue 4) Capital Receipts (5+6+7)$ 5) Recoveries of loans 6) Other receipts 7) Borrowings and other liabilities * 8) Total Receipts (1+4)$ 9) Non-Plan Expenditure 10) On Revenue Account of which, 11) Interest Payments 12) On Capital Account 13) Plan Expenditure 14) On Revenue Account 15) On Capital Account 16) Total Expenditure (9+13) 17) Revenue Expenditure (10+14) 18) Capital Expenditure (12+15) 19) Revenue Deficit (17-1) % of GDP 20) Fiscal Deficit {16-(1+5+6)} % of GDP 21) Primary Deficit (20-11) % of GDP 5,772.94 4,651.03 1,121.91 4,442.53 42.54 259.58 4,140.41 10,215.47 7,063.71 6,419.44 2,195.00 644.27 3,151.76 2,644.11 507.65 10,215.47 9,063.55 1,151.92 3,290.61 (5.3) 4,140.41 (6.7) 1,945.41 (3.2) 2010-11 Budget Estimates 6,822.12 5,340.94 1,481.18 4,265.37 51.29 400.00 3,814.08 11,087.49 7,356.57 6,435.99 2,486.64 925.08 3,730.92 3,151.25 579.67 11,087.49 9,587.24 1,500.25 2,765.12 (4.0) 3,814.08 (5.5) 1,327.44 (1.9)

$ Does not include receipts in respect of Market Stabilization Scheme. * Includes draw-down of Cash Balance. Note: GDP for BE 2010-2011 has been projected at Rs. 6934700 crore assuming 12.5% growth over the advance estimates of 2009-2010 (Rs. 6164178 crore) released by CSO.

1

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

UNION BUDGET 2010-11 : A MACROECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
The Union Budget 2010-11 was presented at a time when the Indian economy is on the path of revival and almost all demand indicators have turned significantly positive. Investment and consumption demand has been on a revival mode. The buoyancy in the manufacturing sector and uptick in import and export demand bodes well for economic growth prospects. In the current economic scenario, what was required from the Budget was a further push for consumption and investment. The Budget announcements have done just that. The continued thrust on agriculture, infrastructure and rural development will unlock much of the economic growth potential in the medium-term. Along with maintaining the focus on broad based growth, the budget has also addressed concerns on the fiscal deficit front. The direct tax concessions in the form of broadening of tax slabs will put more money in the hands of individual taxpayers, boosting consumption as well as saving. Although the excise duty rates have been hiked, they still remain lower than the pre-crisis level and should not be a deterrent in the process of economic recovery. This largely expected roll back of stimulus measures is likely to impact different sectors in varying degrees. Broadly speaking, given that overall demand in the economy is still firming up, it is unlikely that the 2% hike in excise duty will be passed on, thus mitigating any immediate inflationary concerns. Also, the focus on improving food security should aid in containing food price inflation. It remains to be seen however how the proposed increase in excise duty for petrol and diesel pans out in terms of its impact on inflation. While there were no major big bang announcements in this budget, the overall tone is certainly pro-reformist. The Budget has emphasized on the Government’s intent towards moving forward on the reform agenda. The intent of implementing the direct tax code and GST by April 2011, along with drafting a Food Security Bill, setting up Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission are positive steps. Fiscal Arithmetic for FY11 For FY11, total expenditure is budgeted to increase by 8.53% to Rs 11,087.49 bn. As in the last budget, the Plan expenditure received a major boost with an allocation of Rs 3,730.92 bn, an increase of 18.37% over the FY10 RE. The non-Plan expenditure is however budgeted to grow at a slower pace; the expenditure on this front is slated to increase by 4.15%. Revenue collection targets for FY11 are set in consonance with the recovery witnessed in the domestic economy. Gross Tax Revenue for FY11 is budgeted to increase by 17.9% over the FY10 RE, driven mainly by the 28.5% increase in indirect taxes. Within indirect taxes, revenue from Customs duty and Excise duty is budgeted to increase by 36.13% and 29.41% respectively. The rate impact (in terms of partial roll back of excise duty) and volume impact (in terms of resurgence in the manufacturing sector) will play a major role in boosting revenues under these heads. Direct taxes are budgeted to increase at a lower pace of 11.01%. With the hike in the rate

2

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

of Minimum Alternate Tax to 18% from 15% and improvement in corporate profitability, revenue from Corporate tax is budgeted to increase by 18.13%. The broadening of the tax slabs will have an impact on personal income tax collections; revenue from personal income tax is budgeted to decline by 3.54% in FY11 over the FY10 RE. Non-Tax revenue, which is budgeted to increase by 32.02% to Rs 1,481.18 bn in FY11, will also be a major source of receipts in FY11.The major revenue churner under this head will be “Other Communication Services” which mainly relates to the license fees from the telecom operators and receipts on account of spectrum usage charge revenue churner. The receipts from “Other Communication Services” are budgeted to increase to Rs 497 bn in FY11 from Rs 137 bn yielded in FY10 RE. Disinvestment proceeds will also play a role in augmenting revenue collections; proceeds from ‘disinvestment of equity in public sector enterprises’ is budgeted to increase to Rs 400 bn in FY11 from Rs 259 bn in FY10 RE. Further, market borrowings are slated to come down by over 13% during FY11. The Budget has given cognizance to a calibrated approach towards lowering fiscal deficit without hampering the economic growth process. The fiscal deficit is budgeted at 5.5% in FY11 while the rolling targets for FY12 and FY13 have been set at 4.8% and 4.1% respectively. While the containment of the fiscal deficit will take place only over a period of time, the budget has very clearly set the time-lines for it.

3

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

SECTORAL IMPACT
Sector Agriculture Social Sector Infrastructure Manufacturing Capital and Engineering Goods Cement Power Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Oil and Gas MSME Consumer Goods Real Estate and Construction Automotive Textiles Gems & Jewellery Services Banking and Insurance Finance Information Technology Hospitality & Tourism Media and Entertainment Telecom Ratings: Positive + Positive Marginally Positive Neutral Negative Predominantly positive proposals Positive proposals Positive proposals but not up to industry expectations Negative proposals offsetting positive proposals Negative proposals impacting the sector Positive Positive Negative Marginally Positive Positive Mariginally Positive Positive Negative Positive+ Positive Neutral Positive Neutral Positive Marginally Positive Negative Negative Rating Positive+ Positive + Positive +

4

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Agriculture ÿ The total plan outlay for agriculture & allied sector is to be increased by 15.80% to Rs 123.08 bn. ÿ The target for agriculture credit is proposed to be raised to Rs 3,750.00 bn for FY11 from Rs 3,250.00 bn in FY10. ÿ The proposal to provide Rs 4.00 bn for the extension of the green revolution to the eastern region of the country comprising Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Orissa, with the active involvement of Gram Sabhas and the farming families. ÿ The proposal to provide Rs 3.00 bn to organise 60,000 “pulses and oil seed villages” in rainfed areas during FY11 and provide an integrated intervention for water harvesting, watershed management and soil health, to enhance the productivity of the dry land farming areas. ÿ In view of the drought in some states and the severe floods in some other parts of the country, the period for repayment of the loan amount by farmers extended by 6 months from December 31, 2009 to June 30, 2010 under the Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme for Farmers. ÿ The proposal to increase the interest subvention for timely repayment of crop loans to 2% for FY11 as against 1% in FY10. ÿ An allocation of Rs 10.62 bn for National Horticulture Mission. ÿ An allocation of Rs 13.50 bn for National Food Security Mission. ÿ An allocation of Rs 10.00 bn for Macro Management in Agriculture. ÿ An allocation of Rs 10.00 bn Micro Irrigation. ÿ An allocation of Rs 9.50 bn for National Agricultural Insurance Scheme. ÿ An allocation of Rs 5.00 bn for integrated oilseeds, oil palms, pulses and maize development. ÿ As a part of the farm to market initiative, External Commercial Borrowings to be available for cold storage or cold room facility, including for farm level pre-cooling, for preservation or storage of agricultural and allied produce, marine products and meat. ÿ The deficit in the storage capacity is met through an ongoing scheme for private sector participation where the Food Corporation of India (FCI) has been hiring godowns from private parties for a guaranteed period of 5 years. This period is proposed to be extended to 7 years. ÿ The proposal to provide project import status with a concessional import duty of 5% for the setting up of mechanised handling systems and pallet racking systems in ‘mandis’ or warehouses for food grains and sugar as well as full exemption from service tax for the installation and commissioning of such equipment.

5

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

ÿ The proposal to provide project import status at a concessional customs duty of 5% with full exemption from service tax to the initial setting up and expansion of cold storage, cold room including farm pre-coolers for preservation or storage of agriculture and related sectors produce and processing units for such produce. ÿ The proposal to provide full exemption from customs duty to refrigeration units required for the manufacture of refrigerated vans or trucks. ÿ The proposal to provide concessional customs duty of 5% to specified agricultural machinery not manufactured in India. ÿ The proposal to provide central excise duty exemption to specified equipment for preservation, storage and processing of agriculture and related sectors and exemption from service tax to the storage and warehousing of their produce. ÿ The proposal to provide full exemption from excise duty to trailers and semi-trailers used in agriculture. ÿ The transportation by road of cereals and pulses is proposed to be exempted from service tax. ÿ The concessional import duty on specified machinery for use in the plantation sector is proposed to be extended up to March 31, 2011 along with a countervailing duty exemption. ÿ The testing and certification of agricultural seeds is proposed to be exempted from service tax. ÿ An allocation of Rs 20.06 bn for agricultural research & education, including an allocation of Rs 2.00 bn for launching of climate resilient agriculture initiatives such as soil health, water conservation and preservation of biodiversity. ÿ An allocation of Rs 2.94 bn for World Bank aided National Agricultural Innovation Project.

Positive+
The significant hike in the plan outlay for the agriculture and allied sector as compared to the previous fiscal is indicative of the Government’s thrust towards increasing the production & productivity of the agricultural sector. Moreover, a slew of announcements to facilitate storage, transportation & processing of agricultural produce assume significance given the fact that a shortfall in post-harvesting facilities & cold storage facilities results into huge wastage of agricultural produce every year. The reduction in wastage of farm output would help in improving the supply of agricultural produce and containing the inflationary pressures in the food articles. Further, the proposal to allow external commercial borrowing for set up of preservation or storage facilities for agricultural & allied products is expected to increase private investment in these facilities. The proposal for extension of green revolution to the eastern region of the country is commendable as this will not only help in increasing the agricultural production but also lead to increase in income & employment opportunities in this region. Apart from this, allocation for research &

6

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

development activities, including launching of climate resilient agriculture initiatives such as soil health, water conservation and preservation of biodiversity are some of the key measures intended to provide impetus to the sector. The allocation of micro irrigation projects also augurs well for the overall agricultural growth going forward as this would help in reducing its dependence on monsoons.

Social Sector ÿ The social sector expenditure is proposed to be increased to Rs 1,376.74 bn, which stands at 37% of the total plan outlay in FY11.

Human Resource Development and Social Justice ÿ An allocation of Rs 87.00 bn for Integrated Child Development Services. ÿ An allocation for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is proposed to be increased from Rs 391.00 bn in FY10 to Rs 401.00 bn in FY11. ÿ An allocation of Rs 29.84 bn under the ‘Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana’ for establishing micro-enterprises in rural areas through activity clusters and group approach. At least 50% of the Swarozgaries will be SCs/STs, 40% women and 3% disabled. This also includes Rs 1.00 bn for Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana, a Sub-Component of National Rural Livelihood Mission. ÿ The fund corpus for the ‘Micro-Finance Development and Equity Fund’ is proposed to be increased to Rs 4.00 bn in FY11. ÿ The proposal to set up a ‘National Social Security Fund’ for unorganised sector workers with an initial allocation of Rs 10.00 bn. This fund will support schemes for weavers, toddy tappers, rickshaw pullers and bidi workers etc. ÿ A new initiative, “Swavalamban” is proposed to be available for persons who join New Pension Scheme (NPS), with a minimum contribution of Rs 1,000 and a maximum contribution of Rs 12,000 per annum during FY11, wherein the Government is proposed to contribute Rs 1,000 per year to each NPS account opened in FY11. An allocation of Rs 1.00 bn is proposed to be provided for this scheme. ÿ The 1% interest subvention on housing loans up to Rs 1.00 mn scheme is proposed to be extended up to March 31, 2011. The allocation of Rs 7.00 bn is proposed to be provided for this scheme for FY11. ÿ An allocation of Rs 3.90 bn for Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana. ÿ The plan outlay for Women and Child Development is proposed to be increased by almost 50% in FY11. ÿ An allocation of Rs 10.00 bn for Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls.

7

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

ÿ The plan outlay of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is proposed to be enhanced to Rs 45.00 bn in FY11, marking an increase of 80% as compared to FY10. ÿ The plan allocation for the Ministry of Minority Affairs is proposed to be increased from Rs 17.40 bn in FY10 to Rs 26.00 bn for the year FY11. ÿ An allocation of Rs 6.00 bn towards Special Central Assistance for Scheduled Castes Component Plan to benefit about 0.75 mn beneficiaries. ÿ An allocation of Rs 17.00 bn for Post Matric Scholarships for SC students; Rs 3.50 bn for Post Matric Scholarships for OBC students and Rs 5.58 bn for Post Matric Scholarships for Scheduled Tribes (ST) students.

Education ÿ An allocation of Rs 150.00 bn for Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. ÿ An allocation of Rs 94.40 bn for National Programme of Mid Day Meals in schools. ÿ The proposal to increase the plan allocation for school education from Rs 268.00 bn in FY10 to Rs 310.36 bn in FY11. In addition, there is a proposal to provide States Governments Rs 36.75 bn for elementary education under the Thirteenth Finance Commission grants for FY11. ÿ An allocation of Rs 11.67 bn for adult education and skill development. ÿ An allocation of Rs 43.90 bn for University Grants Commission; Rs 47.06 for technical education and Rs 9.00 bn for National Mission in Education through information & communication technology.

Health & Sanitation ÿ The plan allocation for the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is proposed to be increased from Rs 195.34 bn in FY10 to Rs 223.00 bn for FY11. ÿ An allocation of Rs 154.40 bn for National Rural Health Mission. ÿ An Annual Health Survey to prepare the District Health Profile of all districts is proposed to be conducted in FY11. ÿ The benefits under Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana are proposed to be extended to all Mahatma Gandhi NREGA beneficiaries who have worked for more than 15 days during the preceding financial year. ÿ The contributions to the Central Government Health Scheme are proposed to be eligible for a deduction under the Income-tax Act. ÿ An allocation of Rs 90 bn for National Rural Drinking Water Programme. ÿ An allocation of Rs 15.80 bn Total Sanitation Campaign.

8

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Regional Development ÿ An allocation of Rs 600.00 mn for North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Limited. ÿ The additional central assistance of Rs 12.00 bn is proposed to be provided for drought mitigation in Bundelkhand region. ÿ The allocation to Backward Region Grant Fund is proposed to be enhanced by 26% from Rs 58.00 bn in FY10 to Rs 73.00 bn in FY11.

Impact Analysis Positive+
The Union Budget for FY11 has laid special emphasis on the social sector, accounting for as much as 37% of the total plan outlay in FY11 as against 25% of the total plan outlay in FY10. The implementation of schemes such as ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)’ and ‘National Programme of Mid Day Meals in schools’ have made significant contribution in improving enrolment for elementary education. The strengthening of these existing schemes for school education is expected to provide further impetus to the sector. Further, the allocation of funds for post matric scholarships for SC, ST and OBC students would enhance the spread of education amongst the weaker and neglected sections of the society. The allocation for technical education would provide much-needed skilled manpower for the industry. The weaker section has received a special attention in the budget through the proposals such as social security fund for workers in unorganised sector and pension schemes for low income people. The New Pension Scheme is expected to encourage people to save voluntarily for their retirement. Further, the new pension scheme does not require agent or guarantee, which in turn reduces operational costs. Besides, due attention to drinking water, health and sanitation is another positive aspect for the social sector in this Budget.

Infrastructure ÿ An allocation of Rs 1,735.52 bn provided for infrastructure development, which accounts for over 46% of the total plan allocation. ÿ An allocation of Rs 167.52 bn provided for Railways, which is about Rs 9.50 bn more than last year. ÿ Mono Rail Projects for urban transport are being granted project imports status under Heading No. 98 01 and would accordingly attract concessional rate of 5% basic customs duty. ÿ Deduction of an additional amount of Rs 20,000 allowed, over and above the existing limit of Rs 0.1 mn on tax savings, for investment in long-term infrastructure bonds as notified by the Central Government.

9

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Roads and Highways ÿ Allocation for road transport increased by over 13% from Rs 175.20 bn to Rs 198.94 bn. ÿ An allocation of Rs 7 bn for development of National Highways under Border Roads Organisation. ÿ Specified road construction machinery items are presently fully exempt from customs duty subject to specified conditions. Sale or disposal of such machinery items at depreciated value is being allowed on payment of customs duties on depreciated value at the rates applicable at the time of import subject to specified conditions. ÿ An allocation of Rs 17.50 bn for Special Accelerated Road Development Project in the North Eastern Region. ÿ An allocation of Rs 94.72 bn for National Highway Authority of India. ÿ An allocation of Rs 2.30 bn for Inter-State and Economically Important Roads in different States and UTs. ÿ An allocation of Rs 45.75 bn for Development of National Highways.

Rural Infrastructure ÿ Rs 661 bn provided for Rural Development. ÿ An amount of Rs 480 bn allocated for rural infrastructure programmes under Bharat Nirman. ÿ Unit cost under Indira Awas Yojana increased to Rs 45,000 in the plain areas and to Rs 48,500 in the hilly areas. Allocation for this scheme increased to Rs 100 bn. ÿ An allocation of Rs 100 bn for providing assistance to rural BPL households for construction of houses (and upgradation of Kutcha houses) under Indira Awaas Yojana. ÿ An allocation of Rs 120 bn for providing connectivity to eligible unconnected rural habitations through good all-weather roads.

Urban Infrastructure ÿ Allocation for urban development increased by more than 75% from Rs 30.60 bn to Rs 54 bn in 2010-11. ÿ Allocation for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation raised from Rs 8.50 bn to Rs 10 bn in 2010-11. ÿ Allocation of Rs 12.70 bn for Rajiv Awas Yojana as compared to Rs 1.50 bn last year. ÿ An allocation of Rs 9.95 bn for Equity Investment towards Infrastructure development of ‘Mass Rapid Transit System’. ÿ An allocation of Rs 2 bn for development of Satellite Cities/Counter Magnet Cities.

10

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Positive+
The plan allocation for the infrastructure sector of around 46% of the total plan allocation points toward a continued thrust on the infrastructure sector provided by the Union budget FY11. The increased allocation for NHDP programme and railways along with granting the project imports status to Mono Rail Projects for urban transport and allowing the resale of certain road construction machinery is expected to provide an impetus to the transportation sector. Tax deduction provided for investment in long-term infrastructure bonds notified by the Central Government is likely to promote savings and direct resources towards infrastructure development. The substantial increase in allocation for Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), which aims to create a slum free India at the earliest, is likely to play a pivotal role in urban infrastructure development. The infrastructure sector is likely to benefit from the substantial increase in budgetary allocation for infrastructure both rural and urban. Increase in MAT from 15% to 18% could be a dampener.

Manufacturing
Capital and Engineering Goods ÿ Concessional customs duty of 5% will be applicable for the imports of agricultural machineries. ÿ Concessional customs duty of 5% and full exemption from service tax for setting up and expansion of Cold storage, cold room including farm pre-coolers used for preservation and storage and Processing of agriculture products. ÿ Full exemption of excise duty on trailers and semi-trailers used in agriculture. ÿ Customs duty on imports of refrigeration units required for the manufacture of refrigerated vans or trucks will be fully exempted. ÿ Concessional customs duty of 5% will be provided for importing machineries, instruments, equipments and appliances required for setting up of photovoltaic and solar thermal power generating units. Government has also proposed to exempt excise duty on these items. ÿ Full exemption from customs duty for importing machinery used in road construction projects.

Positive
Government announced reduction in customs duty on imports of specified machineries used in processing, storing and preservation of agriculture products. Further, this budget has also increased allocation on various infrastructure and rural development projects which will benefit manufacturers of capital goods and engineering products used in infrastructure, construction and agriculture industry. However, decrease in customs duty on imports of machineries and equipments used in infrastructure, construction and power generation is expected to increase competition for domestic manufacturers from foreign imports.

11

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Cement ÿ The specific rates of duty applicable to Portland cement and cement clinker to be adjusted upwards proportionate to the across-the-board increase in the excise duty from 8% to 10%. ÿ Levy of Rs 50 per ton cess on imported coal. ÿ Consequent to enhancement in the standard rate of duty from 8% to 10%, the specific rates of duty on cement and cement clinker is also being revised upwards as follows:

Negative
The increase in rates of duty applicable to Portland cement and cement clinker will result in increase in cement prices. The cess on imported coal is likely to increase input costs of cement companies using imported coal.

Power ÿ Plan allocation for power sector excluding Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) doubled from Rs 22.30 bn in FY10 to Rs 51.30 bn in FY11. ÿ Government proposes to introduce a competitive bidding process for allocating coal blocks for captive mining to ensure greater transparency and increased participation in production from these blocks. ÿ A “Coal Regulatory Authority” is proposed to be set up to create a level playing field in the coal sector. This would facilitate resolution of issues like economic pricing of coal and benchmarking of standards of performance. ÿ Plan outlay for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy increased by 61% from Rs 6.20 bn in FY10 to Rs 10.00 bn in FY11. ÿ Solar, small hydro and micro power projects at a cost of about Rs 5.00 bn to be set up in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. ÿ National Clean Energy Fund for funding research and innovative projects in clean energy technologies to be established. To build the corpus of the National Clean Energy Fund, clean energy cess on coal produced in India at a nominal rate of Rs 50 per tonne to be levied. This cess will also apply to imported coal. ÿ Provide a concessional customs duty of 5% on machinery, instruments, equipment and appliances etc. required for the initial setting up of photovoltaic and solar thermal power generating units and also exempt them from central excise duty. Ground source heat pumps used to tap geo-thermal energy to be exempted from basic customs duty and special additional duty. ÿ Exempt a few more specified inputs required for the manufacture of rotor blades for wind energy generators from central excise duty.

12

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Positive +
The two fold hike in the plan allocation for the power sector is likely to result in increased capacity addition in the power sector and address the power shortage faced in different parts of the country. Similarly, enhanced allocation for new and renewable energy sector, establishment of National Clean Energy Fund coupled with concessions in machineries required for the initial setting up of photovoltaic and solar thermal power generating units reiterates the government’s effort to augment the alternative source of energy and achieve its target of establishing 20,000 MW of solar power by the year 2022 under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. Nonetheless, the increase in the Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) from 15% to 18% would affect the profitability of the power generation and distribution companies. The government has directed its efforts to ensure that bottlenecks for acquiring coal for thermal power generation is mitigated (as 75% of the power generation is currently coal based) by introducing a competitive bidding process for allocating coal blocks for captive mining. Further, setting up of a Coal Regulatory Authority would further aid in creating a transparent and competitive environment in the coal sector which would lead to economic pricing of coal and establish a benchmark for standard of performance.

Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare ÿ Plan allocation to the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare increased to Rs 223 bn for FY11 from Rs 195.34 bn in FY10. ÿ Increase in weighted deduction on expenditure incurred on in-house R&D raised from 150% to 200%. Also, weighted deduction on payments made to National Laboratories, research associations, colleges, universities and other institutions, for scientific research enhanced from 125% to 175%. ÿ Basic customs duty on all medical, surgical, dental and veterinary equipments etc reduced from 7.5% to 5%. Also the customs duty on all parts and accessories of these equipments reduced from 7.5% to 5%. These goods are also being exempted from special additional duty. ÿ Excise duty on bulk drugs increased by 2 percentage points to 10%. ÿ Full exemption from customs duty on refrigeration units required for the manufacture of refrigerated vans or trucks.

Marginally Positive
Increase in weighted deduction on R&D from 150% to 200% is expected to promote the R&D activities of pharmaceutical companies. The Union Budget has increased the excise duty on bulk drugs from 8% to 10%. This would make raw materials for the medicines slightly expensive. However, the impact may be limited as a number of companies have shifted production to excise-free zones.

13

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

The reduction in the customs duty on imports of medical equipments and accessories and parts thereof, from 7.5% to 5% coupled with the exemptions from special additional duty to help in reduction of capital cost for the hospitals and healthcare centres. The exemption of customs duty on refrigeration units required for the manufacture of refrigerated vans or trucks to be positive for logistics of pharmaceutical products specifically vaccines and for biotechnology companies.

Oil and Gas ÿ Customs duty at the rate of 5% is proposed to be levied on crude petroleum, as compared to nil earlier. ÿ Customs duty on motor spirit (petrol) and HSD (diesel) is proposed to be increased from 2.5% to 7.5%. ÿ Customs duty on some other specified petroleum products is proposed to be increased from 5% to 10%. ÿ Central excise duty on petrol and diesel is proposed to be enhanced by Re 1 per litre each. ÿ Dementholised oil, Deterpenated Mentha oil, Spearmint/ Mentha Piperita oils and all intermediates and by-products of Menthol fully exempted from excise duty. ÿ Conscious effort made to avoid issuing bonds to oil and fertiliser companies. Government would like to continue with this practice of extending Government subsidy in cash, thereby bringing all subsidy related liabilities into Government’s fiscal accounting.

Neutral
In recognition of the fact that the average price of Indian basket of crude oil has come down from the increased levels experienced during 2008, the Government has only restored back the basic customs duty of 5% on crude petroleum and 7.5% on motor spirit (petrol) and HSD (diesel) and also hiked the excise duty. Nonetheless, it is going to put pressure on the profit margins of the oil and gas companies unless the Government allows the companies to hike the prices of petrol and diesel. On the other hand, continuance of extending the Government subsidy in cash instead of issuing bonds would help in faster realisation of subsidy for the companies.

14

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

MSME Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises ÿ Allocation for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises sector to be increased from Rs 17.94 bn to Rs 24.00 bn for the year FY11. ÿ Allocation of Rs 2.23 bn for Credit Support Programme to provide guarantee cover to banks for extending loans to small/tiny units without collateral. ÿ Allocation of Rs 9.06 bn for Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme. ÿ Allocation of Rs 3.36 bn for Quality of Technology Support Institution and Programmes. ÿ Extension of existing interest subvention of 2% for one more year for exports covering handicrafts, carpets, handlooms and small and medium enterprises. ÿ Limit of turnover for the purpose of presumptive taxation of small businesses enhanced to Rs 6.0 mn.

Positive
The extension of existing interest subvention of 2% to the small and medium enterprises is a positive development for the sector which is recovering from the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Further, the increase in allocation of around 33.78% (y-o-y) for the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises sector also augurs well for the overall development of this sector. The increased allocation for Credit Support Programme to provide guarantee cover to banks for extending loans to small/tiny units without collateral is likely to help increase the flow of credit to this sector.

Consumer Goods ÿ Some structural changes in the excise duty on cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos to be made coupled with some increase in rates. Excise duty on all non-smoking tobacco such as scented tobacco, snuff, chewing tobacco etc to be enhanced. Compounded levy scheme for chewing tobacco and branded unmanufactured tobacco based on the capacity of pouch packing machines to be introduced. ÿ Domestic manufacture of mobile phones accessories, exemptions from basic, CVD and special additional duties are now being extended to parts of battery chargers and hands-free headphones. The validity of the exemption from special additional duty is being extended till March 31, 2011. ÿ Basic customs duty on magnetrons, one of the key components in production of microwave ovens, reduced from 10% to 5%. ÿ Reduction in central excise duty on replaceable kits for household type water filters other than those based on RO technology to 4%.

15

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Neutral
The across–the-board increase in central excise duty from 8% to 10% is likely to result in overall increase in the prices of consumer goods. The increase in the central excise duty is likely to result in increased prices of cigarettes. However, the rise in disposable income because of the relaxation in personal tax rates will boost demand for consumer goods. The exemption of mobile phone accessories from special additional duty has been extended till March 31, 2011 which is likely to result in stability of prices of the product. The reduction in central excise duty on replaceable kits for household type water filters other than those based on RO technology is likely to result in a fall in prices of the product.

Real Estate and Construction ÿ Interest subvention of 1% on housing loans up to Rs 1 mn extended up to March 31, 2011 with allocation of Rs 7 bn for FY11. ÿ Pending projects of real estate companies allowed to be completed in five years instead of four years for claiming deduction on their profits. ÿ Allocation for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation for FY11 raised to Rs 10 bn from Rs 8.5 bn in last fiscal. ÿ Norms for built-up area of shops and other commercial establishments in housing projects to be relaxed to enable basic facilities for their residents.

Positive
The continuation of interest subvention scheme on housing loans coupled with reduction in personal income tax rates would drive the demand for residential housing, especially from the lower and middle income groups. Several projects of real estate companies were delayed and halted on account of the economic slowdown last year; extension in the period of completion of pending projects by one year for claiming tax deductions would provide substantial relief to such real estate players. The budget speech indicated continued thrust on growth of SEZs in the next fiscal; approval of more SEZ projects in the next fiscal would provide a great impetus to the growth of the real estate sector.

Automotive ÿ A 2 percentage points increase in the ad valorem component of excise duty on large cars, multi-utility vehicles and sports-utility vehicles to 22%. ÿ Imposition of central excise duty at 4% on electrically operated vehicles. ÿ Exemption from basic customs duty and special additional duty for some critical parts/subassemblies of electric vehicles. These parts to also enjoy a concessional counter veiling duty of 4%.

16

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Marginally Positive
Vehicle manufacturers are likely to undertake a price hike following the increase in the central excise duty from 8% to 10%. However, we do not expect this to have any significant impact on demand. In fact, the focus on infrastructure development is expected to indirectly give a boost to demand for commercial goods carriers, while the focus on rural development is likely to push up demand for two-wheelers in the rural markets. Also, the proposal to enhance the weighted deduction on expenditure incurred on in-house research & development (R&D) from 150% to 200% is expected to encourage auto companies to invest in R&D activities. The increase in excise duty will result in passenger vehicle manufacturers passing the increased burden to consumers by way of increased vehicle prices. While this may result in postponement in purchase decisions among customers of small cars in the immediate future, we do not expect this to have any adverse impact on demand in the medium or long term. In the case of large cars, multi-utility vehicles and sports-utility vehicles, the likely price increase is not expected to have any major impact on demand for these vehicles, as unlike small cars, customers in these categories of vehicles are comparatively less price-conscious. The allocations made for road infrastructure development and defence is expected to benefit commercial vehicle demand. The exemption from basic customs duty and special additional duty for some critical parts/ sub-assemblies of electric vehicles is expected to bring down production costs for the vehicle manufacturers. The interest subvention of 2% on pre-shipment export credit is expected to benefit auto component manufacturers in the SME segment.

Textiles ÿ Interest subvention of 2% of pre-shipment export credit extended by one year for handicrafts, carpets, handlooms and SMEs. ÿ Extensive skill development programme to be launched; 3 mn persons targeted to be trained over 5 years under the programme. ÿ One time grant of Rs 2 bn to Tamil Nadu Government for installation of zero liquid discharge system at Tirupur knitwear cluster. ÿ Excise duty exemption on baby and clinical diapers, and sanitary napkins withdrawn and duty levied at 10%. ÿ Excise duty exemption on mosquito nets impregnated with insecticide withdrawn and duty levied at 4%. ÿ Excise duty exemption on umbrella panels withdrawn and duty levied at 4%.

17

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Negative
The increase in standard rate of excise duty to 10% from 8% would have an adverse impact on the textiles sector as it is expected to affect the margins of textile companies. The players’ capacity expansion and modernisation plans are also expected to be affected by the higher textile machinery prices on account of increase in excise duties. The negative impact of excise duty increase would only be marginally mitigated by the positive announcements, such as the extension of interest subvention for export credit by one year. The proposed Skills Development Programme for textiles and garments sector would provide long-term benefit to the textile industry, which has been facing shortage of skilled labour since the last few years. The installation of effluent treatment plant in Tirupur cluster would not only contribute towards greener environment, but could also provide a greater thrust to exports, by improving the global brand image of Tirupur products and by mitigating any environmental non-trade barriers levied in the international markets. Withdrawal of excise exemptions on certain technical textiles products (baby diapers, sanitary napkins, etc) would encourage indigenous production of these items as earlier the imports of these products were much cheaper (due to zero CVD) due to which players preferred importing the final product than manufacturing the same domestically.

Gems & Jewellery ÿ Customs duty raised from Rs 200 per 10 grams to Rs 300 per 10 grams on gold and platinum, and from Rs 1, 000 per kg to Rs 1,500 per kg on silver. ÿ Basic customs duty on rhodium - a precious metal used for polishing jewellery reduced from 10% to 2%. ÿ Basic customs duty on gold ore and concentrates reduced from 2% ad valorem to a specific duty of Rs 140 per 10 grams of gold content with full exemption from special additional duty. Further, the excise duty on refined gold made from such ore or concentrate reduced from 8% to a specific duty of Rs 280 per 10 grams.

Negative
Budget announcements have not met the expectations of the Indian gems and jewellery sector. Increase in customs duty on gold, platinum and silver is expected to have an adverse effect on the cost of manufacturing jewellery. Further, the hike in excise duty as part of a partial roll back of stimulus measures is also expected to make gold and silver costly. However, the reduction on basic customs duty on gold ore will encourage domestic refining capacity for gold.

18

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Services
Banking and Insurance Banking Agricultural and Rural Finance ÿ Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) would be provided with additional capital, so as to provide them with adequate capital base to support increased lending to the rural economy. ÿ For FY11, the target for agricultural credit was raised to Rs 3,750 bn from Rs 3,250 bn in the current year. ÿ The period for repayment of the loan amount under the Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme by farmers has been extended by six months, from December 31, 2009 to June 30, 2010. ÿ An additional 1% interest subvention, which was provided in the last Budget as an incentive to those farmers who repay their short-term crop loans as per schedule has been raised from 1% to 2% for FY11. Thus, the effective rate of interest for such farmers will now be 5% per annum. ÿ To give momentum to the pace of financial inclusion, an augmentation of Rs 1 bn each has been made for the Financial Inclusion Fund and the Financial Inclusion Technology Fund in National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), which shall be contributed by the Government of India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the NABARD.

Financial Inclusion ÿ Aimed at increasing the geographical spread of banks, the RBI is considering granting some additional banking licenses to private sector players. Non-Banking Financial Companies could also be considered for the licenses, if they meet the eligibility criteria of the RBI. ÿ The fund corpus for the Micro-Finance Development and Equity Fund has been doubled from Rs 2 bn to Rs 4 bn in FY11.

Interest Subvention for Exports and Low-Cost Housing ÿ Interest subvention of 2% on pre-shipment export credit that was available up to March 31, 2010, has been extended for one more year for exports including handicrafts, carpets, handlooms and small and medium enterprises. ÿ The scheme of 1% interest subvention on housing loans up to Rs 1 mn, where the cost of the house does not exceed Rs 2 mn has been extended up to March 31, 2011. Accordingly, a sum of Rs 7 bn has been provided for this scheme for FY11.

19

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Capital Support ÿ In addition to the Rs 19 bn infused as Tier-I capital in four public sector banks in FY09, an additional sum of Rs 12 bn is being infused now. It has been proposed to provide a sum of Rs165 bn to ensure that public sector banks are able to attain a minimum 8% Tier-I capital by March 31, 2011.

Insurance ÿ In view of the success of the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), its benefits were extended to all Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) beneficiaries who have worked for more than 15 days during the preceding financial year.

Positive
These Budget announcements are expected to have a positive impact on the Banking and Insurance sector. A number of measures have been announced, including extension of interest subvention schemes, which are expected to translate into a higher credit off take for banks, while ensuring affordable credit to thrust areas like microfinance, agricultural credit and export credit. Also, the Budget placed significant emphasis on financial inclusion, with measures being announced towards granting more banking licenses, strengthening the RRBs and the MicroFinance Development and Equity Fund. The announcement towards the capitalisation of public sector banks would also provide some stability to the sector.

Finance ÿ It has been decided by the Government, to set up an apex-level Financial Stability and Development Council, to monitor the macro prudential supervision of the economy, including the functioning of large financial conglomerates, and address inter-regulatory coordination issues. The Council would also focus on financial literacy and financial inclusion initiatives without interfering with the purview of the regulatory bodies. ÿ The Government has proposed to set up a Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission to make the required changes to the financial sector laws, to bring them in line with the requirements of the sector. ÿ The Direct Tax Code, along with the goods and services tax (GST) is expected to be implemented from April 1, 2011. ÿ In order to look into various technological and systemic issues in the tax administration and financial governance system, a Technology Advisory Group for Unique Projects has been proposed to be set up. ÿ Surcharge on domestic companies reduced from 10% to 7.5%.

20

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

ÿ Minimum alternate tax (MAT) raised from 15% to 18% of book profits. ÿ Excise duty raised from 8% to 10%. ÿ In order to encourage people from the unorganised sector to voluntarily save for their retirement and to lower the cost of operations of the New Pension Scheme (NPS) for such subscribers, the Government will contribute Rs 1,000 per year to each NPS account opened in FY11. This initiative will be available to persons who join NPS, with a minimum contribution of Rs 1,000 and a maximum contribution of Rs 12,000 per annum during FY11. An allocation of Rs 1 bn for FY11 has been made towards this scheme, which shall be available for three years and will be managed by the interim Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority.

Positive
Announcements have been made in the Budget which were indicative of the movement towards reforms in the financial sector, including areas like tax structure, IT infrastructure and legislative issues. The announcement of setting up of an apex-level Financial Stability and Development Council would also have a positive impact on the financial sector. Overall, the announcements made in the Budget would have a positive impact on the financial sector, particularly in the medium term.

Information Technology ÿ Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) to be increased from 15% to 18%. ÿ Refund of accumulated credit to exporters of services to be made easy with necessary changes proposed in the definition of export of services. ÿ Allocation of Rs 19 bn for Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) for FY11. ÿ The Budget 2010-11 does not mention about the extension of sunset clauses for deduction in respect of export profits under sections 10A and 10B of the Income Tax Act beyond FY11.

Negative
The Budget failed to address the critical issue of Software Technology Park of India (STPI) Act. The non-extension of the sunset clause under the STPI Act beyond FY11 will significantly increase the tax burden of IT/ITeS companies which have tax exemption under the Act till FY11. Moreover, the tax liability of many of these companies will increase during FY10 due to 3% rise in MAT. The hike in excise duty is likely to have a negative impact on the revenues of computer hardware manufacturers if they decide to pass on this hike to the end customer. The IT industry is expected to indirectly benefit from Government projects such as UIDAI, which will create an online database with biometric and identity details of Indian residents, and

21

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

computerisation of commercial taxes in states The clarity on the definition of export of services and procedures is expected to ease the process of refund available for credit to exporters, which are mainly from the IT/ITeS industry.

Hospitality and Tourism ÿ In order to give a boost to investment in the employment-intensive tourism sector, the benefit of investment-linked deduction, as against profit-linked deduction, has been extended to new hotels of two-star category and above, anywhere in India. ÿ Rs 2 bn has been provided as a Special Golden Jubilee package for Goa to preserve the natural resources of the State, including sea beaches and forest cover.

Marginally Positive
An announcement was made extending investment-linked deduction to new hotels of two-star category and above. This is expected to have a marginally positive impact on the sector, by boosting investment in the smaller hotels. This is expected to incentivise hotel projects by smaller players, and in many smaller tourist destinations. The special allocation made for preservation of natural resources for Goa would also be helpful in boosting tourism in the state in the long run.

Media & Entertainment ÿ Customs duty to be charged only on the value of the carrier medium as opposed to digital masters of films for duplication or distribution loaded on electronic medium. The same dispensation would apply to music and gaming software imported for duplication. However, in all such cases the value representing the transfer of intellectual rights would be subjected to service tax. ÿ Project import status at a concessional customs duty of 5% with full exemption from special additional duty provided on initial setting up of “Digital Head End” equipment by the multiservice operators. ÿ Accredited news agencies which fulfill certain criteria are exempted from service tax.

Positive
The customs duty on value of carrier medium as oppose to digital masters will facilitate imports of masters to India, and manufacture of (legal) CDs/DVDs within the country. Project import status at a concessional customs duty on “Digital Head End” equipment will help to give an impetus to the digitisation in the country

22

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

Telecom ÿ Exemptions from basic, CVD and special additional duties are now being extended to parts of battery chargers and hands-free headphones. Also, the validity of the exemption from special additional duty is being extended till March 31, 2011. ÿ Outright exemption from special additional duty on goods imported in a pre-packaged form for retail sale which would also cover mobile phones even when they are not imported in pre-packaged form.

Marginally Positive
Budget announcements have not met the expectations of the Indian telecom industry particularly the service providers. However, the mobile equipment manufacturers will benefit from the announcements made in the Budget 2010-11. The exemption on parts of battery chargers and hands-free headphones from basic, CVD and special additional duties will make the production of these accessories cheaper. The exemption on special additional duty will enhance cash flows for the handset importers. .

23

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

CHANGE IN CENTRAL PLAN OUTLAY
(Rs bn) Ministry of Rural Development Department of Rural Development Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministry of Power Ministry of Human Resource Development Railways Department of School Education and Literacy Ministry of Road Transport and Highways^^ Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Department of Health and Family Welfare Department of Telecommunications Ministry of Steel Ministry of Coal Department of Higher Education Ministry of Shipping^^ Department of Space Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers Department of Information Technology Department of Fertilisers Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Department of Economic Affairs Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Planning Ministry of Tribal Affairs Department of Posts 2009-10 798.79 686.60 581.20 452.70 306.81 379.16 227.29 187.65 182.83 181.50 172.03 158.28 132.52 52.25 79.52 43.50 31.72 25.00 15.35 19.72 10.24 16.43 11.15 10.79 1.09 6.20 3.50 2010-11 893.40 761.00 694.95 607.51 420.36 405.49 310.36 254.55 223.00 218.62 210.00 181.35 172.00 135.18 110.00 64.94 50.00 45.00 34.80 30.67 29.15 25.50 23.57 20.01 20.00 12.00 6.60 % Change 11.8 10.8 19.6 34.2 37.0 6.9 36.5 35.7 22.0 20.5 22.1 14.6 29.8 158.7 38.3 49.3 57.6 80.0 126.7 55.5 184.7 55.2 111.4 85.4 1,734.9 93.5 88.6

Revised Estimates Budget Estimates

^^ In Budget 2008-09 Department of Shipping was under the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways.

24

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

RECEIPTS
(Rs bn) A. REVENUE RECEIPTS 1. Tax Revenue Gross Tax Revenue Union Excise Duties Customs Corporation Tax Income Tax Service Tax Taxes of the Union Territories Other Taxes and Duties* Less NCCD transferred to the National Calamity Contingency Fund/NDRF Less States' Share Centre's Net Tax Revenue 2. Non-Tax Revenue Interest Receipts Dividend and Profits External Grants Other Non-Tax revenue Receipts of Union Territories Total Non-tax Revenue Total Revenue Receipts 192.12 519.83 30.78 368.45 10.73 1,121.91 5,772.94 192.53 513.09 20.60 745.71 9.25 1,481.18 6,822.12 6,330.95 1,020.00 844.77 2,550.76 1,249.89 580.00 16.10 69.43 31.60 7,466.51 1,320.00 1,150.00 3,013.31 1,205.66 680.00 16.51 81.03 35.60 2009-10 Revised Estimates 2010-11 Budget Estimates

1,648.32 4,651.03

2,089.97 5,340.94

25

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

RECEIPTS (Contd...)
(Rs bn) B. CAPITAL RECEIPTS** Non-debt Receipts Recoveries of Loans & Advances@ Miscellaneous Capital receipts Total Debt Receipts Market Loans Short term borrowings External Assistance (Net) Securities issued against Small Savings State Provident Funds (Net) Other Receipts (Net) Total Total Capital Receipts (A+B) Draw-Down of Cash Balance TOTAL RECEIPTS (1+2+3+4) Financing of Fiscal Deficit (2+Draw-Down of Cash Balance) Receipts under MSS (Net) @ excludes recoveries of short-term loans and advances from States and loans to Government servants, etc. 3,984.11 -39.04 165.35 132.56 85.00 -131.76 4,196.22 4,498.34 -55.81 10,215.46 4,140.41 -860.36 18.95 3,450.10 … 224.64 132.56 70.00 -63.22 3,814.08 4,265.37 … 11,087.49 3,814.08 472.63 14.95 42.54 259.58 302.12 51.29 400.00 451.29 2009-10 Revised Estimates 2010-11 Budget Estimates

* Includes Wealth Tax, Securities Transaction Tax and Banking Cash Transaction Tax in RE 2009-10; and Wealth Tax and Securities Transaction Tax in BE 2010-11. ** The receipts are net of repayments.

26

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

EXPENDITURE
(Rs bn) 1. NON-PLAN EXPENDITURE 1 A. Revenue Expenditure 1 Interest Payments and Prepayment Premium 2 Defence Services 3 Subsidies 4 Grants to State and U.T.# Governments 5 Pensions 6 Police 7 Assistance to States from National Calamity Contingecy Fund (NCCF)/NDRF 8 Economic Services (Agriculture, Industry, Power, Transport, Communications, Science & Technology, etc.) 9 Other General Services (Organs of State, tax collection, external affairs, etc.) 10 Social Services (Education, Health, Broadcasting, etc.) 11 Postal Deficit 12 Expenditure of U.T. without Legislature 13 Amount met from NCCF/NDRF 14 Grants to Foreign Govts. Total Revenue Non-Plan Expenditure 1 B. Capital Expenditure 1 Defence Services 2 Other Non-Plan Capital Outlay 3 Loans to Public Enterprises 4 Loans to State and U.T. Governments 5 Loans to Foreign Governments 6 Others Total Capital Non-Plan Expenditure Total Non-Plan Expenditure Note: Issue of Special Securities in lieu of Subsidies (i) Oil Marketing Companies (ii) Fertilizer Companies 103.06 ... ... ... 478.24 153.38 6.37 0.88 1.28 4.12 644.27 7,063.71 600.00 310.51 5.39 0.89 ... 3.79 920.58 7,356.57 2,195.00 884.40 1,310.25 466.10 422.32 245.90 31.60 247.94 193.09 351.46 54.63 32.66 -31.6 15.69 6,419.44 2,486.64 873.44 1,162.24 460.01 428.40 221.54 35.60 249.28 174.87 294.83 35.96 31.90 -35.6 16.88 6,435.99 2009-10 Revised Estimates 2010-11 Budget Estimates

27

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

EXPENDITURE (Contd...)
(Rs bn) 2. PLAN EXPENDITURE 2 A. Revenue Expenditure 1 Central Plan 2 Central Assistance for States & Union Territory Plans State Plan Union Territory Plan Total Revenue Plan Expenditure 2 B. Capital Expenditure 1 Central Plan 2 Central Assistance for State & Union Territory Plans State Plan Union Territory Plan Total Capital Plan Expenditure Total-Plan Expenditure Total Budget Support for Central Plan Total Central Assistance for State & U.T. Plans TOTAL EXPENDITURE* DEBT SERVICING 1 Repayment of Debt** 2 Total Interest Payments 3 Total Debt Servicing (1+2) 4 Revenue Receipts 5 Pecentage of 2 to 4 951.81 2,195.00 3,146.81 5,772.94 38.00% 1,372.76 2,486.64 3,859.40 6,822.12 36.40% 413.26 94.39 79.04 15.35 507.65 3,151.76 2,291.64 860.12 10,215.47 497.19 82.48 72.41 10.07 579.67 3,730.92 2,806.00 924.92 11,087.49 1,878.38 765.73 727.06 38.67 2,644.11 2,308.81 842.44 816.83 25.61 3,151.25 2009-10 Revised Estimates 2010-11 Budget Estimates

# U. T. implies Union Territories * Excludes expenditure matched by receipts (Details in Annex-2 to Expenditure Budget, Volume-1, 2010-2011) ** For 2009-10 (BE), the figure excludes discharge of 91 days, 182 days & 14 days intermediate Treasury bills, discharge of Ways & Means Advances including overdraft, income and expenditure of National Small Savings Fund (NSSF), investments of NSSF, Reserve Funds and Deposits not bearing interest and suspense transactions. For 200809 (Actuals), 2009-10 (RE) and 2010-11 (BE), the figures exclude the above items and also the discharge of all other short term loans and other Public Account disbursements.

28

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORS (Absolute Values)
2007-08 Gross Domestic Product at factor cost (Rs bn) At current prices At 2004-05 prices Output Foodgrains (mn tonnes) Electricity generation (utilities only) (bn kWh)* Prices Wholesale Price Index (All commodities) e CPI-IW (Average) f External Sector (US$ mn) Imports Exports Current Account Balance Foreign Direct Investment (net) Monetary and Finance Money Supply (M3) (Rs bn) Foreign Currency Assets (US$ mn)** Exchange rate (Rs/US$) (Average) 40,178.8 299,230 40.3 47,640.2 241,426 46.0 53,394.1 i 254,696 # 47.9 f 251,654.0 163,132.0 -15,737.0 15,893.0 303,696.0 185,295.0 -28,728.0 17,498.0
PE

2008-09

2009-10

45,409.9 38,934.6

52,286.5 QE 41,549.7 QE

57,912.7 AE 44,530.6 AE

230.8 704.5

233.9 a 723.8

216.9 d 572.5 c

215.8 133.0

233.9 145.0

240.8^ 160.1 b

193,829.0 c 117,587.0 c -18,618.0 h 14,142.0 h

Footnotes QE: Quick Estimates; AE: Advance Estimates; PE: Provisional Estimates; a: 4th Advance Estimates as on July 21, 2009; b: Average Apr09-Dec09; c: Apr09-Dec09; d: Second Advance Estimate ; f: Exchange rate for 2009-10 (Apr09-Dec09); ^: average for Apr09-Jan10; h: Apr09-Sep09 * Excludes generation from captive and non-conventional power plants and thermal power plants below 20 MW units and hydro power plants below 2 MW e: annual average with base 1993-94 = 100; f-index with base 2001 = 100; i: As on January 29, 2010 **: FCA excludes US$ 250.00 mn (as also its equivalent value in Indian Rupee) invested in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC (UK) since March 20, 2009 #: As on February 12, 2010 and Excludes Rs.1161.50 crore /US$ 250 mn invested in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC (UK) Source: RBI, CSO, Commerce Ministry, Economic Survey, 2009-10

29

UNION BUDGET 2010-11: Impact Analysis

KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORS (Percentage Change Over Previous Year)
(%) Gross Domestic Product at factor cost At current prices At 2004-05 prices Sectoral Growth Rates at Constant (2004-05) prices Agriculture & allied Industry Services Prices Wholesale Price Index (All Commodities) e CPI-IW (Average) f External Sector Imports Exports Foreign Direct Investment (net) Monetary and Finance Money Supply (M3) Foreign Currency Assets Exchange rate (Rs/US$) (Average) n Footnotes QE: Quick Estimates; ^: average for Apr09-Jan10; AE: Advance Estimates; PE: Provisional Estimates b: Average Apr09-Dec09; c: Apr09-Dec09; f: Exchange rate for 2009-10 (Apr-Dec 09); h: Apr09-Sep09; i: As on January 29, 2010; n: Percent change indicates the rate of appreciation (+)/depreciation (-) of the Rupee via-a-vis the US Dollar; e-Index with base 1993-94 = 100; f-index with base 2001 = 100; #: As on February 12, 2010 and Excludes Rs.1161.50 crore /US$ 250 mn invested in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC (UK) Source: RBI, CSO, Commerce Ministry, Economic Survey, 2009-10 21.4 55.9 -11.0 18.6 -19.3 14.1 17.2 i 6.1# 4.2 f 35.5 29.0 106.6 20.7 13.6 10.1 PE -23.6 c -20.3 c 2.0 h 4.7 6.4 8.4 9.1 2.4^ 11.4 b 4.7 9.5 10.5 1.6 3.9 9.8 -0.2 8.2 8.7 15.2 9.2 15.1 QE 6.7 QE 10.8 AE 7.2 AE 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Risk Management

...student union DeVry University / Keller Graduate School of Management PROJ-595-63126: Project Risk Management March 25th, 2016 Professor:  Dr. Jayaram Madireddy Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Risk Managment 4 3. RISK ACCESSMENT…….……………………………………………………..10 4. Conclusion 12 5. References 13 1. Introduction “This project is to introduce a new construction facility to house a state-of-the-art student union for MSOE, focusing on sustainability, green technologies, and renewable energy”. The Campus Center, or “CC” at Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE) is currently home to the student bookstore, administrative offices, a small café, a variety of classrooms for different disciplines, and a third-floor lounge area for students to gather to study or relax (Milwaukee School of Engineering, 2016). This aging building has served MSOE well for many years, but the growing school requires a proper student union to remain competitive with other top ranked schools in the Midwest. This project will provide a new construction facility to house a state-of-the-art student union for MSOE, focusing on sustainability, green technologies, and renewable energy sources to showcase the commitment of MSOE to the future health and well being of the Milwaukee area. 2. Risk Management Planning When analyzing the risks that takes place during the project planning phase. what is sometimes dificult to access is how the risk analysis should...

Words: 1718 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Ashley Furniture Risk Management Plan

...PROJ 595 | Table of Contents Introduction 2 Scope 2 Risk Identification 3 Negative Risk Analysis 4 Positive Risk Analysis 10 Decision and Fault Tree Introduction 17 Decision Tree 18 Decision Tree Discussion 18 Fault Tree 19 Fault Tree Discussion 20 Conclusion 20 Works Cited 22 Introduction I will be conducting a risk management plan for the construction of a large scale Ashley furniture store. This plan will identify both positive and negative risks, and will include their probability, impact, risk ranking number and color code and proactive ad reactive response plans. The process of how these risks were identified will be discussed as well as how they were ranked. With any large scale commercial project comes many risks. There can also be multiple strategies to mitigate or avoid certain risks for example and these plans will also be discussed in individual detail. Scope The project will consist of the construction of a 100k sq. ft. facility to house a new Ashley Furniture Store. The facility will be laid out into the following departments; master bedrooms, kids bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, entertainment rooms, kitchens, bedding, and foyer with a designated amount of space for each. Each section will have up to five ceiling lights and five receptacles. Two male, two female and two handicap restrooms will be located in the rear western corner, the front door will face south, and the storage area will be adjacent to...

Words: 6546 - Pages: 27

Premium Essay

Two Wheeler Regulations

...FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AND TRADE No change in custom duty, excise duty reduced and EXIM policy modified Custom duty on two-wheelers has remained unchanged at 10.3 per cent from last few years. However, in the recent Interim Union Budget 2014-15, excise duty on twowheelers was reduced by 4 per cent from 12 per cent in 2013-14 to 8 per cent. Also, CKD definition changed in the Union Budget 2012-13 continued to affect only premium bike category which are priced above Rs 1 lakh. Various measures has been taken under new EXIM policy to in order to promote exports. Investment policy The Auto Policy (formulated in 2002) allows 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in the automobile industry through the automatic approval route. (The policy is in line with the commitments made by India to the WTO). Minimum capitalisation requirements have been abolished, in line with India's commitments to the World Trade Organisation (WTO). International companies can invest in India either by picking up a 100 per cent equity stake or by acquiring a share jointly with a domestic company, in the auto and auto ancillary segments. The policy aims to promote a globallycompetitive auto industry in India and develop the country as an international centre for sourcing auto components for manufacturing small cars, tractors and two-wheelers. Removal of quantitative restrictions In order to comply with the WTO agreement, quantitative restrictions on the import of new and used two-wheelers have been...

Words: 1544 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Dfhdfh

...Ryanair Strategic Analysis And Recommendations For The Future Ryanair is the first budget airline in Europe. Based on the case study of Ryanair by Eleanor O’Higgins, a role of a management consultant is assumed to conduct a strategic analysis on the company. The report consists of the initial Environment Analysis conducted on Ryanair prior to the detailed strategic analysis that will be conducted in the future in order to provide the company with strategic recommendations for the future. The Environmental Analysis conducted consists of both an extensive analysis on the external environment and the internal environment. The external environment analysis is conducted in order to identify the nature of the environment Ryanair operates in and its impact on the strategic situation of the company. Through PESTEL, External factor and Industry analysis conducted, rejection of Aerlingus offer and rules and regulations imposed by governments etc. are recognized as the critical external environmental factor affecting Ryanair’s strategy. An analysis of the internal environment through Value Chain model and SWOT analysis reveals the key issues hindering the strategic success of the firm; poor customer service and human resource problems. While this initial environmental analysis is used to assist the strategic analysis that is to be conducted on Ryanair, the importance of taking necessary actions regarding the critical issues is highlighted, CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CONTENT 2 1INTRODUCTION...

Words: 2334 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Rohit Kumar

...Union Budget 2014-15 10th July, 2014 Union Budget 2014-15 Budget 2014-15 Holistic Plan of Action In comparison to the less than ordinary and unimaginative budgetary proposals of yester years, Modi’s maiden budget comes as a welcome change from the norm. The proposals and reforms suggested in the Union Budget 2014-15 are ground breaking, specific with a good measure of thought & common sense and vastly catered for holistic growth of the economy. The challenging circumstances of a slowing economy, soaring energy prices, inflation, fiscal and current account deficits do not provide adequate leeway to maneuver and hit the path of high growth. Yet the Budget provides a comprehensive plan and directional footprint towards overcoming these hurdles to sustainable growth of 7-8% over the next few years along with providing macro economic stability, lowered inflation, realistic fiscal health targeting and a manageable current account deficit. Country is in no mood to suffer unemployment & apathetic governance 10th July, 2014 Union Budget 2014-15 Budget 2014-15 Holistic Plan of Action The Finance Minister while presenting the budget takes cognizance of the fact that decisive action to fuel growth without populism is the need of the hour. And that resources for developmental expenditure cannot be raised at the cost of burdening the future generations with the legacy of debt. He goes on to emphasize the need to mobilize resources through both tax and non-tax...

Words: 6597 - Pages: 27

Premium Essay

Analysis of European Airline Industry

...AN ANALYSIS OF BUDGET AIRLINE- ‘RYANAIR’ Module Name: Management and Strategy (MBA INTERNATIONAL) Module Reader: Claire Devlin Student Name: Varghese Jacob Student Number: 8202730 Date: 16/03/2007 Introduction Air line Industry can be called as one of the biggest industry in the world. In that huge industry European Airline industries part is very high. European Airline industry consists of two sectors mainly Main stream and Budget Airlines. The budget airline sector is becoming a great threat to the main stream airlines in these days. Among the Budget Sector Airlines Ryanair is the most established one. Here the essay is mainly dealing with the reviewing of the management strategy of the budget airline giant RYANAIR. Essay includes not only the management strategies but also the main problems that Ryanair have to face in their entire business period. And also includes the analyses of European Airline Industry in relation to Ryanair. ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AIRLINE INDUSTRY European Airline industry can be called as the world’s biggest airline industry. Europe’s main stream airlines industry includes British airways, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines and BMI. Before the establishment of the budget airlines they were the kings of European airline industry. The Budget Airline or the Low frae airline includes Easyjet, Virgin Express, Aer Lingus, bimbay My TravelLite and last but not the least Ryanair. Among these...

Words: 3709 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

Fiscal Administration in Law Enforcement

...apparent that there is not enough money available to fund necessary programs, and the funding is not forthcoming, local governments have been forced to reexamine themselves to find new ways to provide the essential services that they are obligated to provide. In the age of budget cuts that we live in today, performance management is being used more and more to help organizations effectively meet their objectives in an economically responsible manner. 1.) The impact of a recession on a law enforcement agency’s ability to plan a budget Parlow, Matthew J., "The Great Recession and Its Implications for Community Policing" (2012). Faculty Publications. Paper 607. http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/facpub/607 When the economy was flourishing, local governments were able to pay for services to any jurisdiction. The Great Recession has forced localities to think critically about whether they can sustain these practices given budget cuts. Sweeping reductions put law enforcement on pace for its first job decline in 25 years. The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the next five to 10 years, or worse, permanently. The days when local governments allocating up to 50% of their budgets for public safety are no longer a fiscal possibility in this economic climate. Law enforcement agencies are freezing new hires, cancelling recruit training classes, forcing officers to take unpaid days off, reducing their salaries as much as...

Words: 2763 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Understanding Eu Fiscal Compact

...The Fiscal Compact: A Pillar of Understanding: In this project we will look at the Fiscal Compact Treaty which came into effect on the 1st of January 2013. Firstly, we will briefly outline the various factors that led to the signing of the Treaty. Following this we will assess the rules established under the Treaty and how the Treaty will impact future fiscal policy. Furthermore, we will compare and contrast which method of ratification, public referendum or a vote in parliament is more suitable for Ireland when it comes to deciding on EU matters, such as the Fiscal Compact. In addition to that we will interview a person who has strong convictions regarding the Fiscal Compact. To conclude, we will present our opinions and recommendations based upon our research and findings. We will seek to predict whether the Treaty will solve the Eurozone Crisis or plunge the EMU into greater financial instability. Background and Contributing Factors A number of factors contributed to the signing of the Fiscal Compact Treaty on 2 March 2012 (European Council, 2013). Although the Eurozone crisis was the main driving force behind the signing of the Fiscal Compact, a number of flaws existed before the collapse of the Eurozone (McArdle, 2012). McArdle (2012) notes that a major drawback was the fact that the Eurozone didn’t have a common fiscal policy. A “Stability and Growth Pact” (SGP) was passed and came into effect on the 1st January 1999 and made a number of key structural changes (McArdle...

Words: 4798 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Kelsey Budget Report

...Kelsey Budget Report September 24, 2012 Kelsey Budget Report Kelsey is located in the Northwest valley and has a population of over 600,000 residents. Kelsey’s budget plays an important role in the City of Kelsey Government. Kelsey has an extensive budget and financial report because of the size of the city and the number of residents that live in the city. Recently the mayor of Kelsey has put in a request to Kerry, the budget director. The request asks that the budget director needs to revamp the City of Kelsey budget for the upcoming year. Because of an increase in population in the City of Kelsey, statistics show an increase in crime in the City of Kelsey that is above the norm. This brings about a need for more police officers (University of Phoenix, 2011). Another issue is the recent reduction in federal pass-through funds, which will have a negative impact the budget for the City of Kelsey. At the federal level, a budget reform has put pressure on the City of Kelsey and other policing agencies to implement the use of federal funds within the allotted period. The mayor of Kelsey does not believe that state aid is an option for the City of Kelsey to make up the budget deficit, and increasing taxes does not appear to be an option because the state and local government does not want to increase taxes as this time. A final issue is a local club; the Sierra Club does not want more police officers and instead wants the City of Kelsey and the state to build more...

Words: 1494 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Common Agricultural Policy and the Uk

...The economic impact of EU membership on the UK This note examines the various channels through which membership of the EU affects the UK economy. A general sense of the EU’s economic impact can be gained by reading Section 1 alone. Subsequent sections deal with particular issues, such as the EU’s effect on UK trade relations, in more detail, and compare the UK’s situation with alternative arrangements. Contents 1 Introduction and summary 2 2 Cost-benefit analyses of EU membership 5 3 The effect of the EU on UK trade relations 6 4 Impact of immigration from the EU 16 5 The impact of EU regulation 20 6 Fiscal consequences of EU membership – the EU budget 23 7 The EU’s effect on consumer prices 28 8 Foreign direct investment (FDI) 30 Appendix table: a comparison of the EU with alternative trading arrangements 32 Boxes Would independence over trade policy lead to better results? 15 The EU budget – winners and losers 27 Trade barriers and economic efficiency 29 Related Library briefings Leaving the EU, Research Paper RP13/42 In brief: UK-EU economic relations, Standard Note SN6091 Norway’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6522 Switzerland’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6090 The UK and Europe: time for a new relationship?, Standard Note SN6393 1 Introduction and summary 1.1 Understanding the economic impact of EU membership EU membership...

Words: 14699 - Pages: 59

Free Essay

Assignment 1300

...Introduction Over the last 12 months, the excessive sovereign debt problems in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain which all are members of European Union led to a crisis in the global financial system. As the European Monetary Union members use the Euro as the common currency, they do not have abilities to use independent monetary policy, the solution of this debt crisis which can influence the whole global financial system becomes to difficult to be found. Chart 1: How country debts and budget deficits compare [pic] Source: Eurostat Newsrelease Euroindicators 2010 According to the Chart 1 above, the debt of Italy is 115.8% of GDP and Greece (115.1% of GDP) is closely followed, while Ireland has the highest budget deficit of 14.3% of GDP and next is Greece (13.6% of GDP). However, the European Union member states were required to have 3% for the ratio of the actual government deficit to GDP as market prices and 60% for the ratio of government debt to GDP at market prices (Treaty on European Union, 1992). It is clear that all member states shown above broke the standard of Treaty on European Union and have excessive deficit and debt relate to the GDP. Government debt is defined as the government borrowing in order to satisfy the short-term liquidity needs or the longer-term budget capital expenditures (Edirisuriya, 2010). The government debt usually can be caused as an accumulated governmental deficit over several years or several decades. A large scale of...

Words: 2023 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Stategic Audit Outline

...I. Current Situation a. Current Performance i. How did the corporation perform the past year overall in terms of ROI, market share, and profitability? b. Strategic Posture What are the corporation’s current mission, objectives, strategies and policies? i. Are they clearly stated, or are they merely implied from performance? ii. Mission: What business is the corporation in? Why? iii. Objectives: What are the corporate, business, and functional objectives? Are they consistent with each other, with the mission, and with the internal and external environment? iv. Strategies: What strategy or mix of strategies is the corporation following? Are they consistent with each other, with the mission and objectives, and with the internal and external environments? v. Policies: What are the corporation’s policies? Are they consistent with each other, with the mission, objectives, and strategies, and with the internal and external environment? vi. Do the current mission, objectives, strategies, and policies reflect the corporation’s international operations, whether global or multi-domestic? II. Corporate Governance a. Board of Directors i. Who is on the board? Are they internal or external members? ii. Do they own significant of stock? iii. Is the stock privately held or publicly traded? Are there different classes of stock with different voting rights? iv. What do the board members contribute to the corporation in terms of knowledge, skills background, and connections?...

Words: 2745 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Proj 595 Course Project Part Ii

...Cover Page Course Project Part II Military Retirement Ceremony Keller Graduate School of Management PROJ 595 – Project Risk Management Phillip Thatcher October 24, 2014 Edward Yerington TABLE OF CONTENTS Project Risks for Planning a Military Retirement Ceremony Course Project Part I ………………………………………………………………………………………….3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Decision Tree Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Discussion of Decision Tree…………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 Fault Tree……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13 Discussion of Fault Tree………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 Works cited…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 Introduction The Project Manager or the Commanding Officer of this project is responsible for the implementation of the Project Risk Management Plan. A formal detailed plan is required for these large complex and high-risk projects. These projects require a specified treatment plan to monitor and control risk. However, for smaller less complicated projects the risk plan is usually combined into the daily operations of the project tasks. In which I will assign to the appropriate sections. Such was the case for the planning a Military Retirement Ceremony. This report will discuss how risk were identified, prioritized and monitored for the project of planning...

Words: 5799 - Pages: 24

Premium Essay

Evaluation of Planning in Union Assurance Plc

...Individual Assignment Evaluation of the Planning function of Union Assurance PLC MBA 12/3103 P. Rajan Group B Course : MBA 501: Managing Organisations Instructor : Dr. A. Dharmasiri Term : January - March 2012 Postgraduate Institute of Management University of Sri Jayewardenepura Declaration I am fully aware of the content under plagiarism stated in Chapter VII of the PIM Student’s Handbook, and I hereby declare and affirm that I have strictly observed the law relating to intellectual property, copyright and plagiarism in this exercise. Pratap Rajan Name Signature Date INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to document and critically evaluate the planning function of an organisation and to recommend improvements in the process. The organisation selected for the purpose of this assignment is Union Assurance PLC. Union Assurance PLC is a composite insurance company transacting both General and Life Insurance business and is currently the fourth largest insurer in Sri Lanka in terms Gross Written Premium. Union Assurance PLC (UA) is a subsidiary of John Keells Holdings PLC (JKH), one of the largest conglomerates in Sri Lanka. THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK OF UA The Vision and Mission statements of UA are as follows: Vision: To be the most sought after provider of insurance solutions Mission: To provide protection, financial security and create...

Words: 3906 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

International Finance

...Introduction To understand into the trend of European currency change nowadays, the origins of the Euro (€) had been studied. From the background of Euro, initial idea for the creation of Euro can be trace back to 1979 when European Union (EU) set up European monetary system (EMS). Due to the successful of EMS, the European Union decided to form the Economy and Monetary Union (EMU) to create Euro in December 1991.The main advantages and disadvantages of a single currency for the countries and the zone had been analysis with the macroeconomics knowledge that has learnt from this course. The advantages mainly help to eliminate the floating exchange rate, transaction cost and price transparency, whereas the disadvantages include loss of sovereignty, cost of Euro and budget position. Thus, the significant influences of Euro dollar from birth to now, it can be known that Euro currency is defined under flexible exchange rate system. With flexible exchange rate, the currency can be effort between the capital movements, tax and subsidize international trade and therefore the currency from overseas will influenced the demand. 2. Analysis 1. History of Euro In January of 1999, single currency, Euro has been introduced by members of European Union. It has been approved by Maastricht Treaty and used by its members currently who called as Eurozone. Those members consists of 16 members which are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg...

Words: 2771 - Pages: 12