...Birmingham Urban Paper Rural-Urban Social Welfare & Social Work Abstract Introduction Uneven development has long been the preeminent feature of urban and metropolitan growth in the United States. In recent years, the word “spawl” has crept into the vocabulary of scholars, public officals, and community organization leaders who are wrestling with diverse challenges posed by urban life (Galster et al. 2000). Suburban sprawl has been the dominant form of metropolitan- area growth in the United States for the past 50 years”(Downs 1998). Sprawl can be defined as a pattern of urban and metropolitian growth that reflects low density, automobile-dependent, new development on the fringe of settled areas often surrounding a deteriorating city. Among the traits of metropolitan growth frequently associated with sprawl are unlimited outward extension of development; low-density housing and commercial development; leapfrog development, "edge cities," and more recently "edgeless cities"; fragmentation of land use planning among multiple municipalities; reliance on private automobiles for transportation; segregation of types of land use; race and class-based exclusionary housing and employment; congestion and environmental damage; and a declining sense of community among area residents (Downs 1999; Garreau 1991; Katz and Bradley 1999; Lang 2000; Rusk 1999). However, these spatial patterns of development are rooted in a context of...
Words: 811 - Pages: 4
...Professor in Sustainable Cities at the Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy at Murdoch University in Perth. He is best known for his international comparison of cities around the theme of automobile dependence. He has published extensively in the transport and planning fields for 26 years and is co-author with Peter Newman of Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence (1999) and The Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport (2001) with Felix Laube. Address: Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150; e-mail: J.Kenworthy@murdoch. edu.au A B S T R A C T Making existing cities and new urban development more ecologically based and liveable is an urgent priority in the global push for sustainability. This paper discusses ten critical responses to this issue and summarizes them in...
Words: 11633 - Pages: 47
...2006). Consequent to these reforms phenomenon, key cities in India are in the midst of restructuring space, in terms of both use and form. The Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) policies of the government of India and opening up of FDI in real estate sector have brought a big boom in the development of large scale private townships variously known as Integrated, NRI or High-Tech townships. These kind of townships are coming up on the peripheral areas of large cities like Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Gurgaon, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Bangalore occupying areas up to 1000 acres and beyond. Rapid urban growth, marked by the number of million-plus cities increasing from 23 in 1991 to 35 in 2001, has led to the problems of urban sprawl, unregulated ribbon development, increasing problems of inadequate urban infrastructure and deteriorating quality of urban livability. The lack of planning that characterizes most suburban growth has resulted in higher transportation costs in terms of money, time and inconvenience for suburban residents, in higher public sector costs, in undesirable land use patterns and in the inadequate supply...
Words: 7489 - Pages: 30
...Suburbia Spatial Development I. Context of Beijing i. Urban Form ii. Work-House Relocation iii. Commuting Patterns and Transport Development II. Context of Philadelphia i. Urban Form ii. Work-House Relocation iii. Commuting Patterns and Transport Development Public Transportation Strategies I. Beijing Subway i. Historical Background ii. Governance and Investment II. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Regional Rail i. Historical Background ii. Governance and Investment Transit and Commuting i. Yanjiao: Excess commute ii. King of Prussia: Reverse Commute Discussion and Conclusion Appendix: Images Bibliography Introduction In recent decades, one of the main arguments in relation to increasing transport demand and changing commuting pattern has focused on urban growth. Many existing studies have found strong evidence between land development and travel behaviors. Global urban sprawl has been accompanied by changes in individuals’ housing and employment locations, which in turn brings changes in commuting time, distance and destination. However, there are relatively few studies that explore the role of public transportation in this linkage. Revealing the form and function of public transit can explain existing transport commuting dilemma and argue for long-term management strategies. This paper therefore focuses on the role of public transportation in spatial development-travel...
Words: 7251 - Pages: 30
...With the population increasing at a rapid pace, more and more people favor to live in urbanized area. The result of the urban population explosion means that there is a need to change the physical dimension or space in cities, in order to cope with such a large amount of people. Cities will be dramatically restricted with the aid of science fiction and technology. This paper investigates how Ecumenopolis, the science fiction concept of city layout could be implanted or influence the future of cities, followed by how technology such as: transportation and telecommunication, could help satisfy social needs, which may again reshape the structure of cities in the future, finally by using examples from science fiction theme movies and novels to illustrate how humans could reshape their future cities and whether these advanced innovations would lead to a utopian or dystopian society. The most crucial element that cities of the future would face is in relation to the increasing population. It is unavoidable that for the next few decades, global population growth will escalate intensely. According to Vidal (2012), by 2050, 7 billion of today’s population of will have increased another 2.3 billion, which is equal to a new India and China. Two thirds of the population will be living in towns and cities rather than in rural areas (Hanlon, 2007). The result of the urban population explosion means that a great change in the physical dimensions is needed in order to cope with such large amounts...
Words: 3482 - Pages: 14
... http://jtlu.org . 6 . 1 [2013] pp. 7–24 http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v1.425 Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries Robert Cervero University of California, Berkeley a e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. is is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. e cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere—accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs—are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world’s poorest countries. Abstract: Keywords: Urban transportation; land use; Developing cities; Air quality; Poverty 1 The challenges of rapid growth in developing cities e...
Words: 11398 - Pages: 46
...2012 International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Engineering (ICTTE 2012) IPCSIT vol. 26 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Private Vehicle Ownership and Transportation Planning in Malaysia Noresah Mohd Shariff + School of Distance Education Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang Malaysia Abstract. This paper analyzes current trends in private vehicle ownership in Malaysia. For the past decades private vehicle ownership has increased tremendously in this country which is partly due to the economic growth, rapid urban development, population growth and inadequate public transport availability and services. In 2010, Malaysia has a population of 28.3 million, 17.4 million private vehicle automobiles and 11.7 million registered drivers. Traditionally, income has been hypothesized as a major determinant of private vehicle ownership. However, the spatial arrangement of urban fabric has becoming more important determinant of owning a vehicle. Other determinants such as government policy, auto vehicle financing, household characteristics and travel characteristics are also important. Therefore this paper is analyzing the spatial determinants of private vehicle ownership in Malaysia with a special reference to the Penang Island. Penang Island is located on the northeastern region of Malaysia and is an industrialized and a highly developed island. Penang Island has a population of 575,498 in 2000 and 740,200 in 2010, an increase of 29 percent for the last 10 years...
Words: 2528 - Pages: 11
...FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE SCHOOL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP & MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC: URBANIZATION IN AFRICA BY: SOLOMON T. JOHNSON 2012/1/41096MT COURSE: URBAN PLANNING SUBMITTED TO: DR. DUKIYA ABSTRACT Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization. Urbanization is not a subȬ plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. URBANIZATION IN AFRICA Challenges and Opportunities: Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization...
Words: 3479 - Pages: 14
...Evaluating the Growth of Australia based on Economical, Political, and Social Changes Laura Rutherford Southern New Hampshire University Abstract For this short paper we have been asked to select a region of our choice and research current events to further discuss how economic, political, and social changes will impact growth in our selected region. I have selected Australia for this discussion. It is a region that I know very little about, but have always wanted to visit. In my discussion I will evaluate Australia’s economic, political, and social changes in order to evaluate the continent’s growth. Australia has a population of 22,507,617 as of July 2014. The population growth rate is currently 1.09% (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). Australia is comprised of six separate regions that are call states, and each state has their own capital. Australia’s economy has been quite strong over the years. They have experienced continuous growth, low unemployment, contained inflation, as well as very low public debt (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). However Australia’s economic growth has been slower than expected these past few years. Between the months of July and September 2014, Australia reported a weaker-than-expected economic growth (BBC, 2014). A major cause of this inadequate growth is due to a large drop off in mining investments. Coal and iron ore are two of Australia’s biggest exports, and decreased prices have negatively affected economic growth. Analysts...
Words: 1235 - Pages: 5
...Seminar/US-VA Government Research Paper What should the federal government do about an issue facing the United States of America today? You will be writing a research position paper that will receive grades in both your English and government classes. The paper will serve as an introduction to Model Congress. Project Objectives: • Prepare for Model Congress and complete a benchmark for English 12 POS ▪ Students will select a federal policy issue which interests them and research the policy (if it is a historical topic, think about the following: did Congress pass the legislation? Why did the policy succeed or fail? Did the president approve or veto the policy?) ▪ Each public policy topic from the list may only be selected by ONE student in each class period ▪ Students will make connections between their chosen public policy and topics studied in U.S. Government. Students must choose three of the topics below to address in their paper somehow: 1) Bipartisanship or lack thereof in Congress 2) Bureaucracies (agencies or heads of agencies) 3) Divided government or unified government 4) Federalism (lobbying efforts from states) 5) Interest groups (name specific) 6) Media (advertisements – describe) 7) Presidential leadership 8) Party discipline (or lack thereof) in Congress Requirements of the Combined Research Paper 1. Thesis Statement 2. Annotated Bibliography 3. Formal Outline 4. Final Paper (including parenthetical...
Words: 1358 - Pages: 6
...unit 1 Water cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go. Contents Description The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans. Water evaporates as vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds. Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Snowpacks can thaw and melt, and the melted water flows over land as snowmelt. Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers. Much of it soaks...
Words: 15993 - Pages: 64
...feel blinded by the intrusive outdoor lighting. One of the major cities in the world that has been affected the most by light pollution is Hong Kong, where the night skies are more than 1000 times brighter than the acceptable global levels. In order to fight the rising problem of light pollution, there is need for governments, businesses and individuals to join hands to ensure that the effects are mitigated. This paper discusses the effect of light pollution on wildlife and human beings, and provides solutions to the problem. Background Light pollution can be defined as any light that shines outdoors and has an effect on natural landscapes and/or living things (Jacobson, 2012). In modern cities, for example, lights from buildings and streets illuminate the night skies causing most stars to seem invisible. These effects can be noticed both in the urban center, as well as for several miles outside of that center. Mizon (2012) points out that when you view satellites at night, you may be able to see this kind of pollution as a glowing region around urban centres. When light creates a glow that can in any way interfere with the natural environment, we can also refer to it as light pollution. Light pollution is comprised of four components that may be overlapping, but in...
Words: 2584 - Pages: 11
...1) a) Resource used I. Exotic plant management teams II. Integrated pests management b) Number of results * Over 6,500 non-native invasive species have been documented on park lands * More than 650 invasive species have been found in marine parks c) Number of full text results Invasive species include all taxa of organisms, ranging from microscopic insects to 100 lb sheep. d) 70% of documented invasive species on park lands are invasive plant species around 5% of park lands are dominated by invasive plants. 2) Texas Today: A Sea of the Wrong Grasses “I In the ’60s when I bought this place and moved Here from Houston, we had so many quail that You didn’t even need a bird dog to find them,” Mused my 85-year-old hill country neighbour. “Then,” he Paused, his satirical glance drifting toward the mantle to A dust-covered 20-gauge double-barrelled shotgun and a Faded John Cowan Print of a quail hunt on a shin oak Mountaintop of the Texas hill country, “by the early ’80s, The quail were gone.” “Well,” I interjected in a smug biologist’s refrain, “what Changed?” “Hell, I don’t know, but just before that time everybody Planted all the maize fields to coastal (Bermuda grass), and That damn KR bluestem came in from the highway when They redid it.” “I’ll bet that’s part of it,” added the old man. What ran through agronomist Nick Diaz’s mind on a Hot, dry Gulf Coast summer day in 1939, when he first laid Eyes on the...
Words: 3126 - Pages: 13
...1.0 INTRODUCTION Dr. Quarantelli is a widely known scholar of the social science of disasters. His first involvement in the area dates back to 1949 when he participated in the first disaster field studies in the National Opinion Research Centre (NORC) team. Quarantelli is also author and/or editor of 29 books as well as author of 101 chapters in books, 114 articles and 150 other publications mostly on disaster topics. The article chosen for this assignment was published in The Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management (JCCM), in December 1996. JCCM is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers all theoretical and practical aspects relating to crisis management and published by Blackwell. 2.0 ARTICLE SUMMARY The article assumes two master trends, industrialisation and urbanisation. The author discusses the likely negative and positive affects that will emanate from these trends at some stage in the future. The first trend, industrialisation, with its ever increasing development of technology, is expanding rapidly and this article provides examples on the advances in both computer technology and bio-engineering. Governments, industry and societies have an ever increasing dependence, not only on computer technology, but the linkages to other technologies and massive networks that...
Words: 2337 - Pages: 10
...people of all income levels. In the province there are several restaurant services that occur, extending services in the people on which they are offering services for the hectic scheduled families and those people who do not want to have to work in the kitchen preparing the food. The main purpose of this study is to assess, evaluate and identify types and differences between restaurant businesses involved. From these we are prioritizing to seek information to provide for as basis in decision makings in putting up the proper business field to pursue with. For many people are urging to put up a small business like restaurants, this study will tackle first their business so that people who wish to establish a restaurant service, this paper will help them a lot from information...
Words: 3288 - Pages: 14
