...EFFECT OF BREAST CANCER ON WOMEN The diagnosis of cancer and it sequelae has a direct impact on the patient, family and community. It however has a deeper impact on women. Women are in most cases the foundation of the family unit. Therefore when a woman is diagnosed with any type of cancer, the family’s social, psychological and financial dynamics after diagnosis are forever changed. The possibility of death is moved to the forefront of their lives. Living with breast cancer (before and after treatment) is difficult. After diagnosis and before treatment, there is a cycle of fear, depression, desperation, denial and acceptance. During treatment, there is anguish over the loss of one’s body image. This is true particularly when the treatment involves chemotherapy or radiation where the individual loses (i.e. their hair, smooth skin) aspects of their personal appearance by which they once identified as being unique to themselves. In the case where the treatment is surgery (i.e. mastectomy either total or partial) the individual grieves the loss of that body part more so than the loss of the hair. In their minds hair can be re-grown, a breast cannot. As a result of this, socialization with others and intimate relationship with their spouse becomes difficult. The relationship with the children changes due to the side effects of chemotherapy which make normal activities difficult. After the course of treatment is over, the woman has to readjust to life after cancer because she realizes...
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...globally, Obesity. In every three Australians, 2 will be obese. Though this is preventable, it is currently damaging the society due to the health and financial impacts. This shocking figure is only expected to increase, unless there are immediate changes applied to the current diet and lifestyle habits of many Australians. Furthermore, as a chain affect, the risk of other diseases increases drastically. Obesity is mainly caused by poor diets, consisting of high calorie and/or over nutritious foods. High fat foods are the main contributor. People, who are obese, will have a BMI reading of 30 or...
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...Volume 2013, Article ID 173184, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173184 Review Article Uterine Fibroids: Pathogenesis and Interactions with Endometrium and Endomyometrial Junction Andrea Ciavattini,1 Jacopo Di Giuseppe,1 Piergiorgio Stortoni,1 Nina Montik,1 Stefano R. Giannubilo,1 Pietro Litta,2 Md. Soriful Islam,3 Andrea L. Tranquilli,1 Fernando M. Reis,4 and Pasquapina Ciarmela3 1 Woman’s Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Corridoni 11, 60123 Ancona, Italy Department of Gynaecological Sciences and Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy 3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais and National Institute of Hormones and Women’s Health, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2 Correspondence should be addressed to Andrea Ciavattini; ciavattini.a@libero.it Received 28 February 2013; Revised 10 June 2013; Accepted 13 August 2013 Academic Editor: Hilary Critchley Copyright © 2013 Andrea Ciavattini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids or myomas) are benign tumors of uterus and clinically apparent in a large...
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...Obesity and Cancer According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are...
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...Cancer Biology Assignment TOPIC: Cancer prevention Group Members 1. Benjamin Mbau 2. Charles Lwanga 3. Charles Mwanzia 4. Bernad Korir 5. Balovera Arquings CANCER PREVENTION * The best way to deal with cancer is by prevention. Cancer has no cure and hence prevention is the best strategy. * To prevent cancer, an individual needs to know the causes of cancer CANCER PREVENTION * The best way to deal with cancer is by prevention. Cancer has no cure and hence prevention is the best strategy. * To prevent cancer, an individual needs to know the causes of cancer CAUSES OF CANCER There are several causes of cancer; some of the causes of cancer are listed below; * Smoking * Viruses * Sun burns * Obesity * Lack of exercise * Poor diet * Use of alcohol and drugs * UV Rays CANCER PREVENTION METHODS GETTING SCREENED * Screening is one of the surest ways to prevent cancer. Be sure to take annual screening tests like the Pap test and mammogram if you are a woman, and the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test if you are a man. * Both the Pap test and PSA can detect cellular changes before they become cancerous, and the mammogram can detect breast cancer in its earliest stages. * Also people above the age of 50 should get screened for colon cancer since it is at this age that a person is most vulnerable to colon cancer. * Remember, some cancers are over 90 percent curable if detected early, so...
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...Functions of Reproductive System ❑ Procreate species ❑ Manufacture important hormones ❑ Pleasure Stages of Life ← Embryologically, males and females start out “sexually indifferent” ← Gonads, ducts and externally identical structures ← At 5 weeks gestation changes start to take place ← Puberty: reproductive organs grow to adult size and reproduction becomes possible ← Between 10 and 15 ← Influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones ← Testosterone in males ← Estrogen in females I. Male Reproductive System: Structure ← Scrotum ← Function: Protects the testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord ← Holds testes away from body ← Temperature: 1° below body temperature ← Lined with serous membrane that secrets fluid ← Testes move freely ← Penis ← Function ← Deliver sperms to female ← Urination ← Shaft ← Erectile tissues surround urethra ← Glans ← Cone-shaped structure on end of penis ← Prepuce (foreskin) ← Skin covering in uncircumcised males ← Epididymis ← Sits on top of each testis ← Receives spermatids from seminiferous tubules ← Spermatids become sperm cells ← Vas deferens ← Tube connected...
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... CLINICAL USE Used rarely to diagnose hyperor hypothyroidism Used rarely to distinguish Cushing's disease from ectopic ACTH secretion Used rarely as a diagnostic test for GH responsiveness DIAGNOSTIC USE In patients who have been treated surgically for thyroid carcinoma In patients suspected of adrenal insufficiency & congenital adrenal hyperplasia Anterior Pituitary & Hypothalamic Hormone Receptors All of these hormones act through G protein-coupled receptors except GH & prolactin, which act through JAK/STAT receptors. Growth Hormone Human Growth Hormone (hGH) • somatotropin • most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone • stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone & other tissues to synthesize & secrete insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) IGF-1 or somatomedin C IGF-2 IGFs • promote: growth of body cells protein synthesis tissue repair lipolysis elevation of blood glucose concentration Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) Somatropin • identical with the predominant native form of hGH Somatrem rhGH Somatropin injectable suspension • long-acting preparation of rhGH enclosed within microspheres • rhGH is released over about 1 month MOA • GH mediates its effects via cell surface receptors of the JAK/STAT cytokine receptor...
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...VELEZ COLLEGE F. Ramos St., Cebu City College of Nursing A CASE ANALYSIS REPORT ON PATIENT N.M.C., 47 YEARS OLD, FEMALE, DIAGNOSED WITH UTERINE LEIOMYOMA (s/p TOTAL ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY and BILATERAL SALPINGO OOPHORECTOMY), BILATERAL OVARIAN NEWGROWTHS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND HYPERTENSION Submitted By: Villavelez, Carmina Anne Z. BSN III-C Submitted to: Mrs. Miraluna Echavez, RN, MN March 2013 UTERINE LEIOMYOMA/ UTERINE FIBROIDS Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during your childbearing years. Also called fibromyomas, leiomyomas or myomas, uterine fibroids aren't associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and almost never develop into cancer. As many as 3 out of 4 women have uterine fibroids sometime during their lives, but most are unaware of them because they often cause no symptoms. Your doctor may discover fibroids incidentally during a pelvic exam or prenatal ultrasound. In general, uterine fibroids seldom require treatment. Medical therapy and surgical procedures can shrink or remove fibroids if you have discomfort or troublesome symptoms. Rarely, fibroids can require emergency treatment if they cause sudden, sharp pelvic pain or profuse menstrual bleeding. Symptoms In women who have symptoms, the most common symptoms of uterine fibroids include: * Heavy menstrual bleeding * Prolonged menstrual periods — seven days or more of menstrual bleeding * Pelvic pressure or pain *...
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...Cancer Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells. Causes, Incidence, and Risk factors Cells are the building blocks of living things. Cancer grows out of normal cells in the body. Normal cells multiply when the body needs them, and die when the body doesn't need them. Cancer appears to occur when the growth of cells in the body is out of control and cells divide too quickly. It can also occur when cells forget how to die. There are many different kinds of cancers. Cancer can develop in almost any organ or tissue, such as the lung, colon, breast, skin, bones, or nerve tissue. There are many causes of cancers, including: * Benzene and other chemicals * Drinking excess alcohol * Environmental toxins, such as certain poisonous mushrooms and a type of poison that can grow on peanut plants (aflatoxins) * Excessive sunlight exposure * Genetic problems * Obesity * Radiation * Viruses However, the cause of many cancers remains unknown. The most common cause of cancer-related death is lung cancer. Some cancers are more common in certain parts of the world. For example, in Japan, there are many cases of stomach cancer, but in the United States, this type of cancer is pretty rare. Differences in diet may play a role. Some other types of cancers include: * Brain cancer * Cervical cancer * Hodgkin's lymphoma * Kidney cancer * Leukemia * Liver cancer ...
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...Colon Cancer in Woman Janet Oleskewicz HCS 245 Introduction to Health and Disease September 17, 2012 Timothy Coleman Colon Cancer in Woman Colon cancer is not only a “man’s disease” which is a common misconception but also effects woman equally. According to NetWellness (2010), “colon cancer ranks as the third most common cause of cancer deaths in women after breast and lung cancer”. More than 25,000 woman will die this year from colon cancer, accounting for approximately 10% of all deaths from cancer (Witt, M.D, 2012). Studies and experts say, women tend to be more opposed verses men about following up on their checkups and cancer screenings. Women are generally more willing to get possible unreassuringly symptoms that could point to cancer, but not always. Younger woman are more inclined to disregard signs that could point to cancer. They seem to think that cancer is more an issue of concern for the elderly. Often this is right however young people get cancer too. “Colon cancer is a cancer within the large intestine, the bottom portion of one’s digestive system. Rectal cancer is cancer of the last several inches of the colon. Together, they are often referred to as colorectal cancers. Most cases of colon cancer begin as small benign clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps” (MayoClinic, 2011). These are mushroom shaped cancerous tumors developments in the colon, rectum and appendix (Mote, 2012). In the beginning...
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...updated: January 2010 What are fibroids? Fibroids are noncancerous tumors that grow from muscle tissue in the uterus. Fibroids, also called uterine leiomyomas or myomas, can grow on the outside of your uterine wall, within the uterine wall, or into the uterine cavity. Women can have fibroids in one or more of these locations. The growths can be as small as a pea or as large as a basketball. But they are almost always benign, no matter how large they get. If a fibroid or cluster of fibroids is particularly large or is growing on the outside of the uterine wall, it can push the uterus into an abnormal position. It can also put pressure on the bladder or intestine, causing symptoms such as frequent urination, constipation, pelvic pain, or backache. Fibroids may also cause heavy menstrual bleeding. Fibroids can interfere with fertility, and they occasionally cause complications during pregnancy. For example, if a large fibroid blocks the opening of a woman's uterus, she may have to deliver her baby by c-section. African American women are more likely than other women to get fibroids, but any woman of any race can get them. Why is it especially important for black women to know about fibroids? In the United States, African American women have the highest rates of fibroids. They're two to three times more likely to have uterine fibroids than Caucasian women. Fibroids also occur more often, develop sooner, grow larger, and are more likely to cause severe pain in black women...
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...Obesity is chronic condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fat causing excess body weight which in turn is detrimental causing health issues and ultimately a lower life expectancy. The prevalence of obesity in Australia is 20.5%: 19.1% for males and 21.8% for females. The prevalence of being overweight but not obese was 39.1%: 48.2% for males and 30.2% for females. The number of overweight and obese adults increased from 4.6 million in 1989–90 to 5.4 million in 1995, 6.6 million in 2001 and 7.4 million in 2004–05. Approximately 25% of children are overweight or obese, up from an estimated 5% in the 1960s. (ABS, 2007) (Allman, AI. 2008) In Sydney, 57 per cent of people are overweight or obese, compared to 67 per cent in other areas. This figure is relatively low in comparison to other major cities such as Perth (72 %), South Australia (61.5%) and Victoria (68%). (Markey, A. & Watson, C, 2011). When looking at the population and demographics of obesity it is seen In 2007-08, higher proportions of males aged 18 years and over were overweight or obese (63%) than were females (48%). (ABS, 2007) When comparing age groups in general, rates of overweight/obesity are higher in older age groups, although males and females in the oldest age group (75 years and over) had lower rates. Adult male overweight/obesity rates are higher than female rates across all age groups. (ABS, 2007) In 2004-05, 62% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and 58% of Aboriginal and...
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...Female * Colleague with breast cancer, gave a blood sample for gene-testing, had a mutation in the BRCA-1 gene. * Her sister had breast cancer at the age of 36. * Her father’s family has a history of breast cancer. Step III – IV - Problem Sentence * * Mrs. K, a 42-year-old woman, is worried about a possibility of having breast cancer due to her family history. Step V - Learning Objectives * What is breast cancer? * Age of occurance. * Causes and symptoms. * How can you treat cancer? * Is it important to do a genetic test? STEP VI/VII – Individual Research & Report Breast cancer is cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. There are two main types of breast cancer: * Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. Most breast cancers are of this type. * Lobular carcinoma starts in the parts of the breast, called lobules, which produce milk. In rare cases, breast cancer can start in other areas of the breast. Breast cancer can be invasive or noninvasive. Invasive means it has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast. Noninvasive means it has not yet invaded other breast tissue. Noninvasive breast cancer is called "in situ." * Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or intraductal carcinoma, is breast cancer in the lining of the milk ducts that has not yet invaded nearby tissues. It may progress to invasive cancer if untreated. * Lobular carcinoma...
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...options: | multiple lesions may become so extensive as to occlude the vaginal opening | | primary stage includes appearance of a lesion called a chancre | | leading cause of PID and thus a major cause of infertility | | infants born to affected mothers are at risk of blindness | | extremely painful, recurring viral infection characterized by multiple blisterlike lesions | | highly contagious STD caused by bacteria, commonly called 'clap' | | | 1. | genital herpes | 2. | gonorrhea | 3. | syphilis | 4. | chlamydia | 5. | genital warts | | Question 3 (1 point) Most mental disorder symptoms present early in the disease Question 3 options: | True | | False | Question 4 (1 point) This disorder is characterized by a distorted body image and is frequently attributed to a feeling of loss of control over their life. Question 4 options: | Anorexia Nervosa | | obesity | | bulimia | | anxiety | Question 5 (1 point) This eating disorder can be difficult to diagnose because the patient does not appear to have any obvious physical signs throughout most of the course of the disease Question 5 options: | Anorexia Nervosa | | bulimia | | obesity | | all of the above | Question 6 (4 points) Match the following substance-abuse terminology with the correct definitions Question 6 options: | physical and/or pychological effects experienced while not...
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...Diego also has multiple public services, excellent public schools, state of the art hospitals and clinics, and public transportation which include trains and trolleys (Community Services, n.d.). Sam Diegans can go to a museum, an opera, and attend an NFL game all in the same day. San Diego is an amazing place to live and has a lot to offer its citizens, but steps need to be taken to identify and evaluate disease in the community in order to promote optimal health and ensure the well-being of all San Diegans. Epidemiology is the study of disease in the community and then evaluating the reasons why the disease or condition happened. Evaluating the risks and safeguarding factors of a disease or condition helps identify the driving forces behind health abnormalities ("Epidemiology Program," n.d.). San Diego has many health needs and is at risks for high mortality and morbidity. Malignant neoplasms are the leading cause of death followed by heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease (Leading Causes of Death Among San...
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