...Vaccinations: The Greatest Health Development of Modern History Dr. Carl Sagan, a renowned Cornell-educated academic and astronomer, once stated that “Advances in medicine and agriculture have saved vastly more lives than have been lost in all the wars in history” (Sagan 15). Of all the advances in medicine throughout history, nothing is more beneficial and effective in the mission to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, than the vaccine. Diseases previously common to man, such as smallpox, polio, and whooping cough, are now prevented by this miracle of medicine, resulting in countless of human lives being saved. Despite controversial and considerable opposition from numerous anti-vaccine movements, vaccines are widely accepted to be...
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...Smallpox and Vaccination Images are a significant tool in the history because it elucidates feelings, behavior and new tendencies in society (Leggat 1995). In the history of vaccines, it is not different; there are many pictures that explain reality in different societies at different times. From this context, this essay will analyze two pictures that link smallpox early attempts of treatment in two different societies. The first selected picture was found in AIDS: The Burdens of History a book wrote by Fee and Fox in 1988. The image explains the early vaccination technique called “Jennerian vaccine” that was a prodigious improvement in the history of medicine. I believe that this picture was intentionally made to show how the vaccination...
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...you would want to remove it from the herd or the rest of the animals. A virus can spread by touch, coughing, or sneezing. So we as the caretakers must vaccinate our livestock to prevent any disease or virus. Animals receive vaccines for the same reason that humans do: to prevent diseases. Vaccinating animals reduces animal suffering, reduces the transmission of microorganisms in the animal population, and is often more affordable than paying for the treatment of sick animals. Pets receive vaccines for infectious diseases such as rabies, parvovirus, distemper, and hepatitis. Livestock animals like turkeys, chickens, cattle and pigs are vaccinated to protect against diseases like rotavirus, E. coli, pink eye, and brucellosis. Vaccinations keep individual animals, flocks and herds, and people healthy....
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...Do Childhood Vaccinations Cause Autism? Jennifer Jones XBCOM / 275 August 24, 2014 Kristine Dunn Do Childhood Vaccinations Cause Autism? The idea that autism is caused by childhood vaccinations has been influencing public policy, even though rigorous studies do not support this hypothesis. Legislators are right to take into account the concerns of parent groups and other individuals who are directly affected by autism, but policy decisions should be based on hard evidence rather than unproven ideas. The hypothesis is based on the observation that the number of autism cases increased in the years of the 1980s, coinciding with a push for greater childhood vaccinations, which increased above recommended levels of a child’s exposure to mercury in the vaccine preservative, called thimerosal. The autism diagnosis continued to rise even after thimerosal was removed from the United States childhood vaccines in the year of 2001. A review by the Institute of Medicine, of over 200 studies concluded that there were no links between vaccines containing thimerosal and autism. Autism is no more common among vaccinated children than those children who are unvaccinated, and its incidence has not varied with the presence of thimerosal in vaccines across different times and locations. These findings have not persuaded supporters of the mercury autism link, whose strategies have become more extreme as the evidence against the hypothesis have mounted. Mercury is a known neurotoxin,...
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...Vaccination is defined as any preparation used as a preventative inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production. Pharmaceutical companies tout these vaccinations as safe and effective, but like prescription drugs, these products carry risks of not working and a risk to cause harmful side effects. The harmful side effects are one of the many reasons that some families all across America choose to delay vaccinations or refuse them all together. Whether it is due to the gaps in knowledge about the risks or the lack of studies conducted in medical literature, families are more and more reluctant to vaccinate....
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...Vaccinate! No do not vaccinate! In the recent years there has been a sprout in the anti-vaccination movement, more and more people are choosing to not vaccinate their kids. There are no federal laws that demand vaccination; nonetheless all states have certain vaccinations requirements for children entering public schools (procons.org). Since the start of vaccination requirements there have been anti-vaccination movements that are fighting to bring awareness to people on the affects of vaccinations. Some say it is a violation of human rights, while others put great emphasis on the harmful side effects of vaccines. As a result, many Americans have turned to medical treatments that go against mainstream medication, something know was Complementary...
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...Disease Control and Prevention have attributed these cases to parents refusing to have their children vaccinated. Within the past two months, there have been 102 cases of measles reported in 14 states (Grady 1). Vaccinations have proven to be extremely effective. After receiving two doses of the measles vaccination, 97% of people are immune to this disease (“For Health Care Professionals” 2). It is completely unacceptable to have an outbreak of a disease that is almost completely preventable and was eliminated from the United States 15 years ago. In order to protect citizens against communicable diseases, it should be mandatory for almost everyone to receive vaccinations. There are two types of immunizations: active and passive. The more common of the two is the active immunization, which stimulates the body’s immune system to fabricate a defense against a disease-causing microorganism (“Immunization” 1). The first recorded active immunization was Edward Jenner’s use of the cowpox virus to produce immunity to smallpox in 1796 (Riedel 5). Currently, any formulation containing a microorganism for the purpose of immunization is referred to as a vaccine. A population is fully protected from a disease when herd immunity has been reached ("Herd Immunity — History of Vaccines." 1). Herd immunity is when those who cannot become vaccinated are indirectly protected by the large, vaccinated percentage...
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...Over the last 50 years’ vaccinations have helped protect our most valuable investment, our children. The question is, are the vaccines saving or destroying our children? Some would argue that they are safe and protecting our children, others would say they are doing more harm than good. Is it possible the same serious side effects from vaccines are just as common as the ones you would read on the side of your medications like antibiotics, fever reducers and pain relievers. Today’s vaccines have helped reduce the number of infections from vaccine-preventable diseases by more than 90%! Yet many parents and adults still question their safety because of misinformation they’ve received. The need for vaccinations far outweighs the rare, unsupported side effects, to ensure the future of society from devastating diseases. The first step in understanding vaccines is to know how they work. Vaccinations work by imitating the infection, sometimes causing flu like symptoms. When people complain about feeling sick the day after their yearly flu vaccination what is actually going on in your body is its being trained to develop a defense response to the illness. This way if you do happen to catch an illness your body has a starting point in which to fight the illness....
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...CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or anyone else for any class. I further declare I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas, and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section. I have obtained written permission from the copyright holder for any trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet or other sources. I further agree that my name typed on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student's signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): _Marie Jean, Carrie Johnson, Paul Gauthier, Mike Waidlich________ Marie Jean WEEK II LEARNING TEAM Find articles that your team feels would give them a balanced view on these issues. Cite your sources. Summarize the article. The key question to cover in detail is the following: Tell why you see these as credible sources. Use the following to guide your discussion of “credibility” of your source. To determine credibility, you must “confirm the veracity” of your own research. Specifically, you must evaluate your source materials to make sure the evidence you use is relevant, sound, valid, and objective. Before you decide to use a source, examine the following issues: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Vaccine_Monitoring/Index...
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...which they mandate some level of compulsory vaccinations for its citizens. In order for a child to attend public schools, they must receive all required vaccinations. Throughout history, many have disagreed and opposed vaccinations for various reasons. Many of the citizens do not believe that vaccines mandates to be constitutional. Also, many do not believe the state legislatures have the power to require everyone to receive certain vaccinations and view the authority as a violation of their constitutional rights. Recently, there has been an increase in people who are against to vaccinations as a possible factor to Autism in children. Also, religious beliefs play a role in opposing vaccinations for themselves and their children. These have built anger and opposition to the states mandates of some vaccinations. In 1813, United States Vaccine Agency was established. “The U.S. Congress authorized and James Madison signed ‘An Act to Encourage Vaccination,’ establishing a National Vaccine Agency” (History of Vaccines RSS). This Act was the first push by the United States for citizens to get vaccinated. In 1855, Massachusetts was the first state that passed a law for vaccinations for all children that is attending school (History of Vaccines RSS). Passing laws for vaccinations brought more dispute and oppositions to vaccines, as well as, oppositions to vaccine requirements. By 1922, many United States schools required smallpox vaccination before children...
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...Child Vaccinations Mandatory Law or Personal Choice By: Courtney Boyd Childhood vaccinations, a personal choice or mandatory law? The anti-vaccine movement created by parent complaints have made many parents and guardians question the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. I will discuss the history of vaccines, how vaccinations work, the effects of not receiving vaccines, the exemptions of states, as well as a guide to the age a child should receive each vaccination and the vaccine required. History of the vaccine Do you know how long it usually takes for a new vaccine to become available to the public? Scientists and researchers spend many years (10-15) in science laboratories during the first stage of this extensive process. Once this process has been completed, the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. F.D.A.) has a series of trials that are conducted on human volunteers. These series are used to test vaccine efficiency, to determine appropriate dosage, and to monitor adverse side effects. That’s not the end though, after these series of tests, the FDA still monitors the vaccine reactions for many years. The first vaccine was not discovered until 1798 by Edward Jenner and was used for vaccination against the smallpox virus. Later on, over a 100 years, Louis Pasteur proved that a disease could be prevented by infecting a person with the weakened germs. Dr. Pasteur used a vaccine on a boy in 1885 to prevent rabies as...
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...epilepsy, diabetes, and violent behaviour. As in the 1800s, people feel that these notions are true and are refusing vaccinations. This essay will explore each stage in the history of the vaccination from it’s initial formation to rapid World War II development to recent controversies. It will specifically look to answer the question, “How significant are vaccinations and their historical development in regards to its impact on North American society?” Initial Creation: Edward Jenner, Cowpox, And Smallpox Vaccination Prior to delving into the history of the vaccination itself, it is essential to first understand the difference between variolation and vaccination. Although variolation and vaccination were both created with the sole purpose of providing the patient with immunity from the objective disease, they are different practises which are often used interchangeably, noticeable in non medical parlance. Variolation involves the transfer infectious material from smallpox¹ sores of an infected person to the body of an uninfected person², introducing the disease in a controlled amount. People established this process due to observations that those who were infected with smallpox and survived never contracted the disease again. However, variolation sometimes proved lethal as in many instances the disease sample developed into a serious case of smallpox. Vaccination, on the other hand, is a process in which an antigen (a foreign substance or a toxin) is introduced into the body...
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...humiliation alone, but later that day, Pasteur received word that the sheep were recovering, so he decided he would attend the meeting. When Pasteur and his assistant arrived at the train station the next morning, they were met with loud cheers, telling them that their vaccine had been successful. By 2:00 that day, 23 of the unvaccinated sheep were dead, by 3:00 the 24th sheep died, and by 4:00 the 25th sheep died; all of the vaccinated sheep were healthy and well. Pasteur’s anthrax vaccine was the first effective protection in human history against infectious diseases. It also provided proof of his theory that germs cause diseases. Pasteur’s creation of the anthrax vaccine opened the door to fighting all sorts of infectious diseases including smallpox, tuberculosis, cholera, etc. Because Pasteur questioned why women were dying during childbirth, decided it was due to germs on the doctor’s hands, and figured out a way to create vaccinations, it is now possible to be vaccinated against infectious diseases, saving millions of lives every...
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...Unvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed public schools? Deborah Toodle Stephen Webber English 215 18 August 2013 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the problem that will be addressed with my proposed solution. It will describe the history and overview of the issue both medically and publicly as well as the current status of public and political opinion. Three problems will be identified in the course of this paper as well as support to show the true application of these problems. Finally a solution is proposed and discussed after a summarization of the problems. Unvaccinated Children: Should we allow them in public schools? Every day one of a parents greatest worries is the health of their child. As they get older and venture out of the house and out of a parents sight more often, children are exposed to an even greater risk of illness. The culmination of this is the day a parent puts a child on a school bus and sends them off for the first time. One of the biggest fears of the modern day parent is the health risks of sending a child to public schools. While they claim to be safer in the modern world, the exposure of children to one another in a confined place for days on end still continually results in easily contracted illnesses. Children are constantly reported as having flu’s or colds that can be traced back to an entire classroom of sick children. So why should they be exposed to extra illnesses and even sometimes...
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...Anti-Vaccination: An Opposition Melanie Say Kaplan University Professor Chad Walls CM220 March 13, 2015 Opposition: Anti-vaccination Despite extended benefits demonstrated through immunization programs, parents and vocal groups alike are challenging the administration of inoculations. A history of fraudulent studies introduced the concept of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, adding fuel to the controversial fire of adverse reactions associated with immunizations. Furthermore, organizations in Maine defend philosophical exemptions in schools as their "personal freedom and parental right", disregarding the "imminent danger to others who can't take the vaccine" (Boston Globe, 2015, para. 4). Within the past two decades, opposition...
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