...One of the economical changes that happened during the late middle ages was the guides. The guides were merchants or artisans who governed the town. The became an economic activity because they governed prices, wages and more. Another change was increase of trade and growth of population. These two things changed the economy because the lifestyle changed. 4. The Christians wanted to go on Crusades for many reasons. Many wanted to beloved that they were obeying God’s will and they wanted to achieve salvation. Others though, wanted kingdoms in Palestine or thought they could get out of taxes this way. 5. During the age of medieval thinker their approach to learning was based more around religion and for lack of a better word literature. Everything in that time was either vernaculars or scholasticism. On the other hand though ancient philosopher were very since and mathematically based. For example, the Hellenistic civilization focused on science, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and philosophy. Building National Monarchies Vocab Exchequer- a central treasury and improvised...
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...Thesis: In Europe, during the Middle Ages, every social class had a certain lifestyle and some classes struggled more than others. Section 1: Feudalism was a system that exchanged military protection and shelter for farming. The lord of the manor would give land to serfs. Land was limited so it was very valuable, especially when it was well located. As a result, the higher class and wealthy people were landowners. Owning land was the key to obtaining power. The arable land was used to produce food, clothing, provide shelter, and crops for domestic trade and exports. Also, crops were harvested and minerals were mined from beneath them. Serfs would provide the labor in exchange for protection and loyalty from lords. The feudal system introduced a social hierarchy. First, the lower class included peasants and serfs. They made up a majority of the population, in fact, "About 90 percent of men and women fell into this group" (Abbott). Next, he middle class consisted of knights. "Knight's tenure traded military service for land rights" (Cosman, Jones). Of...
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...The medieval and middle literature periods included writings in old english, and Anglo-Norman through middle English, the increasing length of poetry and prose, with strong religious influences during times of change. The Medieval time period is between the fifth and fifteenth century. At the start of this era was the falling of the great Roman Empire and it continued into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes took over. The classic Beowulf was written during the rising of the Germanic tribes and is still read by many today. Following the Germans was the Vikings. Then finally in 1066, the Norman Conquest happened. The Duke of Normandy invaded Britain and took the Anglo-Saxons’ land...
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...The government and society in Europe during the middle ages revolved around the feudal system. (1) This system was the political, military, and social system, based on the holding of lands in fief (a piece of land given in return for service) or fee and on the resulting relations between lord and vassal. (2) Manorialism, a part of the feudal system (3), was the basis for medieval economy. Manors often included at least one village and the land surrounding it. Each group in society had certain rights and responsibilities (4), with the king owning all the land. (5) Either he or a lord would own the medieval manor, a large piece of land (6), which could consist of up to three types: a demesne, which is controlled by the lord and used for him and...
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...Feudalism Feudalism was the medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state. Feudal society is a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief(medieval beneficium), a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service. The individual who accepted this land became a vassal, and the man who granted the land become known as his liege or his lord. The deal was often sealed by swearing oaths on the Bible or on the relics of saints. Often this military service amounted to forty days' service each year in times of peace or indefinite service in times of war, but the actual terms of service and duties varied considerably on a case-by-case basis. Factors such as the quality of land, the skill of the fighter, local custom, and the financial status of the liege lord always played a part. For instance, in the late medieval period, this military service was often abandoned in preference for cash payment, or agreement to provide a certain number of men-at-arms or mounted knights for the lord's use.In the late medieval period, the fiefdom often became hereditary, and the son of a knight or lesser nobleman would inherit the land and the military duties from his father upon the father's death. Feudalism had two enormous effects on medieval society.(1) First, feudalism discouraged unified government. Individual lords would divide their lands into smaller and smaller sections to give to lesser rulers and knights. These lesser noblemen...
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...Communist Manifesto Karl Marx was a philosopher that lived in the early nineteenth century, a time of great change and advancement of industry. During this timeframe, he wrote the Communist Manifesto as a way to explain the Communist's agenda as well as to address the hostility between the classes of the time; the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. Within the Communist Manifesto, he claims that the history of most past civilizations as the history of ongoing conflicts between classes and uses examples and rhetorical techniques as a way to gather support for his statement. These techniques are the use of allusion, cause/effect, and his choice of words and manner of speaking. Marx uses allusion as a way to inform others of how class struggles and antagonisms has always been present throughout history. While the names of such societal classes have changed over time, they have effectively remained very similar, if not the same. Rome's social classes consisted in order of power as, "patricians, Knights, Plebeians, slaves", while later in the Middle Ages, these classes were replaced by, "feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs" (paragraph 2). These...
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...manors. (c) the widespread use of slaves. (b) lack of orderly succession to the throne. (d) military strength of the Germanics. The Frankish leader who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours was ___. (a) Clovis. (c) Charlemagne. (b) Pepin. (d) Charles Martel. Areas that Charlemagne united within his empire are now part of _____. (a) France and Germany. (c) England and Spain (b) Spain and Portugal. (d) Austria and Russia. An important result of Clovis’ conquests was the _____. (a) spread of Christianity in Europe (b) union of the Western and Eastern Roman empires (c) expulsion of the Moslems from western Europe (d) decline of feudalism in central Europe. The "Dark Ages" in western Europe refers to the period _____. (a) after the creation of the Feudal system (b) soon after the assassination of Julius Caesar (c) followed the collapse of the Roman Empire (d.) strengthening the central authority of Rome within the Empire. Which was not a result of the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire? (a) Raising the level of civilization (c) Curtailing trade (b) Overthrowing the Roman government (d) Destroying many fine buildings The tithe was _____. (a.) an asylum for the poor. (c.) a monastic order. (b.) a tax levied by the Church. (d.) a special vestment for nuns. The Holy Inquisition was established to _____. (a.) combat heresy. (c.) stamp out...
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...controlled by one ruler or by one supreme government. Empires are often ruled by an emperor or an empress. The first empire known to history, was in 2250 B.C., by Sargon the Great, located in Mesopotamia. He named his empire Akkadian. Some famous empires throughout history were the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, and the Roman Empire. Some empires today are Japan and the United Kingdom. Most empires before were found in Asia and Europe. Empires are formed when one ruling authority has power over several territories or regions. Feudalism Feudalism was an economic and social system in Europe during the Middle Ages, also known as the Medieval period. In this system, people worked and fought for nobles, who in return gave them use of their land and protection. The land was worked by Serfs who were bound to it. The vassals held the land in exchange for a military and other services. A ruler divides its land among its dukes. The dukes hire men to protect the land the ruler gave and to make sure they pay their taxes. Dukes had to build forts and castles to make sure there was protection. The main purpose for feudalism was protection and safety, wealth, and business (crops,food.) The feudal system was used mostly in Europe. Today, there are no countries that use feudalism. Interregional Interregional contacts are connections between two or more different regions around the world.Trading, for example between South Africa and Western Africa, is an example...
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...Feudalism At the start of the middle ages, most of Europe’s many nations lacked any source of structure or government. Things were very chaotic, and when the king of France realized that his civilization was crumbling, he decided to do something about it. He started a system in which he rented out his kingdom’s land in return for money, labor, or military service. This system is known as feudalism. In many ways it was a very beneficial system, but it had its faults. Over the middle ages, feudalism spread all throughout Europe. And even though it eventually failed, feudalism grew into one of the most powerful and well known political systems in history. Feudalism originally grew out of the chaos amongst the empires within Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Cities and states were struggling with each other and feudalism was a cure to their problems. It was a way to gather and organize an army of men and keep them on hand to restore and keep order in the land. The feudal system consisted of vassals, someone who serves, arranged in a pyramid. At the base of the pyramid was the largest group, the peasants or serfs that provided food and services. Above them were the merchants and craftsmen that served the lords and knights. The knights and nobles served the barons, bishops, and other officials. At the peak of the pyramid sat the king, who ruled everyone. Although this “pyramid” may resemble the social and political structure of previous societies, such as ancient...
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...HISTORY OF FISCAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE THEORY AND PURPOSE OF TAXATION Introduction Fiscal Administration is not difficult to define. In simple terms, fiscal administration is the branch of economics that deals with the revenues and expenditures and their impact on the economy. It is the manner of collecting something from the constituents and spending it also for the constituents. And the exact definition according to http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fiscal-administration.htm, fiscal administration is the act of managing incoming and outgoing monetary transactions and budgets for governments, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and other public service entities. Constituents charge leaders, whether governmental or organizational, with establishing fiscal policy as part of their duties in relation to responsible fiscal administration. Fiscal policies are tools for the development of fiscal planning budgets, based on the receipt of anticipated funding. As fund disbursement in the form of payroll, purchases, or other expenses occur, management reports appropriate accounting information back to organizational leaders. Historical data, future revenue projections, and current budget demands determine needed adjustments. The entire process forms the basis for future fiscal administration decision making. Leaders of government, nonprofits, and other public service entities have a fiduciary responsibility to those who put them in office, individuals...
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...about ‘racial’ differences. Asked why there are so few black coaches in basketball, Jimmy ‘the Greek’ Snyder remarked that black athletes already hold an advantage as basketball players because they have longer thighs than white athletes, their ancestors having been deliberately bred that way during slavery. ‘This goes all the way to the Civil War,’ Jimmy the Greek explained, ‘when during the slave trading . . . the owner, the slave owner would breed his big black to his big woman so he could have a big black kid, you see.’ Astonishing though it may seem, Snyder intended his remark as a compliment to black athletes. If black men became coaches, he said, there would be nothing left for white men to do in basketball at all. Embarrassed by such rank and open expression of racism in the most ignorant form, the network fired Jimmy the Greek from his job. Any fool, the network must have decided, should know that such things may be spoken in the privacy of the 95 locker-room in an all-white club, but not into a microphone and before a camera. Of course, Jimmy the Greek lays no claim to being educated or well informed. Before he was hired to keep audiences entertained during the slack moments of televised sports events, he was famous as a bookie. He claims expert knowledge about odds and point spreads, not about history, biology or human genetics. But those claiming to be educated—and employed on that basis—have proved to be just as superstitious as Jimmy the Greek...
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...HUM 1000: WORLD CIVILIZATIONS NOTES BY DR. KAKAI P.W THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA Definition of key terms As we begin this course, it is crucial to first discuss our understanding of the concept ‘civilization’. This is a comparative term which is usually applied in comparison to such words as ‘barbarian’ ‘savage’ and ‘primitive’. In classical antiquity the Europeans used the word ‘barbarian’ to refer to a foreigner who was regarded as inferior (Ogutu and Kenyanchui, An Introduction To African History, 1991 p33). Do you think this is still the way we use the word barbarian? The Latin speakers referred to hunters, food-gatherers as savage. In the 17th century this term ‘savage’ referred to a person without art, literacy, or society who lived in fear of existence and death. ‘Primitive’ on the other hand, in Latin meant ‘the first or original’. Europeans used these words interchangeably when referring to non-Europeans while the word civilization was preserved to describe historical developments of European people (ibid). Now the term civilization is no longer confined to the above development but also extends reference to non-European communities. Attributes of civilization includes observance to law, belonging to an organized society, having a society of literate people with advanced developments in urbanization, agriculture, commerce, arts and technology. The French thinkers of the 18th century referred to a person of the arts and literature...
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...Hungary From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Hungary (disambiguation). Hungary Magyarország | | | Flag | Coat of arms | | Anthem: Himnusz Hymn | Location of Hungary (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) — [Legend] | Capital and largest city | Budapest 47°26′N 19°15′E | Official languages | Hungarian | Ethnic groups (2001[1]) | * 92% Hungarians * 2% Roma * 6% others | Demonym | Hungarian | Government | Parliamentary republic | - | President | János Áder | - | Prime Minister | Viktor Orbán | - | Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | Legislature | National Assembly | Foundation | - | Foundation | 895 | - | Christian kingdom | 1000 | - | Secession from Austria-Hungary | 1918 | - | Current republic | 23 October 1989 | Area | - | Total | 93,030 km2 (109th) 35,919 sq mi | - | Water (%) | 0.74% | Population | - | June 2012 estimate | 9,942,000[2] (84th) | - | Oct 2011 census | 9,982,000[3] | - | Density | 107.2/km2 (94th) 279.0/sq mi | GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | - | Total | $195.640 billion[4] | - | Per capita | $19,891[4] | GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | - | Total | $140.303 billion[4] | - | Per capita | $13,045[4] | Gini (2008) | 24.96 (low / 3rd) | HDI (2011) | 0.816[5] (very high / 38th) | Currency...
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...www.thevision21.org BALOCHISTAN Problems and Solutions Vision 21 is a Pakistan based Non‐Profit, Non‐Party Socio‐Political organisation. We work through research and advocacy for developing and improving Human Capital, by focusing on Poverty and Misery Alleviation, Rights Awareness, Human Dignity, Women empowerment and Justice as a right and obligation. Vision21 is a registered Non‐Profit organization under section 42 of Companies Ordinance 1982 Any part of this publication can be used or cited with clear reference to Vision21 By Vision21 Foundation Website: http://www.thevision21.org/ Blog: http://awaam.wordpress.com g p p Phone: 92‐51‐250 5030 Fax: 92‐51‐550 1288 Email: info@thevision21.org BALOCHISTAN PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS CONTENTS Preface • Introduction • British Era and Sandeman System • Since 1947 Since 1947 • Reasons for the conflict • Provincial Autonomy & Ethnic Culture • Resource Exploitation • Deprivation and Lack of Development lag • Government’s Neglect Government s Neglect • Role of Sardars • Religious Extremism • External Factors and Geo Politics • History of the conflicts • The Current Insurgency and Baloch Nationalism The Current Insurgency and Baloch • Insurgency and ‘Geo‐Politics of Energy Resources’ • Insurgent Groups in Balochistan • Settlers issue & current situation in Balochistan • Pakhtun Factor • Liberation and Viability: Is independent Balochistan viable? y p • Possible consequences for independent Balochistan and divided ...
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...книг выложен группой vk.com/create_your_english The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ivanhoe, by Walter Scott This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Ivanhoe A Romance Author: Walter Scott Release Date: June 25, 2008 [EBook #82] Last Updated: November 6, 2012 Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IVANHOE *** Produced by John P. Roberts, Jr. and David Widger IVANHOE книг выложен группой vk.com/create_your_english A ROMANCE книг выложен группой vk.com/create_your_english By Sir Walter Scott Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart, And often took leave,—but seemed loath to depart! 1 —Prior. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO IVANHOE. DEDICATORY EPISTLE IVANHOE. CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII CHAPTER XXVIII CHAPTER XXIX CHAPTER XXX CHAPTER XXXI CHAPTER XXXII. CHAPTER XXXIII CHAPTER XXXIV CHAPTER XXXV CHAPTER XXXVI CHAPTER XXXVII CHAPTER XXXVIII CHAPTER XXXIX CHAPTER XL CHAPTER XLI ...
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