...and the MMR vaccine appears in all the articles. Dr. Andrew Wakefield appears to be the driving force behind the concept. In the articles, suggestions by Dr. Andrew Wakefield that there might be an association between autism and MMR vaccine are recurring. Wakefield’s ideas have also been labeled as fraud with intent to commit deliberate fraud. Wakefield’s studies have also been withdrawn and we can see further that he is later denied the right to practice medicine in England. This is evident in the various articles. In the article by Michael Wilrich (2011), “how the pox incident changed vaccination rules,” we see that Dr. Wakefield’s report in the medical journal, The lancet, which suggested on the possibility between the MMR and vaccination, was discredited and debunked. According to Wilrich, (2009), “The Lancet withdrew the study in 2010. Later in 2011, the study was labeled a deliberate fraud (Wilrich, 2011). In the article, anatomy of scare, Begley, (2009), Dr. Wakefield is still adamant about the relationship between the vaccine and autism. Suggesting that the vaccine damaged the intestines allowing harmful proteins to leak into the blood system where they caused neurons damage. Wakefield was adamant, “it is a resolved.” In the articles much is talked about on the relationship between vaccine and autism but it has not been scientifically proven to substantiate the claims. Parents are weary of the threat posed by use of the vaccine and are afraid of the vaccine. In anatomy...
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...18-24 months. By this time most vaccines required for young children have taken place, one of the main reasons parents think vaccines cause autism. Developmental specialist usually pick up on the signs at younger ages, before the parents begin to notice anything out of the ordinary. There are measurable differences in the brain function and structure of children with and without autism. “Starting in the first six months of life, many autistic...
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...vaccination and it should be informed prior to the immunization as in specific there are lot of controversies about Measles Mumps Rubella immunization leading to autism. Therefore, this research essay will focus on the issues related to conflict of autism as a side effect of measles mumps rubella vaccine. The PICO process is the method to develop a framework and answer to a clinical question using evidence based practice based on literature research. The acronym PICO stands for P (Population/patient)-this addresses the specific population. From the scenario, it can be identified that the 11month baby as the patient or population. I (Intervention) – intervention can be treatment, procedure, diagnostic test, and risk or prognostic factors. In this scenario the intervention will measles mumps rubella vaccine immunization. C (Comparison) –not to immunize O (Outcome)- is the effect of the intervention. For example, it is the risk that comes after certain comparison. Therefore, the outcome in the scenario is causes autism. Hence, the question that was developed using PICO process is “In the infants does immunizing with Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) in comparison to no immunization leads to development of autism?” (Huang et al, 2006) The result of this research is based on the different database and literature reviews with search based on the immunization in infants for MMR vaccine causing autism. Among all database firstly the research was done...
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...Cost-effectively maintain network availability without internal IT support ● Provide clients with on-demand access to consultants SERVICES SOLUTION Customer Case Study Consulting Firm Benefits from Smart Services Managed Market Resources get proactive, cost-effective care from Cisco partner Alliant Technologies Business Challenge Managed Market Resources (MMR) is a small, full-service consulting company to pharmaceutical companies who need help navigating the large, regulated, and demanding world of managed market healthcare. Their clients are pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, and their specialty is delivering comprehensive solutions for cost-effectively reimbursing patients for a variety of drugs. The work involves extensive market research, strategic planning, and close collaboration with clients to thoroughly understand their priorities and business challenges. In 2006, MMR had 40 employees staffing offices in Chesapeake, Virginia and Mt. Olive, New Jersey. Two full-time IT professionals managed a Cisco network that included the Cisco® Unified Communications IP telephony call-processing system. The company considered its consolidated network critical to its success. Client satisfaction demanded ready accessibility to consultants, and consultant productivity and quality of service required absolutely reliable network resources...
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...Vaccines, Do They Cause Autism in Children? Michael L Eisenmenger Western Governors University Vaccines, Do They Cause Autism in Children? Vaccinations have been used for centuries to prevent the spread of some of the most dangerous diseases in humans. In 1998, a research study from Dr. Andrew Wakefield was published in the journal Lancet, suggesting common vaccinations were the cause of autism in children (Brink. 2013). That study has since been retracted by the Lancet and Dr. Wakefield has had his medical license revoked. However, the rates of vaccinations have declined because of the study and new outbreaks of diseases once considered eradicated are killing children. Research has shown that vaccines are not a cause of autism in children because the preservatives suspected of causing autism have been removed from them, research studies have shown no link between the two, the original research has been proven false, and the diagnosis of autism has changed. Ever since the debate of vaccines being a cause of autism has started, the ingredient thimersol has been one of the focus’ of study. Thimersol is a preservative that was used in vaccines until 2001. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated, “In 2001, thimersol was removed or reduced to trace amounts in all childhood vaccinations except one type of influenza vaccine, and thimersol-free alternatives are available for influenza vaccines.” (CDC, 2014) Thimersol contains the type of mercury...
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...COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT TASK 2 Measles is a virus that is spread by droplets through coughing and sneezing or by contact on surfaces. People infected with measles are contagious up to four days before and after the measles rash appears. Measles is highly contagious, 9 out of 10 people that come in contact with the measles virus will contract it. The highly contagious nature of measles makes widespread infection a very real threat to those who are not vaccinated (Transmission of Measles, 2014). Measles is fatal in about one case in 1,000. As with chickenpox, once an individual has had the measles, they have lifelong immunity (Facts About the Measles Outbreak, 2015). Signs and symptoms of measles include cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis and a high fever. Koplik spots in the mouth appear two to three days after the first symptoms and the measles rash appears three to five days after the first symptoms. The fever may spike with the appearance of the rash. Symptoms will then begin to subside and the rash will slowly disappear (Signs and Symptoms, 2015). A measles outbreak occurred in California between December 2014 and February 2015. The first patient was reported to be an unvaccinated 11-year-old who had recently visited Disney in Orange County, California. Several more cases were reported in California and in Utah. The common factor between these patients was the visit to Disney between December 17th and 20th. Between December 2014 and February 2015 there...
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...D1: unit 5 The way the media presented the MMR case in front of the public created a great contribution towards the public perception. It has also had a negative impact on the scientific information, which was given out parallel to the rumors regarding the link between MMR vaccine and autism. In 2003, a science based film named "Hear the silence” has influenced the media by naming Dr. Wakefield as "Bad Scientist" [6].This seemed to have disregarded the value of a scientist and his knowledge in front of the public. On the other hand, the media have done their best to emphasize the MMR vaccine scare by putting headlines " MMR LINKED TO AUTISM" in newspapers like the "EVENING STANDARD" [6]. All of this highly influenced people’s thinking and resulted in a lot of parents refusing the MMR vaccines for their children. However, when Dr Wakefield’s theory got proven as a "Swine flu outbreak" as said in an article of Media Influence, it opened people’s eyes about the reality behind the false link. The impact of the media on public was made by using Sensationalistic Language to attract the public’s attention. It is a sensitive topic because it questions parenthood and whether the parents are taking the right decisions for their children’s health. Whilst this aspect was important, media also sketched scientists as respected and intelligent human beings who are not meant to make mistakes. So why was it that they destroyed this image in front of general public? The answer can be that partially...
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...Secrets of the MMR scare: How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed February 28, 1998, there was a paper published in the Lancet which would go on to create a worldwide MMR vaccine scare. Authored by Andrew Wakefield, John Walker-Smith, and 11 others from the Royal Free medical school, London. 12 developmentally challenged children were reported on. 11 boys, 1 girl; ages 3-9 They made claims which they adopted as facts __Behavioral symptoms reported by parents in 8 of the 12 children. __Average interval from exposure to 1st behavioral symptoms was 6.3 days (range 1-14). __9 children diagnosed with regressive autism. __ Autistic enterocolitis (unproven bowel disease) November 2000, Wakefield grants an interview to CBS’s 60 minutes; epidemic of autism . He campaigned for boycott of the MMR vaccine in favor of single shots. Concerns for Thimerosal in vaccine also occurring at this time What Got Deer Started: Around the time the Lancet paper was published, a woman in Ireland was compensated for vaccine injury caused to her son. 2003 begins to take a closer look at Wakefield’s claims. Deer’s Findings: The research alleging link between MMR and Autism had been funded from the onset by a group of lawyers. Wakefield was on their payroll for two years prior to the paper being published and before the research began. Wakefield and his cohorts created “the problem” Children enrolled in the study were members of JAB as well as clients...
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...outbreak of measles is at an all time high in 2011 with a confirmed 223 cases, up from 2008 with only a 140 confirmed cases (Iannelli, 2011). In 1989 with the last big measles out break the introduction of the MMR , measles outbreaks were scarce in the United States (Iannelli, 2011). The rise in outbreaks were linked back to foreign travel in the 2008 outbreaks (Iannelli, 2011). Another link in the rise in measles outbreak is the choice not to vaccinate. Many parents now opt not to have their children vaccinated for personal reasons. This makes the child more susceptible to the outbreak and thus passes it on to others. * Epidemiology- although the incidence of measles has risen in recent years efforts to control the outbreaks globally have altered the virus transmission. In developed countries measles has been contained by vaccinations during childhood. Worldwide measles is the cause of morbidity and mortality. Measles was estimated to cause about 31 to 39.9 million illnesses with about 777,000 deaths worldwide (Barinaga & Skolnik). Measles is the fifth most common cause of death in children less than fives years old. The World Health Organization (WHO) put a strategy in place to vaccinate greater than 90 percent of the people with two doses of the MMR vaccine and to monitor that population very carefully. This would include case investigations of anyone suspected of contracting the virus (Barinaga & Skolnik). * Analogy- there has been a major increase in the...
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...February 6, 2012 Shawn Castle Article Rebuttal Paper For many years there has been a long standing debate as to whether the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine causes children to develop autism shortly after receiving it. There seems to be a clear line drawn between those who believe the vaccine causes autism and thise who refute the claim. On one side, there are the parents who claim their child was “normal” until receiving this vaccine, and on the other side, there are the researchers, doctors, and drug companies who have completed in –depth studies of the MMR vaccine, and say that it is safe. According to an article in the Lancet, a British Medical Journal, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, completed a study that proved there was a connection between the MMR vaccine and early autism in children who were seemingly normal before they received the vaccine. He claimed that the vaccine inflamed the gut and that allowed the “toxic substance” to enter the bloodstream. The National Autism Association has even focused on the vaccine preservative, thimerosal, as a possible culprit. However, since 1992, thimerosal has been removed from all vaccines in the United States, and autism diagnoses continue to climb. Most children are given their first dose of MMR at around 12 – 15 months of age. Some parents are reporting that shortly after their child received this vaccine was when they noticed a change in their child. The parents of these kids are saying that their child was developing normally...
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...Measles is one of the most contagious viral diseases. It is caused by paramyxovirus and is the most unpleasant and one of the most dangerous children's diseases. What causes Measles? Measles is caused by an infection with the rubeola virus. The virus is contained in the millions of tiny droplets which come out of your mouth and nose when someone who has measles coughs or sneezes. How is it spread? You can catch measles by breathing in these droplets or if the droplets have settled on a surface and you touch it and then place your hands near your face. However, the measles virus can only survive on a surface for a few hours. Once inside your body, it multiplies in the back of your throat and lungs before it spreads around your body including on your skins and the respiratory system. When you get measles you are infected for two to four days before the rash appears and for about five days after it appears. Symptoms After around 14 days of contracting the disease, the following symptoms begin to show: • A fever at about 39c • Coughing • Sore throat – the lymph nodes may swell. • Reddish eyes • Sensitivity to light • Greyish spots about the size of grains of sand may appear in the mucous membrane of the mouth just around the molar teeth. They can be seen before the rash appears. • After 3-4days the temperature might fall but it can go high again when the rash appears. • The rash usually beings around the ears and spreads to the body and the legs within two...
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...I chose the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine because I received this vaccine as a child, and because it is recommended for all children. It’s a live, attenuated vaccine that protects against three potentially serious illnesses. It is a two-part vaccination, and in most states, you must prove your children have gotten it before they can enter school. If you are an adult who has not had the vaccination or the diseases, you may need the MMR shot, too. Measles starts as a fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis (pinkeye), and a red, pinpoint rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. If the virus infects the lungs, it can cause pneumonia. Measles in older children can lead to inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, which can cause seizures and brain damage. The mumps virus usually causes swelling in glands just below the ears, giving the appearance of chipmunk cheeks. Before the vaccine, mumps was the most common cause of both meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and acquired deafness in the U.S. In men, mumps can infect the testicles, which can lead to infertility. Rubella is also known as German measles. It can cause a mild rash on the face, swelling of glands behind the ears, and in some cases, swelling of the small joints and low-grade fever. Most children recover quickly with no lasting effects. But if a pregnant woman gets rubella, it can be devastating. If she’s infected during the first trimester of...
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...Introduction Bronwyn visited the GP in regards to her 11-month year Old daughter’s measles, mumps and rubella’s immunization. As a Healthcare worker, Bronwyn is aware of the on going news about side effects of immunization, such as Autism. She also heard about the benefits of immunization. However, Bronwyn is confused whether she goes ahead and immunize her child or not. The purpose of this document is to investigate the effects and benefits of measles, mumps and rubella’s immunization through different literature. Different articles with different methods are going to be reviewed to identify if immunization is the cause of Autism in young children. Moreover, the question involved in this paper is, “What are the health benefits and risks associated with measles, mumps and rubella’s immunization among infants?” This question was formulated considering the PICO principal, which is used to portray information and to guide application of investigations into clinical practice. The principal consists of population, intervention, comparison and the outcome. In this instance P in the PICO (our patient or population) is the 11-month year old infant. The intervention is immunization (Adams, Newcomb, Smith & Withaeger, 2009) . Alternative term might include vaccination, protect, inoculate while immunization (I) can be referred to as vaccination, protect, inoculate. C in this instance is, not to immunize and O or outcome is to eliminate the chances of experiencing side effects of...
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...Many studies in the world today believe that autism is caused by a group of vaccines such as measles, mumps and rubella also known as “MMR”. On the other hand of that suggestion there are also many studies that there are no relating facts that vaccines will cause autism. This is where confliction between on another occur, because many parents, teachers and scientist will believe otherwise. Where can we stand to show out the other opposing idea and why we believe otherwise, when there are such great evidence in the world. After I have completed all my research I strongly believe that autism is not caused by the vaccines known as “MMR”. Therefor, to begin autism is known as a complex developmental disability that tends to become noticed during...
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...exemptions (see below). Any non-exempt student who fails to submit the required information within 45 days after first enrollment cannot remain enrolled. This form is designed to provide the school with the information required by the law and will be available for review by the Minnesota Department of Health and the local health agency. All students: Return this completed form to _______________________________________ by ______________. Check here if you were born before 1957 for the age exemption. You don’t have to complete the rest of this form. All other students who are not age-exempt: Complete parts 1, 2, 3, and/or 4 below. Part 1: Students graduating from a Minnesota high school in 1997 or later | I have previously met the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and Td (tetanus, diphtheria) requirements because I graduated from a Minnesota high school in 1997 or later. Student’s signature ___________________________________________________________ Date ____________________ | Name of high school: | City: | Date of graduation: | Part 2: Transfer student from another Minnesota college | I am exempt from these requirements because my admission records indicate I have met the requirements as an enrolled student in another post-secondary school in Minnesota. Student’s signature_______________________________________ Date ___________ | Name of previous Minnesota college: | Dates of enrollment: from ____________ to ____________ | Part 3: Students who graduated...
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