...How successful was Fascism in achieving its totalitarianism ambitions? The first time Mussolini used the term ‘totalitarian’ was in a speech at the Fascists Party’s fourth national congress in 1995*1 , he declared the ‘goal that is defined as our ferocious totalitarian will be pursued with even greater ferociousness’*1 . There is no doubt that Benito Mussolini was a very determined dictator. His aim was to create a long lasting Fascist Italy*1. In order to achieve his aim he required the total involvement and participation of every member of the state, in other words he needed to ‘Fascistize the masses’*1. Unfortunately Fascism was a very ambitious plan that failed to properly execute its aims*2. In order to delve deeper into the ways that Mussolini failed in his totalitarianism aims, we must first define what totalitarianism is. The essence of totalitarianism can be seen as a regime’s total control of the everyday life of its citizens, of its control, and more particularly of their thoughts and attitudes as well as their activities *3. A totalitarian dictatorship must have an elaborate ideology, a single mass party which is led by the ‘dictator’, a system of terror, near complete control over weapons of armed combat, control over all means of effective mass communication including the press, radio and cinema, and finally central control over the entire economy*3. While Mussolini dabbled in all of these areas he failed to execute them in an effective manner. It is interesting...
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...country in every way possible; this is exactly what dictators and Fascists promised. The first dictatorship was in Spain then Benito Mussolini in Italy, formed the first Fascist government. The Fascist dictators wanted to expand the territory of their country and began to look for new lands to conquer. Although Fascism was very significant in the cause of World War II, Mussolini, the Abyssinia crisis, Spanish civil war, and its influence on Nazism aided Fascism in causing World War II. Fascism did not start from nothing. Benito Mussolini...
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...Miles Bernhard Honors History 11 Mr. Eric Fulmer 18 September 2012 Mussolini’s Way Benito “Il Duce” Mussolini was one of Italy’s most prominent leaders. His political ingenuity ushered Italy into a new decade. The party he formed was a medium many Italians valued; this party was and is still known today as Fascism. The following dissertation will explore the definition of this newly formed party, study his rise to power, and analyze the issues that commenced his fall from it. Europe had just hosted a war on a grand scale, involving countries from every corner of the world. Many of Europe’s imperial superpowers lay in absolute ruins whether it was physically, politically or economically. The Kingdom of Italy was no exception. There was little physical destruction in comparison to France or the United Kingdom, however the empire remained in great debt, and civilians were worried about a communist revolt that would mirror that in Russia. Benito Mussolini, a former journalist turned parliament member capitalized on this situation by instituting a new kind of government called Fascism. Today we interpret fascism as a leftist sort of government. Mussolini defined it as the following: the government is put before anything or anyone; “everything inside the state;” everything encompassed within the nation adopting fascism as its means of rule must abide to the governing entity, in this case, a dictator; “nothing outside the state;” the nation must develop as much as possible and...
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...(BPI1434A) Instructor: Max Fassnacht May 4, 2015 Fascism and Nazism came during a time when there was an economic crisis that was sweeping through Europe. Fascism and Nazism was two familiar totalitarian regimes that was able to arise from Germany and Italy. In Germany, the National socialist party was conducted by Adolf Hitler, while Benito Mussolini conducted the fascist party in Italy. Italy and Germany’s future was based on the education in the schools, since education played an important role between these two nations. The people’s image of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as two leaders was profoundly the important factors to their popularity. The most essential tool that was allowed in both countries and played a very important role in both political parties was propaganda, which gave both parties the ability to influence the perspectives of the people to their partiality. Italy and Germany are two natural allies, but however they are both different from each other and can be connected in many salutations. “Largo ai Giovani”, Italian for "make way for the young" (Clayton, 2009) was just one of the mottos that was used by Benito Mussolini’s regime. Mussolini’s saying highlights one of the most important aspects during the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’s education system. The education system in both countries was not just used for learning but also was the key element to creating their future soldiers. The education system had another important element...
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...What did the term Fascism stand for? The term ‘fascist’ was later applied to other rules and rulers like Hitler (Germany), Franco (Spain), Salazar (Portugal) and Peron (Argentina). These were sometimes quite different from the Italian rule. Since there was no great theoretical writer during this age who would have explained the philosophies clearly in the way that Karl Marx had did for Communism. Mussolini had been frequently changing his policies and aims before 1923 which suggested that his main aim was to acquire power. Some of the basic principles of Fascism can be listed as follows: • Extreme Nationalism: Emphasis on the re-birth of the Nation after a period of decline and also establishing that one’s own Nation is superior to all. • A totalitarian system of Government: In this the Government attempted to arouse and mobilize the ordinary people and to organize them with strong disciplinary measures and to control as many aspects of human life as possible. According to the ‘fascists’, this was necessary in order to promote the interest of the State. • A one party state was essential: there was no place for democracy and especially communism. The fascist party members were the elite class of the Nation and the leader would win mass support thrilling speeches. • Importance of economic self-sufficiency (autarchy): This was required in order to develop the greatness of the state. • Military strength and violence: This was an integral part...
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...Totalitarianism is a state that is ruled by a single person that controls the state by dictatorship. It is achieved by controlling what the public think and do. This kind of government was used by the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany. Also, they control the state’s economy which is a command economy rather than a demand economy. Command economy is a kind of economy that controls how much was made and where it goes by the government. Demand economy is what the people choose and how much is made, the law of supply and demand which is also known as the free market. The Great Depression contributed to totalitarianism and the rise of dictatorships such as Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin. After the Great War, the world economy went down. This caused...
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...How successful was Lenin in creating a totalitarian society by 1924? Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik party and most importantly the ruler of Russia had to sacrifice a lot to get the Communist utopia Karl Marx foresaw. Despite it being a modification of the official ideology which people refer to as Leninism, it had major flaws which made you question, was Lenin really successful in creating a totalitarian society? Lenin was very successful in creating a totalitarian society; one of his beneficial areas of control was his one party state which was crucial in order to achieve Lenin’s adaptation to Marxism, this would mean the Bolsheviks would have complete control over the state and get rid of all and any opposition to their ideology. Lenin did this by dissolving the constituent assembly which meant a step forward in a totalitarian state by means of no opposition, Lenin made sure it stayed this way by ensuring the ban on factions within the Party as well as using the Cheka to make sure everyone stays in line and does not oppose the new Bolshevik regime. This was effective as it now left the Bolsheviks in complete control in this area. Another reason Lenin was successful was the fact he had control over the economy which is absolutely essential in any Totalitarian regime as controlling the economy meant they have the financial capability needed to maintain and produce a totalitarian society. As well as that, it meant sure that the state controls everything and that communism...
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...totalitarianism started; Adolf Hitler’s Germany, Benito Mussolini's Italy, and Joseph Stalin’s Russia. The totalitarian governments of World War 2 were unfair, and cruel because they were corrupt governments, stripped away the basic rights of people, and they thrives off of false hope and nationalism of the public. There are many aspects that kept totalitarianism alive, one of them was nationalism and a public’s devotion to the country, and leader. In Document B for example: “It is certain that the countryside has been affected by the great wave of enthusiasm and energy which now sweeps through all Chinese society.” In Document C it described a letter written before a kamikaze attack; “Please congratulate me. I have been given a splendid opportunity to die.” Though China wasn’t particularly in the equation during World War 2 this excerpt still explains the thought process and emotions in the people under the rule of Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini,...
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...------------------------------------------------- FASCISM ------------------------------------------------- Etymology The term fascismo is derived from the Latin word fasces. The fasces, which consisted of a bundle of rods that were tied around an axe which symbolises strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break. Moreover, Fasces was an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate. They were carried by his lictors and could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command. The word fascismo also relates to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. Definition +"Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State" - Mussolini +The only official definition of Fascism comes from Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism, in which he outlines three principles of a fascist philosophy. 1."Everything in the state". The Government is supreme and the country is all-encompasing, and all within it must conform to the ruling body, often a dictator. 2."Nothing outside the state". The country must grow and the implied goal of any fascist nation is to rule the world, and have every human submit to the government. 3."Nothing against the state". Any type of questioning the government is not to be tolerated. If you do not see things our way, you are wrong. If you do not agree with the government, you cannot be allowed to live and...
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...What is fascism? Fascism is a hard ideology to define because nearly every modern government or political movement has been called ‘fascist’ by somebody. (The writer has directly addressed the essay question in the topic sentence of the first paragraph, noting how it can be identified as being ambiguous, and how it is difficult to define.) I contend that fascism was a political movement unique to the early 20th century, especially in Europe, because its worldview was shaped by events and philosophical ideas from the late 19th century until the interwar period. (Evidence that the writer has considered the words meaning in terms of context and knowledge of what periods of time are referred as) Some people have called states like Saddam Hussein’s Iraq ‘fascist’, but I believe that there is a big difference between authoritarian dictatorship and genuine fascism. (Additional evidence of acquired knowledge, saying that it is the writer’s belief that there is a difference between the two terms ‘authoritarian dictatorship’ and ‘genuine fascism’.) So how did fascism originally develop? (There is a conversational tone, to the topic sentence of each paragraph, asking relevant key questions that the writer has considered. Note, how this afforded question is compatible with the main essay question. The conversational tone, is effective in portraying the fact that the writer has attempted to acquire and integrate knowledge. The first sentence of the second paragraph, has...
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...Wiki Loves Africa: share African cultural fashion and adornment pictures with the world! Fascism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the original version of the ideology developed in Italy, see Italian Fascism. For the book edited by Roger Griffin, see Fascism (book). "Fascist" redirects here. For the insult, see Fascist (insult). Part of a series on | Fascism | | Core tenets[show] | Topics[show] | Ideas[show] | People[show] | Literature[show] | Organizations[show] | History[show] | Lists[show] | Variants[show] | Related topics[show] | * Fascism portal * Politics portal | * v * t * e | Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism[1][2] that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4] Fascists saw World War I as a revolution. It brought revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines or provide economic...
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...Fascism increased in Italy after World War One when the economy was extremely weak. Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922 and created a fascist dictatorship in Italy, “Fascism emerged as a political ideology that was anticommunist and antisocialist, militantly nationalist…favor of economic security, and if necessary dictatorial rule” . Subsequently Mussolini rise to power inspired Hitler to mimic Mussolini’s strategy and Hitler came to find the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Mussolini eventually made the decision to end independent businesses and placed all control of prices and wages in the hands of the government. The fascist government took control of the banking system in Italy as well, since the Italian economy was weak and unemployment was rising. A similar situation was happening in Germany after the economic depression in 1930 occurred, and support grew for the Nazi political party. As encouragement grew for the Nazi party, Hitler gained power he was appointed chancellor of the German Republic 1933. Slowly but surely Hitler formulated a totalitarian state as well as Stalin and Mussolini. Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin’s deaths after World War Two ended the reign of power of fascism and totalitarianism in...
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...of anti-Semitic actions in Germany, also an explanation of The Final Solution. This paper concludes with a description of the aftermath of World War II. After World War 1, the German government was facing thousands of difficult problems as society search for someone to blame for the defeat in the First World War. Extremists from all sides sent threats to revolts. The extreme inflation causes Thousands of Germans to have any faith in the German government. Hitler gains control of the Nazi party in the 1920s, an organization, which is anti-Semitic. Hitler gains popular political credibility by placing the responsibility on the Jews for Germany's defeat in the First World War. Hitler also blames Jews for Germany’s economic problems. “What is less understood are the political conditions associated with the rise of Hitler and fascism” (Knudson, 2006). Hitler informs the Germans that they belong to a superior race, which is meant to rule the world, better known as the Aryan race. “Hitler had already started his political career in 1919, and had been influenced by this kind of Pan-German thinking” (Noakes, 2010). The Great Depression...
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...so deeply ingrained into Brazilian society as the country moved into the modern era and came under the rule of a military dictatorship, though they still exerted a lot of influence in terms of political and social decision making, patriarchy and regionalism underwent some alterations to adapt to the changes of the times (i.e. the abolition of slavery). In 1930 Getulio Vargas staged a military coup and seized control of Brazil for himself, beginning the dictatorship that would last until the 1980’s, with the exception of the countries brief experimentation with a democratic government. The modernismo movement, in the Brazilian art and literary world, set up Vargas’ rise to power. Much like the futurist movement that fueled Mussolini’s regime in Italy, the backers of this artistic faction sought to escape the woeful past and form a new cultural identity, completely separate of the one born out of the old Portuguese regime. What’s fascinating about this is that...
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...GLOBALIZATION BACKLASH AND THE RISE OF ANTI-HEGEMONIC PARTY STATES Diego Olstein Hebrew University of Jerusalem Contents Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………..5 Part I: Principle Chapter 1: Defining Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………………………….18 Chapter 2: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Domestic Features of Political Regimes…………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Chapter 3: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Exogenous Perspective on Political Regimes……………………………………………………………………………………………75 Part II: History Chapter 4: The Global Rise of Anti-Hegemonic Party States and Globalization Backlash 1917-1945...…………………………………………………………….91 Chapter 5: The Big Leap of Anti-Hegemonic Party States: The Second Wave 1946-1975…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………111 Chapter 6: Globalization Anew and the Marginalization of Anti-Hegemonic Party States 1976-2010………………………………………………………142 Conclusions Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State In 1997 the European Commission defined Globalization “as the process by which markets and production in different countries are becoming increasingly interdependent due to the dynamics of trade in goods and services and flows of capital and technology. It is not a new phenomenon but the continuation...
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