...Role on Gender Specific Emotion Perception Carrie Camp, Patti Cuddeback, and Jillian Taylor Guilford College Abstract Social roles and emotions were examined with a female model. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of social role on gender specific facial expressions. It was predicted that women’s facial expressions connected with supervisory position will be rated as more masculine and women’s facial expression connected with subordinate or employee status will be rated as more feminine. Sixty nine individuals participated in our study. They were randomly assigned to read a scenario about either CEO, department manager or an entry level female and rate the female facial expression provided. Seven different emotions were rated which included disgust, anger, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness and surprise, on a seven-point Likert-type scale. After data was collected, perceived emotional intensity was measured and analyzed using a total feminine emotion score. Results showed that there was no difference in perceived emotional intensity based occupation level or gender of participant. These findings suggest that social roles are not a factor in perceived emotion level within a target; however future research should use a measure that equally describes both masculine stereotyped emotions and feminine stereotyped emotions. Keywords: perception, facial expressions, stereotypes, emotional expressions. The Effect of Social Role on Gender Specific...
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...1. Gender refers to the socially learned attitudes and behaviors associated with biological differences. Gender determines the expression of masculinity and femininity. People reinforce those gender expressions through social interaction. Social and culture shape gender roles and what is considered appropriate behavior for a “man” and “women”. For example, men are expected to be a leader and protector for family while women focus on home such as taking care of the house, cooking, raising children, being emotionally supportive of the husband. 2. Feminism is the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women. The first wave was the fight for women’s rights for legal and political equality. This effort of women led to the passage of women’s right to vote in 1920. The second wave focused on social and cultural inequalities. The book “Feminine Mystique” by Betty Freidan argues women were unhappy because of the feminine mystique. This was a damaging ideal of femininity and it restricted women to the role of housewife and mother, giving up on work and education. Feminists fought to provide opportunities and to ensure that women would have a choice in areas such as education, working, relationships or marriage, and control of their reproductive rights. The third wave reacted to the second wave. The third-wave feminists tended to be more global and multicultural, and its ideas beyond middle class, white women, addressing the different disadvantages women experience because...
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...Killerman discusses gender identity, gender expression and biological sex. How do these concepts differ and in what ways do these concepts intersect? According to Killerman, gender identity, gender expression, and biological sex are the primary components that make up one’s gender. Gender identity is one’s perception and experience with gender. Gender expression is one’s ways of showcasing gender identity through physical means, such as clothing, appearance, and behavior. Biological sex is one’s bodily characteristics that usually distinguish male from female. These concepts are unique in the way that one...
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...There are many historical events that have set the stage to analyze gender differences between men and women in the workplace. Whether these gender differences exist in the way in which they communicate, influence, or lead, men and women have always been viewed as different and unique sets of people. These differences have, to a certain extent, put women in the workplace at a disadvantage because of their perceived inferiority to men, mainly due to historical gender inequalities. Foremost among these historical events is the women’s liberation movement, an extensive feminist movement that has been in existence since the late eighteenth century and has gone through three distinct waves. Each section has focused on different reforms ranging from women’s suffrage to equal pay to reproductive rights. The first wave of feminism focused on women’s suffrage and political equality for women. The wave’s biggest success was the ratification of the 19th amendment which gave women the right to vote. The second wave shifted the focus from political equality to gender equality in laws and eliminating cultural discrimination in society. And finally, the third wave focused on equality across not only gender, but race as well. The third wave also included extensive campaigning for greater women’s influence in politics. Each of these waves have, in some way, contributed to overcoming gender discrimination in different sectors of a woman’s life, ranging from legal equality to social equality to...
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...Pornography benefits women, both personally and politically (McElroy.W 1995. XXX: A Women’s Right to Pornography). Comment on this statement examining both sides of the argument. Pornography is any type of material that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual excitement in its audience. It is an issue that has been under constant debate in our society and there are many arguments for and against pornography it has been extensively debated whether pornographic material should be legally protected or banned. Those who believe pornography must be protected argue that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, including sexual expression. A strong defender to this view is McElroy, who reflects this in her writing of “XXX: A Woman’s Right to Pornography”. Opponents of McElroy’s view raise moral concerns, arguing that the First Amendment does not protect expression that corrupts people's behaviour, therefore defending the suppression of pornography because it perpetuates gender stereotypes, as women are reduced to nothing more than sex objects which promotes violence against women and that men are viewed as “naturally” oppressive and violent and they are ruled by their sexual natures. Opponents also believe that even if pornography is viewed as speech it should be treated as a low value form of speech that is not entitled to First Amendment protection. According to the Radical feminist view, men are socialized to have sexual desires...
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...need and belonging that many had been left out of before they had the opportunity to persue any type of career in an acceptable manner. With the men away at war, women were encouraged to find work outside the home due to a lack of factory workers who could produce war goods. Once the war ended, however, this propaganda not only stopped- it abruptly changed. Once the men were back in the states there was an excess of workers. Men came back form war to find that there were no jobs or that their wives were occupying them. With production plummeting after war time highs there were few jobs to offer the men returning home. This started a media blitz on women. Women were encouraged to return to the home and take care of their families. Women's magazines were overflowing with ideas on how to make a perfect wife and mother. It was obvious that if you weren't happy making your family your job, there was something wrong with you as a woman. The problem was that women were unhappy; President Kennedy commissioned a report on the he status of the American Woman due to the magnitude of this problem (Schneir 38-47). The report basically said that women were unhappy with the idea that they were...
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...How does contemporary ‘post-feminism’ or ‘third wave feminism’ contribute to the furtherance of women’s rights and gender equality? Research and discuss There is a good deal of controversy over the role of so-called Third Wave feminism in the quest for gender equality. Third Wave feminism emerged in the late 1980’s and 1990’s among a cohort of women who had grown up taking for granted the gains made in the first wave of feminism (suffrage) and the second wave (the 1970’s emergence of feminist activism) (Arneil, 1999; Henry, 2004). These are young women who experience feminism almost like “’flouride. We scarcely notice that we have it—it’s simply in the water” (Henry, 2004: 70, quoting Baumgardner and Richards). The controversy stems not so much from their tacit reliance on previous gains, but on the focus of Third Wave feminism, which is undeniably on self-expression, freedom of experience, and sexual flexibility. Henry (2004) writes about the American television series Sex and the City as emblematic of Third Wave feminist sensibilities. This might be a bitter pill to swallow for those who identify feminism with more stalwart causes, including combating idealised and sexualised images of women in the media and embracing women’s diversity. After all, the four heroines of Sex and the City are all white, wealthy, thin, glamorous, obsessed with fashion and arguably obsessed with men. Nevertheless there are story lines and sensibilities in Sex and the City which reveal feminist...
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...Gender relations and women’s rights have been expressed through poetry, novels and short stories for generations. Two short stories written around the late 1800’s show an expression of women’s rights in many ways. These stories are Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin, and Hills like White Elephants by, Ernest Hemmingway. Both short stories have hidden messages and gender related views that are not quite obvious. I will compare and contrast these two stories in depth and distinguish the many elements of feminism and women’s rights. Story of an Hour is about a middle aged woman named Ms. Mallard who was told her husband had just been killed in a train wreck. Friends and family came to her aid to console her as the news was delivered. At first Ms. Mallard looked disheartened and upset, but then broke out in happiness and relief. She would keep whispering “Free! Body and soul free!” Everyone was baffled by her reaction and pondered the reasons she felt such relief; they thought she was ill. Ms. Mallard was not crazy because in her mind she was finally a free woman. In the story there is a statement about her marriage, “Yet she had loved him—sometimes. Often she had not.” Every marriage had its ups and downs, but there is underlying information that no one knows about her past. The joy that came over her body was so powerful and described as “monstrous” that her hear was racing and her emotions were running wild. As she is in the middle of this joy, her husband walks in the door; she...
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...Considering the Complexity of Gender, Literacy, and Technology." Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 50.4 (2006): 300-307. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Oct. 2015. Williams starts with a relative advocate but mention a wife in the kitchen and a husband on an out dated computer at the kitchen table. The wife is admiring her loving husband. While the husband is staring intently at the computer. William states that computers are more often than not portrayed in the media as a “guy thing”. But he says women are certainly portrayed as users of technology in the larger culture. What I get from this William is trying to portray that men are being stereotyped as computer geeks when in this society women are the voices for technology. “What changes are needed in the computer culture to improve its image, repair its deficits, and make it more appealing to girls and women?” (iv). "Gender Studies." Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology. Ed. Bryan S. Turner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Credo Reference. Web. 26 Oct 2015. Turner starts with informing the readers that this topic has many subtopic to go with it which means more information on it. Turner then goes on by telling the readers other subtopic that can go with such as gender in feminism, women’s studies and many more. Turner moves on in to a sociology stand point and defines social constructionism. Turner says “Sociologists are concerned with understanding how people do, rather than have, gender . . .” Turner also mentions...
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...PUBLIC POLICY AND GENDER POLITICS IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Despite the seemingly progressive actions by various regimes to redress women's conditions, the institutional environment dominated by men manifest contradictory gender politics. In Nigeria, as elsewhere, power relations are predicated on gender, which may be exercised in different domains (Pereira 2002:1). This chapter examines public policy and gender politics in governance, the social sector (widowhood practices) and education. PUBLIC POLICIES ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS Since the end of Second World War, there has been a widespread global concern for women's rights. Several international instruments have been adopted to attempt to resolve the problem of women's marginalization. The long list of international instruments include the 1948 Declaration on Human Rights, the 1976 Covenant on Human Rights, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination, and the 1985 Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies. The Nigerian state has also responded to the international environment through adoption of public policies and programmes to redress the imbalance in gender differences in the social, economic and political spheres. In 2000, the Nigerian government adopted the National Policy on Women. The government considered the policy as its commitment to the development of all sectors of the society and to institutionalize processes which will pilot the Nigerian society towards social equity, justice and a much-improved...
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... also freedom of expression has changed a lot. Each one of the above rights have foot holds in several different amendments, specifically the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth for gender discrimination, and for freedom of expression the First mainly. The following cases are cases which I think represent the evolution of gender discrimination and freedom of expression best. The first case is Frontiero Vs. Richardson (1973) this case is a good example of gender discrimination. The gender which is being discriminated against is the female gender. Sharron Frontiero is a lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. She filed for a dependent s allowance for her husband. The dependent s allowance was denied. According to Federal Law the wives of military members are provided with this allowance automatically, yet husbands of military members are not given the allowance unless there wives income provides for over one half of their support. According to Frontiero not allowing her husband or any other husbands to have dependency, by not allowing this they were unconstitutionally discriminating against female military members which violated the fifth amendment s due process clause. Frontiero, won the case . The court found that yes, it violated the due process clause, which said dissimilar treatment for men and woman who are similarly situated. The second case is Michael M. Vs. Supreme Court of Somona County (1981) This is also a good example of gender discrimination. The gender being discriminated...
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...due to their race, class, and gender certain groups of women, such as those of Indigenous backgrounds are treated unequally, and subject to marginalization and criminalization. Intersectionality explains how issues relating to race, class, and gender, such as capitalism, racism, colonialism, patriarchy, and gender inequality force women into the street sex trade in order to survive, and how social organizations provide useful resources despite the portrayal of these women as undeserving. Drawing on interviews conducted with Sage House and Transitional Educational Resources for Women (TERF) and several secondary sources, an intersectionality approach will be used to illustrate that the difficulties women in the street sex trade face are a result...
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...and more aren’t segregated or discriminative; and most importantly, words are gender neutral. Alas, this is not how it is. “Many of us see language as something neutral. But language is political and often times patriarchal. In English, for instance, the word ‘testimony’ is derived from ‘testis’ (in Latin, related to ‘bear witness’ and ‘male’). You probably get the idea: only male (or men with testicles) can bear witness to an event,” said conceptual artist, Tan Zi Hao. Therefore, when the opportunity arise to come up with a female-themed artwork, Zi Hao along with Karmen Hui Chia Yin and Tan Sueh Li, typographers and co-founders of TypoKaki, designed the Women's...
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...as Fanny Wright, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Amelia Bloomer and many more have done so through their actions, and speeches. Nevertheless, in recent times fashion has become an available source of expression. It is a powerful tool to be able to be seen and not heard--but still get the message across. Since its humble beginnings, fashion has oftentimes just existed, but in the past century, it has existed as a form of expression, art, and liberation Now, women are still being influenced and challenged by the media and their peer, but slowly, more and more women are standing up for themselves. Before the early to mid 1800's, women were forced to squeeze into corsets made of whalebone, steel or buckram. It gave them the figure eight profile which resulted on a number of health problems, including their organs and body to become deformed. Over the corsets, women wore heavy layers of petticoats despite the weather. (Small Business Administration 3) Dresses emphasized the bust and hips, attempting to make women look very voluptuous. With the spread of commercialism, hundreds of new beauty products were introduced. These ever-popular restricting fashions were later outdated. Lucretia Mott, Stanton and many more reformers started a Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls that dealt with women receiving further rights. Anthony collaborated with Stanton to write...
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...As the tension of violence withholds freedom from happiness for women, constraints upon the expression and vocations of young women also affect their ability to actualize their potential quality of life. That is, the strains of gendered expectations are injurious to the mental welfare of women. In the past, the psychiatric community has unethically––and yet perhaps unconsciously––used mental diagnoses to prune women into their gender roles and punish deviation from the norm, again referencing the historically sexist conventions of psychology [Source B]. The Journal of Mental Health Counseling continues to attest that “girls who defy gender roles are more often rejected by peers and have a higher risk for experiencing significant psychological...
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