Determining Enzyme Specificity in chemical reactions Introduction Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by speeding up the rate of the reaction and are usually named for the substrates they work on most with –ase suffix e.g. Substrate- Lactose, Enzyme- Lactase. Every reaction requires activation energy to begin and without the aid of enzymes chemical reactions require high levels of activation energy and would be too slow to support life within cells. Since every chemical reaction
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the cells membrane. Starch is a polysaccharide because it is comprised of lots of sugars. Individually these glucose molecules are able to pass through the cells membrane but due to the amount of them in starch it can not pass through. Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis (splitting of a compound by addition of water molecules) of starch into sugars (1). Amylase breaks the starch down into smaller sugar molecules going from C6 H10 O5 to glucose which is C6 H12 O6. The
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES Enzymes are extremely important and without them, the reactions in living organisms would be so slow they would hardly proceed at all. They enable metabolic reactions to proceed rapidly at low temperatures, and as well as speeding up reactions they also control them. There are two main groups of enzymes: intracellular and extracellular. INTRACELLULAR: Occur inside cells where they speed up and control metabolism. EXTRACELLULAR: Produced by cells but achieve
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A. Generate a fermentation profile for each of the organisms you tested. Glucose fermentation shows the ability of a bacterium to ferment carbohydrate as well as its ability to convert end products (pyruvic acid) into gaseous byproducts (Levinson, 2014). During this experiment 2 of the Staphylococcus epdidermidis tubes turned yellow. It was difficult to tell if there was an air bubble in any of the tubes that turned yellow, so I may be wrong on some of the fermentation profiles. The S. cerevisiae
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JUICE 1. Introduction Enzyme are proteins that act as catalysts to carry out specific reaction in any bio organism. Enzymes have the capability of reducing activation energy barrier and thus accelerate the metabolic reactions. There are roughly 4000 different enzyme varieties known to man, and this is because through evolutionary history, enzymes has developed specific functions and shapes to accommodate different biochemistry processes. The shape of an enzyme determine the different
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Suppression is a technique that plays an integral role in ion exchange chromatography as well as conductivity detection. It is commonly used in the detection and analysis of molecules such as ions as well as organic acids. There are numerous factors behind its popularity and effectiveness. These factors includes its ability to decrease background conductivity of the eluent which aids in the accuracy of result, minimizing of baseline noises which enables smoother analyses, optimization of signal to
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proper growth, development and maintenance of bone, connective tissue, brain, heart and other body organs. Copper is involved in absorption of iron, metabolism of cholesterol and glucose. Copper has a role in synthesis and release of proteins and enzymes involved in cellular energy, nerve regulation, blood clotting and oxygen transport. Copper stimulates immune system, repairing injured tissues and in healing. Copper helps to neutralize free radicals which cause damage to cells. The human body has
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of proteins is a three-dimensional structure formed by the folding up of a whole polypeptide chain. Every protein has unique tertiary structure, which is responsible for its properties and function. For example, the shape of the active site in an enzyme is due to its treaty structure. Quaternary structure of proteins found only in proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain. The amino acids in human bodies are made it two different ways: either from scratch or by modifying others. A few amino
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suffer from problems such as enzyme leakage from matrix when the interactions are relatively weak. Nonspecific Adsorption The simplest immobilization method is nonspecific adsorption, which is mainly based on physical adsorption or ionic binding. In physical adsorption, the enzymes are attached to the matrix through hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, or hydrophobic interactions; whereas in ionic bonding the enzymes are bound through salt linkages. This method is the easiest method of preparing
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with the building blocks of proteins: tryptophan. Using a chemical reactor tryptophan hydroxylase, cells build serotonin by merging with tryptophan. “The precursor of serotonin is the amino acid tryptophan. The enzyme tryptophan hydroxylases adds a hydroxyl group producing 5-HTP. The enzyme 5 HTP decarboxylase removes a carboxyl group from 5HTP and the result is 5HT or serotonin (Carlson, p.121)”. Serotonin is stored in synaptic vesicles where it awaits its release. These synaptic vesicles are located
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