...Low Energy Laser as a Treatment for Refractory Diabetic Leg Ulcers By Wendy Price Wake Forest University Department of Physician Assistant Studies 4/10/2009 I would like to thank everyone at Coy C. Carpenter library help and reference desks. To Ekatrina Zachry who translated the Russian research papers, thank you is the very least I can say for such an excellent job. I would like to tell my girls how proud I am of them and thank them for their patience, pictures, and prayers. You make it all worth the while. I would also like to thank my mother for her support, coming to help with the girls while I have been in school, and her motherly faith in me that never waivers. Most of all I want to thank my husband Clay Price for being an amazing pillar of strength, encouragement, patience, understanding, and love. I know I COULD NOT have done it without you. UA&F Low Energy Laser as a Treatment for Refractory Diabetic Leg and Foot Ulcers ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Diabetic leg and foot ulcers often lead to immobility, infection, and amputation, cost $7,000 to $40,000 per ulcer, and erode mental health and QOL. Lasers have been effectively utilized in medicine since the 60’s, from various surgical uses to the treatment of diseases. Although low-energy (also called low-power, low-level, and cold) laser therapy for “biostimulation” (or biomodulation) of ulcer healing has been studied extensively, quality data on diabetic wound healing is rare. This review seeks...
Words: 9413 - Pages: 38
...RETINAENGRAVE 3D SOFTWARE User’s Manual VERSION 2015.01 2 Table of Contents Quick Start Guide 4 CONNECTING THE LASER TO YOUR COMPUTER 5 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE AND DRIVERS 6 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY 9 Control Panel Interface 10 OVERVIEW 11 PANEL AND DISPLAY 12 BUTTON FUNCTIONS 13 RetinaEngrave 3D Pro Activation 16 OVERVIEW 17 VALIDATION WALKTHROUGH FOR NEW CUSTOMERS 17 VALIDATION WALKTHROUGH FOR EXISTING CUSTOMERS (SOFTWARE UPGRADE) 19 OFFLINE VALIDATION PROCEDURE 19 VALIDATION INCOMPLETE - MORE INFORMATION REQUIRED 20 Software Interface 22 OVERVIEW 23 USING RETINAENGRAVE 24 AUTOMATIC WHITE SPACE CROPPING 26 PRINTING SIZE 27 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR INTERFACE FEATURES 28 RETINAENGRAVE 3D USER’S MANUAL 3 Engraving 34 OVERVIEW 35 RASTER ENGRAVE TAB 35 DPI SELECTION 38 GETTING BETTER RASTER RESULTS 39 CASE STUDY: THE EFFECTS OF UP-SCALING FOLLOWING DIRECT PRINT 41 Cutting 44 OVERVIEW 45 VECTOR CUT TAB 46 DESIGNATING LAYERS 48 WORKSPACE TOOLS 49 Advanced Functions 50 OVERVIEW 51 ENGRAVE THEN CUT 51 ROTARY ENGRAVING 54 3D ENGRAVING 55 The Design Tab 57 OVERVIEW 58 DESIGN TAB FUNCTIONALITY 58 Appendix...
Words: 11359 - Pages: 46
...INTRODUCTION . Micromachining is the basic technology for fabrication of micro-components of size in the range of 1 to 500 micrometers. Their need arises from miniaturization of various devices in science and engineering, calling for ultra-precision manufacturing and micro-fabrication. Micromachining is used for fabricating micro-channels and micro-grooves (see Fig.) in micro-fluidics applications, micro-filters, drug delivery systems, micro-needles, and micro-probes in biotechnology applications. Micro-machined components are crucial for practical advancement in Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), Micro-electronics (semiconductor devices and integrated circuit technology) and Nanotechnology. [pic] Micromachining has evolved greatly in the past few decades, to include various techniques, broadly classified into mask-based and tool-based, as depicted in the diagram below. While mask-based processes can generate 2-D/2.5-D features on substrates like semiconductor chips, tools-based processes have the distinct advantage of being able to adapt to metallic and non-metallic surfaces alike, and also generate 3-D features and/or free-form sculpted surfaces. However, the challenges of achieving accuracy, precision and resolution persist. Internationally, the race to fabricate the smallest possible component has lead to realization of sizes ever below 10 µm, even though the peak industrial requirement has...
Words: 955 - Pages: 4
...LASERS IN PREPROSTHETIC SURGERY LASER is an acronym for light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation. Laser application in maxillofacial surgery practice covers control of leukoplakia, oral malignancy, preprosthetic or periodontal surgery, temporomandibular joint, uvulopalatostomy, and cosmetic procedures. Clinical lasers are of two types; soft lasers are essentially an aid to healing with relatively few rigorous studies available to support their use. Surgical hard lasers, however, can cut both hard and soft tissues and replace the scalpel and drill in many areas. From initial experiments with the ruby laser most clinicians are using argon, CO2 and now Nd:YAG systems. Both the CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers can be used for intraoral soft tissue surgeries. The advantages of lasers include a relatively bloodless surgical and postsurgical course, minimal swelling and scarring, coagulation, vaporization, and cutting, minimal or no suturing, reduction in surgical time, and, in a majority of cases, much less or no postsurgical pain. CO2 LASER Since its development in the early 1960s, the CO2 laser has been rapidly introduced into medical research and almost every dental and medical surgical specialty. In dental surgery it is mainly used for oral soft tissue applications. High-power lasers are one of the greatest technologies advances in dentistry field. In 1989 the first laser specifically designed for use in dentistry, a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser was introduced. The CO2...
Words: 1589 - Pages: 7
...Advanced Production processes Assessment Manav Jain #7638831 BEng (HONS) Mechanical Engineering Date of Laboratory: 01-03-2013 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 System A.................................................................................................................................................. 2 Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Procedure............................................................................................................................................ 3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................................ 4 Effect of changing the number of pulse and how these results change with laser fluence, F ....... 4 Change of etch rate with increasing fluence .................................................................................. 4 Threshold fluence, FT and absorption coefficient, α ....................................................................... 5 System B.................................................................................................................................................. 6 Theory ............................................................................
Words: 2426 - Pages: 10
...was founded in 1986, and since then, a number of different RP techniques have become available. Rapid Prototyping has also been referred to as solid free-form manufacturing; computer automated manufacturing, and layered manufacturing. RP has obvious use as a vehicle for visualization. In addition, RP models can be used for testing, such as when an airfoil shape is put into a wind tunnel. RP models can be used to create male models for tooling, such as silicone rubber molds and investment casts. In some cases, the RP part can be the final part, but typically the RP material is not strong or accurate enough. When the RP material is suitable, highly convoluted shapes (including parts nested within parts) can be produced because of the nature of RP. Fig 1. Rapid prototyping worldwide There is a multitude of experimental RP methodologies either in development or used by small groups of individuals. They are listed as given below. Stereolithography (SLA) Selective Laser Sintering (SLS®) Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM™) Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Solid Ground Curing (SGC) Ink Jet printing techniques 1.2 Stereolithography The term stereolithography was coined in 1986 by Charles W. Hull. Stereolithography was defined as a method and apparatus for making solid objects by successively ‘printing’ thin layers of the ultraviolet curable...
Words: 2215 - Pages: 9
...Front. Mech. Eng. 2013, 8(3): 215–243 DOI 10.1007/s11465-013-0248-8 REVIEW ARTICLE Nannan GUO, Ming C. LEU Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been researched and developed for more than 20 years. Rather than removing materials, AM processes make three-dimensional parts directly from CAD models by adding materials layer by layer, offering the beneficial ability to build parts with geometric and material complexities that could not be produced by subtractive manufacturing processes. Through intensive research over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the development and commercialization of new and innovative AM processes, as well as numerous practical applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, energy and other fields. This paper reviews the main processes, materials and applications of the current AM technology and presents future research needs for this technology. Keywords additive manufacturing (AM), AM processes, AM materials, AM applications 1 Introduction The ASTM F42 Technical Committee defines additive manufacturing (AM) as the “process of joining materials to make objects from three-dimensional (3D) model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies” [1]. It is also known as additive fabrication, additive processes, direct digital...
Words: 18612 - Pages: 75
...ABOUT US Our Mission | | | Our mission is to become the biggest and best company in professional surveying field and create the good name in the world. | | | | | | Profile | | | SOUTH INDIA BRANCH SOUTH is a leading company of surveying instrument in India. SOUTH Group is a famous company who is involved in R&D, production, trading and service in surveying field all over the world for more than 20 years. South Precision Instrument Pvt. Ltd is in charge of Indian market for the sales and service of SOUTH products. SOUTH pays more attention for Indian market. We have branch office in Delhi, Mumbai and Hyderabad. We established the local service center all over India. We like to supply the best quality of surveying products with the satisfied service. We are planning to establish the factory in India and produce the surveying instrument in India. It is our duty to support and push the development of digital surveying and mapping work in India. At South Precision Instrument Pvt. Ltd. our most valued asset is our employees. They are resourceful and innovative in response to the many challenging. SOUTH like to offer the good opportunity and stage for every employee to make the perfect career. SOUTH SOUTH , is the biggest company in surveying field in China. SOUTH have 5 big factories to produce GPS, Software, Echo Sounder, Total station, Electronic Theodolite, Auto Level, Prism and Accessories. SOUTH have more than 150 nos branch...
Words: 1535 - Pages: 7
...Dylan Spille March 2, 2013 6th hour Pre-AP Biology “Retinoblastoma Research Paper” “Retinoblastoma” Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina, but can be cured with the right information and technology to help. Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer that forms in the retina. It is a progressive genetic disorder. The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye. The retina covers approximately 65% of the interior of the eye. In immature retinal cells, the cancer will develop in children from the time the eyes develop in the womb to 5 years of age. The tumor starts in the retina, the light sensitive layer of the eye, which allows the eye to actually see. “ It can occur in either one eye (unilateral) or two eyes (bilateral)”(Hulett, WashBurn, and Orenic). If the cancer is caught early, it is curable, but if caught late, it is deadly. That is why in developing countries, 87% of children worldwide with this genetic disorder will die. For developed countries, 97 % survive but will have moderate to severe visual impairment. Before enucleation was known to help retinoblastoma, it was incurable. It was considered incurable and death always occurred because inheritance patterns had not been established, leading back to more deaths. But in all actuality, the survival rate will drop with every decade of life when the patients have the genomic mutation. The genomic mutation is a gene mutation within every cell of the individual’s body. Those patients...
Words: 1756 - Pages: 8
...NICHOLAS BURNS, DDS w 907D07 Eleni Mitsis prepared this case under the supervision of Professor John Haywood-Farmer solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors might have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. Ivey Management Services prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmittal of this material without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Management Services, c/o Richard Ivey School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey.uwo.ca. Copyright © 2007, Ivey Management Services Version: (A) 2007-03-12 One Friday afternoon in September 2005, Dr. Nicholas Burns, a sole practitioner dentist from Busby, Ontario, was driving home from a continuing education course on gum disease. At the course, he had overheard two dentists discussing Waterlase®, the new dental laser that allowed dentists to perform dental treatments without anaesthesia. One of the two was purchasing this technology. Burns had seen an increasing number of journal articles about the laser in recent years. Although he had wondered whether he should acquire...
Words: 4277 - Pages: 18
...resin with a high intensity UV radiations at times causes over-curing which is highly undesirable. In this project, behavior of different biomaterials have been observed under same condition and the results have been plotted and regression analysis for each has been done. The study of graphs and coefficient of determination of process with different materials shows how accurate the process is and it also helps ultimately to conclude the linear relationship between curing depth and exposure time. In any stereolithography case these curing depth and exposure time are chief governing parameters along with critical exposure and penetration depth. 1. Introduction Stereolithography (also known as SL or SLA) builds parts layer-by-layer using a UV laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resins. It is commonly used to produce concept models, master patterns, large prototypes and investment casting patterns. [01] This process is based on spatially controlled solidification of a liquid resin by photo-polymerization. Stereolithography Apparatus which is also known as SLA is chiefly comprised of Ultraviolet laser device, tank full of photosensitive liquid resin and the computer which controls the motion of laser device. Steps to manufacture object by stereolithography: - 1. A 3-D model of an object is designed in a CAD software and saved as a STL file. 2. The CAD software chops and slices the CAD model into series of thin parallel horizontal layers. 3. The sliced information...
Words: 4548 - Pages: 19
...the loss of vision caused by a common agerelated disorder. Painlessly and insidiously, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects an estimated 10 million Americans.' It's the most common cause of vision loss and blindness in people over 65, and it can affect people at younger ages as well.' The risk of developing AMD steadily increases with age. People in their 50s bave about a 2% chance of developing it, while the risk rises to nearly 30% in those over age 75.^ Every three minutes, another case of AMD is diagnosed in the US.^ Each year, 200,000 people with AMD lose all central vision in one or both eyes.' More people than ever before will be forced to live with AMD as the baby boomer generation continues to grow older. This article reviews the anatomy and function of the normal retina. It also identifies tbe risk factors for AMD and its causes, as well as its diagnosis and treatment. A diagnosis of AMD means a significant decrease in vision, and, in some cases, complete blindness. Because patients face important concerns related to their everyday activities, methods of addressing those issues will be discussed. Normal Vision For a person to see properly, light must pass through the cornea, pupil, and the lens. Then it must be focused onto the retina, the innermost layer of tissue at the back of the eye. The surface of the retina must he flat and smooth to produce a good visual image. The retina contains two types...
Words: 3063 - Pages: 13
...LASIK Eye Surgery Abstract: The human eye is used to view objects but some individuals have trouble viewing objects clearly. Commonly the problem is known as a refractive error. Solutions to correct refractive error are glasses, contact lenses and LASIK eye surgery. Three common forms of refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. These are defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature. Myopia is the inability to see things that are far in distance, nearsightedness. Hyperopia is the error in which one cannot view things that are near clearly, farsightedness. Astigmatism is a condition in which someone’s eye cannot focus. The start of LASIK began in 1848 with several complications and uncertainty. Over the years LASIK has developed but many are still concerned due to some complications. Complications continue to lessen as more surgeries are performed but many individuals still have fear about the surgery. Introduction: The human eye is composed of the iris, pupil, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous, retina, fovea, and the optic nerve as seen in Figure 1. One sees an object from the reflection of light which bounces off an object into the eye. Light initially travels past a thin layer of tears which begins to bring focus to the eye. Then light passes through the cornea, which bends the light through aqueous humor to the pupil. The amount of light that is trying to pass through the pupil will cause the iris to do one of two things...
Words: 2694 - Pages: 11
...INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH by Nathan Rosenberg Professor of Economics (Emeritus), Stanford University Abstract This paper illustrates why technological innovation is considered as a major force in economic growth and focuses on some of the most distinctive features of innovation in the highly industrialized economies of the OECD area. In particular, the paper attempts to examine a primary single feature, “uncertainty” that dominates the search for new technologies by drawing several cases on the American experience. It also touches on the impact of technological innovation in the tourism industry and how it is transforming the tourism business model. Technological innovation, a major force in economic growth It is taken as axiomatic that innovative activity has been the single, most important component of long-term economic growth and this paper will start by drawing upon the findings of a very influential paper published by my colleague at Stanford, Prof. Abramovitx, back in the mid-1950s. In the most fundamental sense, there are only two ways of increasing the output of the economy: (1) you can increase the number of inputs that go into the productive process, or (2) if you are clever, you can think of new ways in which you can get more output from the same number of inputs. And, if you are an economist you are bound to be curious to know which of these two ways has been more important - and how much more important. Essentially what Abramovitz did was to measure the growth...
Words: 3574 - Pages: 15
...for the Optimization of transportation cost. The case study was to reduce the cost of transportation of a local industry to transport their products from various warehouses to their various supply points. It gave me my first experience as an engineer in which I reduced the cost of transportation of the particular industry by five per cent. I am also working on my project on “Multi objective optimization of Selective Laser Sintered (SLS) components using genetic algorithm”. The project aims at optimizing the process parameters of the SLS manufactured components using an algorithm by which a product can be made of superior mechanical properties rather than optimizing just one property and to bring Rapid Prototyping into main scale manufacturing of components. I was also able to co-author three international journal publications, one being on “the early cost estimate of a washing machine using Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) Principles” and two others on Rapid Prototyping techniques, thereby reducing the machining time and the wastage of materials during manufacturing and the improving reliability of the products...
Words: 990 - Pages: 4
