...Artificial Intelligence Growing up, I watched and enjoyed movies such as Short Circuit, Space Camp, and the Terminator. There would be no doubt in my mind that we as humans would be able to create artificial intelligence. I figured it was a no brainer as a watched the robots on the big screen think and make decisions on their own without any human input. Later on, as an adult you begin to realize that movies are fiction and it would take a very intelligent human to create artificial life that could make its own decisions and function like a human. With the help of Hollywood, when we think of artificial intelligence, we tend to think of immense robots that walk, talk, appear human, and also make friends with people such as a human would do. We need to examine the meaning of the word artificial intelligence. All textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.” Reading these definitions brings a greater understanding as to what artificial intelligence is and the fact remains that it has been around a lot longer than we think. I remember my mother buying a vacuum in 2002 called the iRobot. It would roam around the house without a handle or a remote control and vacuum the carpet. The iRobot would know when...
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...Assignment 1 – Chapter 1 1.1 (a) intelligence – means to have the knowledge to learn and understand different situations. (b) artificial intelligence – the ability of a computer or robot to act like a human and make decisions based on pre-defined rules. (c) agent – is the entity that is doing the actions, it can interact with the environment, change it, and learn from it. (d) rationality – is the ability of doing the right thing based on what it already knows or has learned from the environment. (e) logical reasoning – is the process using arguments, statements, premises, and axioms to determine whether a statement is true or false. 1.3 - Yes, reflex actions such as flinching from a hot stove are rational because it is the right thing to do. We don’t think before we flinch from a hot stove because it suppose to be quick, thinking will defeat the purpose of flinching. - No, I believe that reflex actions are not intelligent because you don’t have to put any thought into them, we do them automatically. 1.4 No, the program wouldn’t be more intelligent than a human because the artificial intelligence systems will avoid trying to solve problems. Humans don’t solve complete problems either, but they are good at solving a lot of structure using knowledge they have learned. Artificial intelligent systems attempt to do the same as humans. IQ test scores interact well with certain other measures only if they are measuring normal humans, it doesn’t measure anything...
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...ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER FACULTY OF ENGINEERING VACATION INTERNSHIP REPORT Name of Student: ____Hou Liwen ___ Matric No. _A0105595B __ Course/Year/Training Period: ___Electrical Engineering/2014/12/5-1/8 Student’s Email Address: __A0105595@NUS.EDU.SG Name of Mentor: __Chen Zhi Ning_____ Name of Company: __Surbana Technologies Pte Ltd _____ ______ 1 Vacation Internship Report 2 AT Surbana Technologies Pte. Ltd. Reporting Period: 23/06/2014-01/08/2014 Submitted by: Hou Liwen A0105595B Dept/Year of Studies Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The National University of Singapore 2014 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I INTRODUCTION II THE TRAINING ASSIGNMENTS III CONCLUSION Student Feedback form Student Log Sheet VIP Report Clearance Form 4 5 6 23 24 26 27 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The vacation internship program is a golden opportunity for learning and self-development. I consider myself very lucky and honored to have such a wonderful opportunity to be an intern at Surbana Technologies Pte. Ltd and have so many helpful knowledgeable people lead me through in completion of my internship program. I wish to express my indebted gratitude and special thanks to Mr Louis Tay who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my internship at his esteemed organization. I do not know where I would be without him. I also...
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...Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence is evolving every day, however this technology is erasing the future of mankind all together. An example of artificial technology diminishing our future in stories would be in “The Pedestrian” and “The Veldt” by Ray Bradbury. “The Pedestrian” shows the government diminished the entire police force to only one artificial intelligent police car which could not react rationally to Leonard Mead which was simply walking. “The Veldt” also glorifies the downsides of artificial intelligence. It does this by showing how a “nursery” can replace neglectful parents of the children. “The Pedestrian” and ”The Veldt” fictional stories by Ray Bradbury, show how artificial intelligence is unhealthy for the future...
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...Chapter Eleven: Order Fulfillment Along the Supply Chain and Other EC Support Services 11-1 Online File W11.1 What Services Do Customers Need? Insights on online customer services: ◗ Customer preferences. Customers tend not to do much self-service in terms of getting information from companies (e.g., only 19% use FAQs), so they require attention. As more companies offer online self-service, though, this situation is changing. When contacting companies for information, customers use e-mail more than the telephone (71% versus 51%). ◗ Types of service. Four types of service exist, based on where the customer is in the purchase experience: during shopping (search products, compare, find product attributes); during buying (questions on warranties, billing, receipt, payment); after placing the order (checking status in processing and in shipping); and after receiving the item (checking return procedures, how to use the item). ◗ Problem resolution. Customers expect quick resolutions to problems, and expect problems to be resolved to their satisfaction. Therefore, easy returns and order tracking are desirable. ◗ Shipping options. Several shipping options are usually needed to make customers happy. ◗ Fraud protection. Customers need to make sure that sellers or others are not going to cheat them (Chapters 9 and 14). ◗ Order status and updates. Customers want to have some way to check on the status of their order, which involves tracking either by phone or online. These services...
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...INTELLIGENT AGENTS In which we discuss what an intelligent agent does, how it is related to its environment, how it is evaluated, and how we might go about building one. 2.1 INTRODUCTION An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors. A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors, and hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for effectors. A robotic agent substitutes cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors and various motors for the effectors. A software agent has encoded bit strings as its percepts and actions. A generic agent is diagrammed in Figure 2.1. Our aim in this book is to design agents that do a good job of acting on their environment. First, we will be a little more precise about what we mean by a good job. Then we will talk about different designs for successful agents—filling in the question mark in Figure 2.1. We discuss some of the general principles used in the design of agents throughout the book, chief among which is the principle that agents should know things. Finally, we show how to couple an agent to an environment and describe several kinds of environments. 2.2 HOW AGENTS SHOULD ACT RATIONAL AGENT A rational agent is one that does the right thing. Obviously, this is better than doing the wrong thing, but what does it mean? As a first approximation, we will say that the right action is the one that will cause the agent to be most successful...
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...director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, Predicted a machine programmed to make as many paper clips as possible, he called “the paper-clip maximizer”. He envisions that if this machine ever became incredibly intelligent, it would then decide to create new, more efficient paper-clip-manufacturing machines—until it had converted essentially everything into paper clips! (Bostorm, 2004) A risk described by critics as an exaggerating scenario and is “perhaps impossible”. (Anderson and Leigh,...
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...Smart Cities will be the biggest enabler of Internet of Things Before going on and on about the mentioned subject, a question must be answered. What is a smart city? A smart city is a city where modern technologies and advanced resources are used to uplift the standard of living with the society. The target is achieved with better resource management and adapting methods that are more in accordance with the environment. A smart city is a city which has lower levels of pollution and other adverse effects on the biosphere and environment around it. It might sound something of similitude from science fiction of some perfect utopian future where robots serve as personal comfort assistants of the Human race, people travelling in flying cars or any such levitated contraptions and where we have trade relations with beings from another part of the Universe. To the contrary of the previous sentence, smart cities are not a part of a distant utopian future, but are happening now and the World Wide Web of the Internet has been the greatest tool in achieving it. In fact there are examples of Smart cities in the past such as Bletchley Park, where Professor Alan Turing deciphered the infamous Nazi cipher Enigma machine during World War II. Alan Turing who is often called the father of modern computing, is only fitting that he too once lived in a smart city that changed the course of history and we know and live now. Compared to the early 21st century, our way of living, at least in the Tier...
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...Introduction Imagine a world, a possibility, humans stopped controlling Artificial intelligence or AI. Four researchers have explored this idea, they have brought four hypotheses on the table on how this would happen and how to prevent it from happening. The authors Stuart Russel, Sabine Hauert, Russ Altman, and Manuela Veloso of the article Ethics of Artificial intelligence give ideas that are very intriguing and worth taking a more critical look at the rhetorical devices they use in their article. In a nutshell on Ward and Vander Lei text there are seven main rhetorical devices, they are purpose, point, author, audience, organization, and research and evidence this essay will look at the article Ethics of artificial intelligence in this light....
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...Artificial Intelligence 1. Explain how Intelligent Agents influence the development of applications or Software. The Intelligent Agents are used in the creation of machines (hardware / software) to display intelligent behavior. Such systems can be simply personal computers; or may be robots. To perform tasks that if a human's conduct, require hard work and a high level of concentration and intelligence. 2. Identify and explain as a model of software engineering for distributed systems using Intelligent Agents. The Software Engineering model uses the following features of an Intelligent Agent: reasoning abilities, skills, services, sensors, effectors, groups they belong and class. ABLE is an example; is a tool for building IBM Systems Intelligent Agents where its entirety, including agents, are constructed by composition AbleBeans, an extension of JavaBeans. Interest are a set of specialized systems that implement AbleBeans statistical learning (self-organizing maps, neural networks, connection maps) and symbolic control (forward chaining reasoning and predicate logic). ABLE also incorporates a visual development environment where AbleBeans interconnect. The interest of this platform is that visually solves the construction and communication of agents. 3. When does an agent is considered autonomous? The main point about the agent is that they are independent: able to act independently, exhibiting control over their internal state. 4. Analyze each of the following...
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...MULUNGUSHI UNIVERSITY Pursing frontiers of Knowledge CENTRE FOR ICT EDUCATION ICT 352 Artificial Intelligence and Prolog Topic: Intelligent Agents Lecturer: M. Simfukwe Monday, 20 May, 2013 Outline • Agents and environments • Rationality • PEAS (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) • Environment types • Agent types Agents • An agent is any system that gets in some input and processes it to get some output. • Software agents in classical computer science • Hardware agents (robots), with sensors and actuators. Agents • An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators • Percept refers to agents perceptual inputs • Percept sequence: Complete history of everything the agent has perceived and stored in KB. • Performance Measure: Criterion for success for agent. Agents (cont..) • Rationality: determined by 4 factors 1.performance measure 2.prior knowledge of environment 3.actions that the agent can perform 4.percept sequence to date. Rational Agent: For each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should select an action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by percept sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has. Agents and environments • The agent function maps from percept histories to actions: [f: P* A] Vacuum-cleaner world • Percepts: location and...
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...THE INTELLIGENT INVESTOR A BOOK OF PRACTICAL COUNSEL REVISED EDITION B E NJAM I N G RAHAM Updated with New Commentary by Jason Zweig To E.M.G. Through chances various, through all vicissitudes, we make our way. . . . Aeneid Contents Epigraph iii Preface to the Fourth Edition, by Warren E. Buffett viii A Note About Benjamin Graham, by Jason Zweig x Introduction: What This Book Expects to Accomplish COMMENTARY ON THE INTRODUCTION 1. 1 12 35 The Investor and Inflation 47 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 2 3. 18 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 1 2. Investment versus Speculation: Results to Be Expected by the Intelligent Investor 58 65 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 3 4. A Century of Stock-Market History: The Level of Stock Prices in Early 1972 80 General Portfolio Policy: The Defensive Investor 88 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 4 5. 101 124 Portfolio Policy for the Enterprising Investor: Negative Approach 133 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 6 7. 112 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 5 6. The Defensive Investor and Common Stocks 145 iv 155 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 7 8. Portfolio Policy for the Enterprising Investor: The Positive Side 179 The Investor and Market Fluctuations 188 v Contents COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 8 9. Investing in Investment Funds COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 9 213 226 242 10. The Investor and His Advisers 257 COMMENTARY ON CHAPTER 10 272 11. Security...
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...Exam 1 study guide Prothero (lectures for 8/23, 8/30, 9/6) • How is religion defined? How is Christianity defined? What are some dis/advantages with each of the definitions? • What is religious literacy (and what are its different forms – pp.14-19)? Why is religious literacy significant (chs. 1-2)? • What does Prothero mean by religious illiteracy? How does this manifest itself (give examples – either from the text or from the lecture notes)? • What does Prothero identify as reasons behind the current religious illiteracy? • What does Prothero offer as a solution for the religious illiteracy problem? How practical is his solution? (ch.5) • Concepts: creationism (pp.213-4). Popper, Lakatos, Hansson (lecture for 9/13) • What is the demarcation problem? • How does Popper answer the demarcation question? What does he mean by falsifiability? What problems are there with his answer? • How does Lakatos answer the demarcation question? What problems are there with his answer? What are the elements of a research programme? Why is this term significant for Lakatos? What is the difference between a progressive and a degenerating research programme? Give examples of each. • What is Hansson proposed answer to the demarcation problem? How is it different from Popper’s and Lakatos’ proposals? Carrier (lectures for 9/13, 9/20) • How does Carrier define scientific literacy? How does this differ from the definition...
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...argument, which argues that the universe is being directed towards an end purpose due to the a posteriori (subject to experience) evidence of an intelligent designer, who is God. This is because it is perhaps arguably the most famous version, and the theory which modern-day theories for the Design argument are built upon. The first version of the Design argument came from Plato, a Greek philosopher, who developed it to address the universe's apparent order. Plato proposed in his book Timaeus that a “demiurge”, a divine being of supreme wisdom and intelligence, was the creator of the cosmos. In Roman times, this was built upon by Cicero, a Roman jurist, who put forward an early version of what Paley would use for his design argument. In his book On the Nature of Gods, he put forward an analogy of a sundial being designed to tell the time, and that this could be attributed to nature, so therefore like something must of made the sundial, something must of made nature, and this something is an artificer, or God. These key ideas were later developed in the Dominican priest St.Thomas Aquinas' Five ways in his work the Summa Theologica. Each of his ways were in essence proving the existence of God, but the 5th way in particular, which states that common sense tells us the universe acts in such a way so therefore we conclude an intelligent designer (God) created the world, is often the key idea for the Design argument, and the theme which Paley developed his argument from. Paley...
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...The Argument for Design Background • Also known as teleological argument from Greek ‘telos’ meaning ‘goal or purpose’ • A posteriori – the DA claims there is evidence of design in the world and so relies on external empirical evidence for its proof. • Inductive argument. • Arguments for design go back at least as far as the Greek philosopher Plato [428-347 B.C.] • Some distinguish between ‘qua regularity’ and ‘qua purpose’, meaning that some DA’s argue on the basis of there being regularity in the Universe whilst others claim there is evidence of the Universe being designed for a purpose. • Three main types of argument are: From order [regularity] From beauty Anthropic [purpose] William Paley [1743-1805] in Natural Theology: Evidences of The Existence and Attributes of the Deity [1805] • Makes use of analogy and likens the complexity of a watch to the complexity of the Universe. Since a watch is clearly designed, so is the Universe [qua regularity]. Also, the human eye is too complex to have arisen by chance so must be designed for some purpose [qua purpose] • Hume [1711-1776] in Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding put forward a number of criticisms of the DA before Paley published his work: • Design and order could be the result of chance [the Epicurean hypothesis] • Hume believed the analogy on which the DA is based is unsound...
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