...movies are fiction and it would take a very intelligent human to create artificial life that could make its own decisions and function like a human. With the help of Hollywood, when we think of artificial intelligence, we tend to think of immense robots that walk, talk, appear human, and also make friends with people such as a human would do. We need to examine the meaning of the word artificial intelligence. All textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.” Reading these definitions brings a greater understanding as to what artificial intelligence is and the fact remains that it has been around a lot longer than we think. I remember my mother buying a vacuum in 2002 called the iRobot. It would roam around the house without a handle or a remote control and vacuum the carpet. The iRobot would know when to stop and turn and it would beep when it was full of dirt so you could empty it. If we look at what the definition of artificial intelligence is, then the iRobot falls into this category. There are many more inventions like this that fall under this category. In 2009 a humanoid robot named TOPIO Played table tennis, a robot named ASIMO used sensors and intelligent algorithms to walk...
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...Define software agents.Describe how software agents cam help people find specific information quickly Software agents represent an evolutionary step beyond conventional computer programs. Software agents can activate and run themselves, not requiring input from or interaction with a human user. Software agents can also initiate, oversee, and terminate other programs or agents including applications and online intelligent agents. Define portal.Distinguish corporate portals from information portals. Corporate portals provide single-point access to specific enterprise information and applications available on the Internet, intranets, and extranets to employees, business partners, and customers. They are also known as enterprise portals or enterprise information portals. Define communication.Identity and describe five internet application categories. Electronic Mail Web-Based Call Centers Electronic Chat Rooms Voice Communication Weblogging (Blogging) Define collaboration.Identify and describe collaboration tools.It is said that collaboration tools can change organization structure Explain how. Collaboration refers to the mutual efforts of two or more individuals or groups to perform activities in order to accomplish certain tasks. These tasks range from designing products and documents, to teaching, to executing complementary subtasks, to working with customers, suppliers, and other business partners. In an effort to improve productivity and competitiveness collaboration...
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... based on pre-defined rules. (c) agent – is the entity that is doing the actions, it can interact with the environment, change it, and learn from it. (d) rationality – is the ability of doing the right thing based on what it already knows or has learned from the environment. (e) logical reasoning – is the process using arguments, statements, premises, and axioms to determine whether a statement is true or false. 1.3 - Yes, reflex actions such as flinching from a hot stove are rational because it is the right thing to do. We don’t think before we flinch from a hot stove because it suppose to be quick, thinking will defeat the purpose of flinching. - No, I believe that reflex actions are not intelligent because you don’t have to put any thought into them, we do them automatically. 1.4 No, the program wouldn’t be more intelligent than a human because the artificial intelligence systems will avoid trying to solve problems. Humans don’t solve complete problems either, but they are good at solving a lot of structure using knowledge they have learned. Artificial intelligent systems attempt to do the same as humans. IQ test scores interact well with certain other measures only if they are measuring normal humans, it doesn’t measure anything. A program that is specialized only for IQ tests would likely perform poorly on measures of intelligence. 1.7 - Supermarket bar code scanners: I believe they are not intelligent that they are concerned with accomplishing...
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...Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time. Converse successfully with another person for an hour. Perform a complex surgical operation. Unload a dishwasher and put away all the dishes. Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law. Read a musical score from a sheet of paper and play it back. Write a funny story. Question 3. Answer each of the following questions and briefly justify your answers: Are reflex actions (such as flinching from a hot stove) rational? Can a simple reflex agent be rational? Is it possible to behave rationally in an unobservable environment? What is the relationship between learning and rationality? Would evolution tend to result in systems that act rationally? What goals would such systems be designed to achieve? Are human beings rational agents (in the sense of maximizing expected utility)? If not, does it mean that the "rational agent" framework cannot be the right one for AI? Question 4. Attend next week's guest lectures by Jur van den Berg and Ron Alterovitz. Select one particular task or application mentioned in one of their talks, write down a PEAS specification for that task (try to be as specific as you can about the performance...
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...exchanged a package or that a person is digging a hole by the side of the road.” A robot like this with sensors could decide what information is pertinent and report the data to a group of warfighters. These intelligence systems can perceive their environment and adjust. “They manage to do [their mission] while the world changes around them,” Perrault says. To accomplish this task, they organize ideas utilizing mathematical logic. Using sensory data, the programs prove simple theorems by plugging the data into the algorithms, which results in a solution and consequent action.” Garegnani, J. (2010, December 15) Artificial Software is good for Aerospace because it gives us the capabilities to do more traveling into space than ever before. Intelligent System (IS) applications have gained popularity among aerospace professionals in the last decade due to the ease with which several of the IS tools can be...
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...NY Times Weekly Business Report Conventional wisdom suggests that technology can only benefit its recipients, and not harm them in any way. Technological advances seek to improve the efficiency of human work production so that more can be done with less time. For example, the invention of the calculator improved the speed of problem solving in mathematics. Technology makes everyday life less complicated and more convenient, for those who have access to said technology. The introduction of the Smartphone is another prime example of technology at what many users consider its best. Some Smartphones function as diminutive computers because they carry out the same tasks as many home computers and laptops. A Smartphone with internet capability gives the owner the power to check email, browse the web, and remain updated with important business news, such as stock values. However, as optimistic as many technology-users sound, the advances have slowly given rise to an era where computers and artificial intelligence dominate the labor force in the world today. Artificial intelligence, as engineers and developers continue to enhance its capabilities, stands a chance of outperforming the human mind. John Markoff’s article in The New York Times, “A Fight to Win the Future: Computers vs. Humans,” offers an interesting account of how machines that are able to think on their own are slowly dispensing with the human workforce. If we as a society continue to grow and depend on the...
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...Contrasting to Document 2, by Gary Marcus from Why Can’t My Computer Understand Me?, that believes Artificial Intelligence is a waste of time, Document 1, by Dr. Alex Rogers from Artificial Intelligence (AI) Means More Than Just Neat Gadgets, believes that Artificial Intelligence is important to the future as it can help make the Earth greener by allowing humans to discover energy waste in their homes and prevent it. Overall, Document 1 is slightly stronger with its argument because of the author’s credibility and overall reasoning, even though Document 2 does slightly better with its use of relatable examples and inclusion of sources. In terms of their credibility, while Gary Marcus from Document 2 is a Professor of Psychology and specialist in child linguistics, this does not have much connection to the topic of the article which is Artificial Intelligence. While it does show some strength as he slightly links his knowledge to why computers cannot understand human language, it is not as strong as Dr. Alex Rogers of Document 1 who is a lecturer at a UK university in the Electronics and Computer Science department. Rogers has more expertise in the field of Artificial Intelligence and likely has been exposed to more applications for it than the average Google searches and such that Marcus references. While Rogers could have some bias in that he is talking about his Artificial Intelligence “system, named MyJoulo” so he may be making it seem better than it really is, I do not...
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...The right after the title it say “Four leading researchers share their concerns and solutions for reducing societal risks from intelligent machines.” these authors are quick to tell the purpose in the beginning, but they are also quick to state their own purposes in each of the section of their article. Purpose of Stuart Russel In Staurt Russel’s section of the article the first sentence states the purpose. It says“The artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics communities face an important ethical decision: whether to support or oppose the development of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS). This shows good writing because the author does not leave the reader hanging on what his topic is. He is keen on letting the reader now up front what he is writing about so as not to confuse the reader of what his true purpose is. Purpose of SABINE...
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...However, we’re on the verge of creating super-intelligence, which unlike the AI in the previous examples wouldn’t be user dependent, making the machine par or maybe even superior to humans. There are many risks to that. Bostorm, the director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, Predicted a machine programmed to make as many paper clips as possible, he called “the paper-clip maximizer”. He envisions that if this machine ever became incredibly intelligent, it would then decide to create new, more efficient paper-clip-manufacturing machines—until it had converted essentially everything into paper clips! (Bostorm, 2004) A risk described by critics as an exaggerating scenario and is “perhaps impossible”. (Anderson and Leigh,...
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...Artificial intelligence is evolving every day, however this technology is erasing the future of mankind all together. An example of artificial technology diminishing our future in stories would be in “The Pedestrian” and “The Veldt” by Ray Bradbury. “The Pedestrian” shows the government diminished the entire police force to only one artificial intelligent police car which could not react rationally to Leonard Mead which was simply walking. “The Veldt” also glorifies the downsides of artificial intelligence. It does this by showing how a “nursery” can replace neglectful parents of the children. “The Pedestrian” and ”The Veldt” fictional stories by Ray Bradbury, show how artificial intelligence is unhealthy for the future...
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...In his article “Inside Risks: The Real Risks of Artificial Intelligence” (2017), David Parnas argues that there are many risks and dangers associated with the use of artificial intelligence. Parnas acknowledges the potential dangers that others may see, but then he explains his own concerns with the current direction of artificial intelligence. The author states that artificial intelligence could lead to untrusted networks and devices. Parnas discusses how he learned about artificial intelligence by giving accounts from his time in college. He highlights the differences in teaching styles he noticed between his engineering teachers and in his AI teachers. The author continues by explaining the drawbacks of technology that imitates humans....
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...Artificial Intelligence(AI) and the Modern -Day Hacking Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has created new markets and new opportunities in many areas such as health, education, energy, and the environment. The history of Artificial Intelligence can be traced back to the Greece philosophers who modeled human thinking as a system of symbols [1]. This was the first time someone thought about replicating human thinking. During the 1940s, Connectionism was developed to study the process of thinking. Later in 1950, a man named Alan Turing wrote a paper on how to test a “thinking” machine. His paper was followed in 1952 by the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the brain as neurons forming an electrical network, with individual neurons firing in all-or-nothing pulses. These events, at a conference sponsored by Dartmouth College in 1956, helped to spark the concept of Artificial Intelligence [1]. In recent years, machines have surpassed humans in the performance of certain tasks. Machines are now able to replace humans in some fields that were only imaginable before. Machines are getting smarter with the help of Artificial Intelligence by making their own decisions without the help of humans. We have big companies developing AI’s that would make things easier for everyone. It is going to be used in defense, medical and many other important places in the future. Alan Turing would be proud to see the implementations of AI that we have today. With the help of AI, Computer-Aided Diagnosis assist...
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...resolutions to problems, and expect problems to be resolved to their satisfaction. Therefore, easy returns and order tracking are desirable. ◗ Shipping options. Several shipping options are usually needed to make customers happy. ◗ Fraud protection. Customers need to make sure that sellers or others are not going to cheat them (Chapters 9 and 14). ◗ Order status and updates. Customers want to have some way to check on the status of their order, which involves tracking either by phone or online. These services are highly desired, including order notification and a clear return policy. ◗ Developing customer relationships. This includes building trust, providing security, and ensuring privacy protection (see Chapter 4). ◗ Agent profiling. The process of matching service agents directly with the needs and personalities of customers is a win-win situation for businesses, customers, and employees....
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...UNIVERSITY Pursing frontiers of Knowledge CENTRE FOR ICT EDUCATION ICT 352 Artificial Intelligence and Prolog Topic: Intelligent Agents Lecturer: M. Simfukwe Monday, 20 May, 2013 Outline • Agents and environments • Rationality • PEAS (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) • Environment types • Agent types Agents • An agent is any system that gets in some input and processes it to get some output. • Software agents in classical computer science • Hardware agents (robots), with sensors and actuators. Agents • An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators • Percept refers to agents perceptual inputs • Percept sequence: Complete history of everything the agent has perceived and stored in KB. • Performance Measure: Criterion for success for agent. Agents (cont..) • Rationality: determined by 4 factors 1.performance measure 2.prior knowledge of environment 3.actions that the agent can perform 4.percept sequence to date. Rational Agent: For each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should select an action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by percept sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has. Agents and environments • The agent function maps from percept histories to actions: [f: P* A] Vacuum-cleaner world • Percepts: location and contents...
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...Artificial Intelligence 1. Explain how Intelligent Agents influence the development of applications or Software. The Intelligent Agents are used in the creation of machines (hardware / software) to display intelligent behavior. Such systems can be simply personal computers; or may be robots. To perform tasks that if a human's conduct, require hard work and a high level of concentration and intelligence. 2. Identify and explain as a model of software engineering for distributed systems using Intelligent Agents. The Software Engineering model uses the following features of an Intelligent Agent: reasoning abilities, skills, services, sensors, effectors, groups they belong and class. ABLE is an example; is a tool for building IBM Systems Intelligent Agents where its entirety, including agents, are constructed by composition AbleBeans, an extension of JavaBeans. Interest are a set of specialized systems that implement AbleBeans statistical learning (self-organizing maps, neural networks, connection maps) and symbolic control (forward chaining reasoning and predicate logic). ABLE also incorporates a visual development environment where AbleBeans interconnect. The interest of this platform is that visually solves the construction and communication of agents. 3. When does an agent is considered autonomous? The main point about the agent is that they are independent: able to act independently, exhibiting control over their internal state. 4. Analyze each of the following...
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