...1.2 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMATERIALS There is a necessity for replacing bone substance which has been lost due to traumatic or nontraumatic events. The lost bone can be replaced by endogenous or exogenous bone tissues, which is connected with several problems. The use of endogenous bone substance involves additional surgery; moreover the endogenous bone is available only in limited quantities. In case of exogeneous bone implants, the major disadvantage is that they may be rejected by human body, disease may be transmitted together with the implant, and also the clinical performance of exogenous bone is considerably inferior to fresh endogenous graft material. For these reasons there is growing need for fabrication of artificial hard tissue replacement implants. Research into novel materials for biomedical applications is ever increasing as the medical community look to improve the way in which disorders and trauma are treated. Issues with current materials and the additional trauma associated with the use of bone grafts has pushed research towards new materials to aid the required repair and/or the regeneration of bone after fracture or the removal of bony defects or cancerous bone. Many new materials have been developed in an attempt to address these concerns but there are still some issues surrounding the appropriateness of their mechanical properties, the ability of degradable materials to retain their properties once implanted and the ability to form the material in situ...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Biomaterials 28 (2007) 2908–2914 www.elsevier.com/locate/biomaterials 2D mapping of texture and lattice parameters of dental enamel Maisoon Al-Jawada,Ã, Axel Steuwerb, Susan H. Kilcoynec, Roger C. Shorea, Robert Cywinskid, David J. Wooda a Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK FaME38 at the ILL-ESRF, 6 rue J Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France c Institute for Materials Research, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK d School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK b Received 19 December 2006; accepted 16 February 2007 Available online 25 February 2007 Abstract We have used synchrotron X-ray diffraction to study the texture and the change in lattice parameter as a function of position in a cross section of human dental enamel. Our study is the first to map changes in preferred orientation and lattice parameter as a function of position within enamel across a whole tooth section with such high resolution. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction with a micro-focused beam spot was used to collect two-dimensional (2D) diffraction images at 150 mm spatial resolution over the entire tooth crown. Contour maps of the texture and lattice parameter distribution of the hydroxyapatite phase were produced from Rietveld refinement of diffraction patterns generated by azimuthally sectioning and integrating the 2D images. The 002 Debye ring showed the largest variation in intensity. This variation is indicative of preferred...
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...Projection based stereolithography process for 3D biomanufacturing of biomaterials. Abstract Stereolithography is highly versatile and precise process of solid free form additive manufacturing technique. Process requires biocompatible liquid photopolymer resin as a material which is one of the limitation of the process also. Curing liquid resin with a high intensity UV radiations at times causes over-curing which is highly undesirable. In this project, behavior of different biomaterials have been observed under same condition and the results have been plotted and regression analysis for each has been done. The study of graphs and coefficient of determination of process with different materials shows how accurate the process is and it also helps ultimately to conclude the linear relationship between curing depth and exposure time. In any stereolithography case these curing depth and exposure time are chief governing parameters along with critical exposure and penetration depth. 1. Introduction Stereolithography (also known as SL or SLA) builds parts layer-by-layer using a UV laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resins. It is commonly used to produce concept models, master patterns, large prototypes and investment casting patterns. [01] This process is based on spatially controlled solidification of a liquid resin by photo-polymerization. Stereolithography Apparatus which is also known as SLA is chiefly comprised of Ultraviolet laser device, tank full of photosensitive...
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...Retrieved on: 14 March 2016 j o u r n a l o f p h a r m a c y r e s e a r c h x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e5 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jopr Review Article Nanotechnology for tissue engineering: Need, techniques and applications J. Danie Kingsley, Shivendu Ranjan*, Nandita Dasgupta, Proud Saha School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India article info abstract Article history: Tissue engineering is very fast growing scientific area in this era which is used to create, Received 1 December 2012 repair, and/or replace cells, tissues and organs by using cell and/or combinations of cells Accepted 27 February 2013 with biomaterials and/or biologically active molecules and it helps to produce materials Available online xxx which very much resembles to body’s native tissue/tissues. From tissue engineering current therapies got revolutionised and life quality of several millions patient got Keywords: improved. Tissue engineering is the connecting discipline between engineering materials Bio-scaffold science, medicine and biology. In typical tissue engineering cells are seeded...
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...remainder of their lives with a foreign object in their bodies. What happens to these implants and devices inside the body post surgery could become threatening and dangerous to the patient and must therefore must be studied. A) Why did the scientists perform the study (i.e. description of background)? Any medical device that is used in a surgery to replace any joint, used as an implantation, or any catheter or graft is known as a biomaterial because they are being used more often in modern medicine. Unfortunately, a biomaterial inside the body strongly increases the chances at developing a biomaterial-associated infection caused by staphylococci—specifically Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The hygiene measures, or lack thereof, are what cause the infections to take place. The patient’s skin and surgical equipment carry bacteria, and if these bacteria adhere to the device being implanted, a biofilm (is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface) forms and are the factors in a biomaterial-associated infection. When this occurs, however, the effectiveness of antibiotics are often reduced, and therefore require a more intense method of intervention. In order to avoid these infections, the scientists studied whether or not bacteria being present on the implant itself is the source for colonization of bacteria in the surrounding tissue. B) What was the hypothesis (or hypotheses) under investigation? The scientists were...
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...Association of German Research Centres (HGF). With its approximately 800 employees it undertakes, in collaboration with universities and industry, research and development in the areas of coastal research, materials research, regenerative medicine, and structure research with neutrons and synchrotron radiation. The Centre for Biomaterial Development of the Institute of Polymer Research of the GKSS in Teltow offers a PhD Student Position - Code-No. 2009/PB 10 in the fields of Polymer Science and Pharmaceutical Technology for activities in a DFG funded project on new applications of shape-memory polymers. The position will be for three years. You will investigate new capabilities of shape-memory polymers as drug carriers in the field of Pharmaceutical Technology. You will be responsible for the benchwork including polymer synthesis and comprehensive polymer characterization as well as analysis of the properties such as the thermomechanical behaviour of polymer-based drug carriers. Moreover, depending on your personal interest, there will be the opportunity to extent your personal expertise and to participate in the preparation of drug carriers or the biomaterial characterization in cell studies after training by experts in the respective fields. Furthermore, you will actively participate in the publication of the results and the preparation of patent applications. You have a strong background in both polymer and organic chemistry with a Diploma or Master in chemistry with a focus...
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...November 21, 2015, Reference Fisher, L. E., Hook, A. L., Ashraf, W., Yousef, A., Barrett, D. A., Scurr, D. J., … Bayston, R. (2015). Biomaterial modification of urinary catheters with antimicrobials to give long-term broadspectrum antibiofilm activity. Journal of Controlled Release, 202, 57-64. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.037.Epub Retrieved November 15,2015, from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Since urinary catheter infections are so prevalent in hospitalized patients; short-term bladder drainage or long-term management of bladder dysfunction can posed serious infections. The purpose of this research is to see, if applying Biomaterial modification to urinary catheters such as anti-microbial agents will prevent foley catheters related infections. The aim is to try to keep the indwelling catheter as long as possible without the development of catheter related infection.(Fisher et.al,2015). The questions to keep in mind are that is it effective to apply the Biomaterial agent in reducing catheter related infection? What is the objective of patients who has an indwelling catheter with anti-microbial agent? Applicability The variables used in this study are silicone catheters. The independent variable used to run this test are pathogens such as Esherichia Coli, Proteus Mirabis, and Klebsiella Pneumaniae and anti-microbial agents are 0.2% Rifampin, 1% Triclosan, and 1% Sparloxacin.(Fisher et al,2015) In this study, there were no actual people samples, but the specimens of...
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...meaning they can transfer an active bacteria to another without knowing it or being sick themselves. The number of cases of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has excessively increased in recent years. This being especially applicable to people with inserted pacemakers and other implanted biomaterials. Obtaining successful antibiotics for this extremely aggressive organism has been further more troublesome by the international spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The new development of vancomycin- resistance among this bacteria is not alarming considering the metabolic adaptability of the Staphylococci aureus and the chronic overuse of antimicrobial drugs. Although at this present time vancomycin is...
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...One way to treat the disease is to replace the worn or damaged tissue with a new functional tissue or organ. Tissue engineering has evolved from the field of biomaterials development. The basic idea of tissue engineering is the combination of cells (patients cells or donor cells), a scaffold (a synthetic biological template), and biologically active compounds such as growth factors, adhesion factors and mechanical stimulation which act as signals. These three components are combined to produce an engineered tissue that is a functional structure that can restore, maintain or improve damaged tissues or entire organs. When stem cells and biomaterials are combined living cardiovascular devices can be generated. [6] A source of cells may be cardiovascular endothelial cells and myofibroblasts which can be found in autlologous vein and artery cells and umbilical cord cells. These cell sources may be acquired in vivo. Endothelial progenitor cells can theoretically be captured from the blood stream by being taken from the blood by recognition sites on the biomaterial structure. The scaffold is a structure which can be made of natural or artificial materials on which the tissue is grown to mimic a biological process outside the body for research and investigation or to replace a damage or worn tissue inside the body. The scaffold must mimic the structural...
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...ORIGINAL ARTICLE Osteoblast Maturation and New Bone Formation in Response to Titanium Implant Surface Features Are Reduced With Age Rene Olivares-Navarrete, 1 * Andrew L Raines, 1,2 * Sharon L Hyzy, 1 Jung Hwa Park, 1 Daphne L Hutton, 1 David L Cochran , 3 Barbara D Boyan , 1 and Zvi Schwartz 1,3 1 Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA St. Joseph’s Translational Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA 3 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA 2 ABSTRACT The surface properties of materials contribute to host cellular response and play a significant role in determining the overall success or failure of an implanted biomaterial. Rough titanium (Ti) surface microtopography and high surface free energy have been shown to enhance osteoblast maturation in vitro and increase bone formation in vivo. Whereas the surface properties of Ti are known to affect osteoblast response, host bone quality also plays a significant role in determining successful osseointegration. One factor affecting host bone quality is patient age. We examined both in vitro and in vivo whether response to Ti surface features was affected by animal age. Calvarial osteoblasts isolated from 1-, 3-, and 11-month-old rats all displayed a reduction in cell number and increases in alkaline phosphatase–specific activity and osteocalcin in response to increasing Ti surface microtopography and surface...
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...Nanotechnology is introduced in 1980’s by which it is possible to build things at nano scale by controlling molecules at atomic level. In later years technology has accepted and improved and found its use in various fields including electronics, organic chemistry, biomaterials, medicine etc. Nanomedicine uses this nano scale particles for the benefit of mankind (Medina et al., 2007). Using these nano particles therapeutically has made a significant improvement in the field of medicine that is used in diagnosis, therapy and as biomaterials in imaging (Surendiran et al., 2009). Their medical application includes nanomaterials, nanoelectronic biosensors and the future molecular nanotechnology (Wagner et al., 2006, Freitas 2005). Nanotechnology has comforted us with treating the disease with absolute specificity and understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. Major drawbacks of most drugs or techniques in medicinal field are its adverse side effects due to its less specificity and efficacy. As the size of nanoparticles is almost similar in range with biological molecules and structures it is always useful in both in vivo and in vitro medical applications and research with higher specificity and...
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...Hip replacement is a kind of surgical procedure in which the damaged portion of the hip joint are removed and replaced with a new artificial parts made of biomaterials. These artificial parts which are used to treat damaged hip are called the prosthesis. Generally, the hip replacement surgery is done to improve the function of damaged hip joint, increase mobility and to relieve pain caused due to damaged hip. [1] Depending on the condition of the patients, hip replacement surgery can be hemi or half replacement or total replacement. There are various reasons behind conducting these surgeries which includes injury or fracture to the hip, wearing down of the joints over time or osteoarthritis and may be due to age-related joint disease which...
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...Li, N., & Gu, Y. (2005). Parametric Design Analysis and Shpe Optimization of Coronary Artery Stent Structure. World Congresses of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. Rio de Janeiro,Brazil. Lim, I. A. (2004). Biocompatibility of Stent Materials. 11. Maher, E., Creane, A., Sultan, S., Hynes, N., & Lally, C. (2009). Tensile and Compressive Properties of Fresh Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques. Journal of Biomechanics , 7 (32). Marrey, R. V., Burgermeister, R., Grishaber, R. B., & Ritchie, R. O. (2006). Fatigue and Life Prediction for Cobalt-Chromium Stents: A Fracture Mechanics Analysis. Biomaterial , 27, 1988-200. Mase, G. E. (1970). Schaum's Outlines: Continuum Mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Masia, C. (2008). Constitiutive...
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...Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in developed countries, further advances are constantly being made. As a result of the addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular biology, it seems likely that new, more personalised, more accurate and more rapid diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future, as well as new treatments that are also more personalised and promote regeneration of the organism. Clearly, as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are developed for use in regenerative medicine, the range of opportunities will increase dramatically. Josep Anton Planell, the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), which was formed by the UB, the UPC and the Generalitat (Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park, considers that “in the future, it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that, when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated, will be able to stimulate the stem cells to do what we want them to do”. However, more knowledge is needed to perfect the process. He states, “We are beginning to understand which biochemical, biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue. To be able to intervene, therefore, we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that generate the cell response and form a language.” These processes occur at the molecular level or...
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...and most of all less expensive but more precise. The world of nanotechnology is so broad, and touches on almost every topic of science. Nanotech is one of our biggest pushes into the future of our everyday living. There are hundreds of billions of research being conducted all around the world every day; in fact products seem to be changing as much as a daily routine nowadays. The research seems to be limitless on what we are able to do using nanotech, for instance when looking at the most common things we use such as: automobiles, computers, cell phones, televisions they seem to change instantly. Nanotechnology has the potential to change every part of our lives. Nanotechnology affects all materials: ceramics, metals, polymers, and biomaterials. New materials are the foundation of major technological advances. In the coming decade nanotechnology will have an enormous impact. Future advances could change our approaches to manufacturing, electronics, IT and communications technology making previous technology redundant and leading to applications which could not have been developed or even thought about, without this new approach. Scientists are experimenting with nanomaterials that grow or assemble themselves. In the nanotechnology world, you start with atoms and build things up, giving you incredible control. This study will aid in our food, water, air, gas and list goes on and on. Works Cited www.nano.gov www.zyvex.com www.rsc.org...
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