...THE TOURISM LIFE CYCLE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CRETAN CASE Dr Konstantinos Andriotis 1 Hellenic Open University, Greece. Abstract: The increasing demand of international tourists for holidays has resulted in a rapidly increase of the number of tourist destinations. To explain destinations development the life cycle approach has been widely adopted. According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents’ attitudes towards tourism. th Through the presentation of historical data from the start of the 20 century up to now it is the aim of this paper to document these changes by providing evidence from the island of Crete. Five stages of tourism evolution are evident, namely: the era of ‘wealthy’ explorers, the era of cruisers, the Second World War and the Civil War, the reconstruction of the tourism industry, and the era of mass organised tourism. The findings confirm that today the island is on the maturity stage, tourism has resulted on substantial changes on the island’s coastal resorts and various attempts are required by the private and the public sectors to avoid decline. Keywords: Tourism, Tourism Destinations, Life Cycle INTRODUCTION Various studies (e.g. Gilbert, 1939; Defert, 1954; Stansfield, 1978; Young, 1983) have...
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...Benefit, Minimizing Cost: 7 Assessment of Butler’s Life Cycle Model: 8 Sign Off: 10 Works Cited 10 Introduction to Primary Tourism & Hospitality Sectors: Tourism and hospitality are multi-dimensional. According to UNWTO (Understanding Tourism Basic Glossary) Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure. The concept of hospitality underpins much of what the tourist experiences when travelling, namely the consumption of food, drink and accommodation away from the home environment (Page & Connell, 2006). It is a broad service industry. It includes lodging, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line and the other factors of tourism industry. The competition and usage rate is an important variable for this sector. A Review of Tourism and Hospitality Product: Barrack Square Barrack Square is situated right on the Swan River. You can find restaurants, shops, Swan Bells and the Barrack street. There is also jetty to catch a ferry. There are 6 jetties (Greater Perth Street Directory, 2011). It is quite a green place with many trees, and flowers instead of being a busy area. The Swan River was important to the economy...
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...SYSTEMS THINKING APPROACH AS A UNIQUE TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY IN THE CAT BA BIOSPHERE RESERVE OF VIETNAM Thanh Van Mai Bosch O.J.H School of Integrative Systems, The University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia Corresponding author (thanh.mai@uqconnect.edu.au) ABSTRACT Tourism is not simply an industry, but is an open, dynamic and complex system. The system consists of many interacting components and involves many different stakeholders. The development of tourism in a sustainable way impinges on and is subject to many factors. The limitation of traditional approaches to tourism research has become evidently in many cases. These approaches have usually looked at a particular issue or issues of the whole tourism picture. As a result, it has become difficult to manage tourism toward sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the systems thinking approach and its application in the study of the tourism system in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam. This study shows that systems thinking has proved to be an effective and powerful tool to explain the complexities of the tourism system. It has helped to simplify, clarify and integrate isolated problems associated with the industry, and provided a mechanism for group learning and decision making to achieve desirable outcomes. The paper proposes systems thinking be used as an appropriate tool for sustainable tourism development. Key words: complexity, dynamics, sustainability, systems thinking...
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...Hierarchy of Needs to Contemporary Tourist Psychology by Arjun Pillai Introduction to Global Hospitality Operations Tutor: Mr. Paul Reynolds Le Cordon Bleu Masters of International Hospitality Management 27th July 2013 What do tourists want? A specific exploration into this aspect of tourism could prove to be beneficial to those who facilitate the industry, and whom reap its harvest. Psychological motivation patterns could prove to be crucial in understanding that very question –‘what do tourists want?’ Abraham Maslow’s (Maslow 1943) hierarchy of needs may be a useful tool in understanding tourist psychology. Maslow wrote that there are five needs of motivation in the human condition. These, in order of their attainment are, physiological, security, social, esteem and self-actualizing needs. These needs are based on the concept of ‘pre-potency’ where the achievement of a new need, rests on the attainment a prior need in the hierarchy. The current essay argues that tourist psychology relates to all levels in the hierarchy, and will cover each need in the hierarchy and its relation respectively below. Before delving into each of Maslow’s specific needs and how they pertain to tourist psychology it would be prudent to first analyze the psychology of our template tourist – Tourist X. In doing so we may then address how each of Maslow’s hierarchies could differ between the psychological desires of Tourist X. The first assumption of Tourist X is that he or she has the ability...
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...Hawaii, the most recent state of the U.S., probably is one of the most popular tourism attractions around the world. Comprised of a chain of 132 islands, Hawaii attracts numerous tourists from around the world due to its gorgeous natural scenery, beautiful beaches, warm tropical climate and unique cultures. Compared to other leisure travel destinations, tourism industry in Hawaii has a longer history and unique features. This essay aims to analyze the development of Hawaii tourism as well as the typologies of tourists come to Hawaii according to a comprehensive research based on Butler’s (1980) model of tourist areas life cycle. According to the historical visitors data provided by Hawaii Tourism Authority (2012), Hawaii tourism witnessed a massive increase in the last half-century. The trend of development in the tourism industry in Hawaii from 1927 to 2012 (Data from 1942-1945 could not be found) is shown on the following two line charts. Figure1 & 2 sources: HTA 2012 Exploration Stage: 1870-1941 It is difficult to identify the starting point of tourism in Hawaii due to lack of access to reliable statistical data. Crampon (1976) noted that Hawaii’s tourist trade could go back to the early 19th century. However, his research showed that Hawaii became a real tourist destination in 1870 when regular steamship service between the U.S. west coast and Hawaii set up its first tourism bureau in 1903. It was obvious that the numbers of visitors at that time were restricted...
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...scheduled flights and the low cost carries like the Fastjet. There are 13 airports in Zimbabwe including 3 international airports. Roads also helps in linking different destinations. There are road ports in most cities and the one in Harare is the largest. Taxis and coaches also takes tourists to different places around Zimbabwe. There is also railway transport; high speed and luxurious trains are there to help in the transportation of people and tourism goods and also railway stations are available around Zimbabwe with planned schedules. In Zimbabwe there are natural attractions like Chinhoyi Caves, also man-made attractions like the Lake Kariba and cultural attractions like the Great Zimbabwe Ruins. Zimbabwe has the iconic attraction which is the Victoria Falls. Some attractions are designed for tourism purposes for example galleries, museums. Other attractions are designed for events like for arts (HIFA, music concert), business (carnival, sanganai expo) and some are designed for culture like cultural villages. Accommodation in Zimbabwe...
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...abilities to set up sustainable tourism projects. Space or carrying capacity is a major constraint on the creation of sustainable tourism projects. There is, as Bramwell (2004) suggests, an absolute restricted resource base which should act as a restrictive band on development and prevent sprawling unsustainable development. Developers and tour operators are at loggerheads with environmental agencies over this, as they are seeking quick short term profits with disregard for the future of the islands. This is shown in Bali, Indonesia on ‘Rama Beach’ the sea is littered with dead fish, oil and litter from the Rama beach hotel (personal obvs., 2010). This detracts from the selling points of an island resort (sun, sea and sand). Butler’s (1980) life cycle model illustrates this point; with many islands already entering stages four and five (stagnation and decline), this is showing how unsustainable islands have become as each focus group didn’t involve themselves in satisficing the others wants. Similarly, Holder (1988) shows via his ‘self-destruct theory of tourism’ how islands reached and have exceeded their saturation points due to...
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...Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure By Ahmad Maez Al Zuned Student ID: 119148785 BSc (Hon’s) International Tourism and Hospitality Management Final Stage University of Sunderland London Campus August 2012 Contents Abbreviations List 4 Introduction 5 Theoretical Framework 5- 6 Tourism in a Destination 6-10 The Need for Tourism Planning 12-17 Approaches of Tourism Planning 18 Five Approaches of Tourism Planning 19-23 The Practice of Tourism Planning: A Case Study of Kenya 24- 29 Recommendations ...
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...international tourist destination and the tourism industry has become more recognised as a major source of income. The international tourist destination has therefore come to occupy an important role for the country’s economic development. Concerning the fact that Cambodia is a Third World country the local community can be extremely vulnerable in relation to the consequences that international tourism can create. The project ChildSafe was formed by the organization Friends International as a consequence of the poor situation for street children. This project works to protect children from all sorts of abuse. This project has also developed information for the international tourist to take part of while visiting the country. This information provides guidelines concerning how to act as a responsible tourist. The aim of this study is consequently to investigate how international tourism can influence the social community in Cambodia. To limit the research the study will focus on the organization ChildSafe and their work to promote a sustainable social development. It will also focus on the Ministry of Tourism and their work and attitude towards the same issue. The result of the study shows that international tourism affects the social community in many ways, both positive and negative. International tourism can contribute to the community and create a sustainable social development if there is support, information, incentives or regulations for the tourists that interests...
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...temples and altars dot the fertile landscape, rising from rice terraces and family compounds in rural hamlets that have remained mostly unchanged for a thousand years or more. Humble caretakers for the gods, the Balinese have also been blessed with the inherently unselfish gift of hospitality. So Bali is an obvious choice for the plethora of heavenly hideaways that the island has to offer. The name “Ubud” comes from a word that means “medicine” the area is well-known amongst locals for the medicinal plants which grow there and for Como to locate two well-being resorts there makes perfect sense. When to go Bali has a tropical climate with a year round average temperature of 31 degrees Celsius. Bali has two seasons; the dry season that officially runs from May to October with the lowest humidity. Occasionally rainfall can be expected during the dry season, usually at night or early morning. From June to August there is usually a refreshing cool breeze all day long. The central mountain areas are typically cooler than the lower coastal areas, especially at night. The wet season is officially from October to April with high humidity. The wet Season...
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...SYLLABUS Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism 9395 For examination in June and November 2015 Cambridge Advanced Changes to syllabus for 2015 This syllabus has been updated, but there are no significant changes. Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. ® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level? Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism? Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma How can I find out more? 2. Teacher support .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Support materials 2.2 Resource lists 2.3 Training 3. Assessment at a glance ................................................................................................. 7 4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives.....................................................
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...uk/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from http://jvm.sagepub.com at SAGE Publications on December 2, 2009 Journal of Vacation Marketing Volume 5 Number 4 Academic Papers Strategic theming in theme park marketing Kevin K. F. Wong and Phoebe W. Y. Cheung Received (in revised form): 20th May, 1999 Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel: (00 852) 2766 6341; Fax: (00 852) 2362 9362; E-mail: hmkevinw@polyu.edu.hk Kevin K. F. Wong, PhD is a Senior Lecturer in Tourism and Manager of the HTM Resource Centre in the Department of Hotel and Tourism Management at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. His major research interests focus on tourism management, tourist behaviour, tourism forecasting models and impact studies. Phoebe W. Y. Cheung is a research assistant within the Department of Hotel and Tourism Management at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. erately strong relationships were found between motivation for theme park visits by visitors and their demographics and lifestyle patterns. Given the fact the theme park industry is still relatively young in Asia, the ®ndings of this study reinforce the need for Asian theme parks to...
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... II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE RELATED LITERATURE LOCAL/FOREIGN RELATED STUDY LOCAL/FOREIGN III. PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY SCOPE AND LIMITATION DEFINITON OF TERMS IV. METHODOLOGY METHODS OF PROCEDURE DESIGNS REFERENCES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Manila Hotel is a 570-room five star hotel in Manila, Philippines, Located in the heart of the Manila Bay area. The Manila Hotel is the oldest premiere hotel in the Philippines, built in 1909 to rival Malacanang Palace, where the Philippine president now lives, and opened in 1912. It was built on 3.5 hectares (376,736.9 sq ft) of the land along Roxas Boulevard. It was the residence of General Douglas MacArthur from 1935 to 1941. On January 17, 2008, at the Number One Rizal Park, the Manila hotel Tent City’s blessing and grand opening was held at 5:00 p.m. its conference halls seat 7,000 guests, and it will accommodate another 2,500 guests, for wedding, reception, anniversaries, conventions, and exhibitions. The hotel contains the offices of several foreign news organizations, including The New York Times. It has...
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...Journal of Management Studies ••:•• 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01044.x Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid: A Recipe for Inclusive Growth or Social Exclusion? joms_1044 1..28 Jeremy Hall, Stelvia Matos, Lorn Sheehan and Bruno Silvestre Simon Fraser University; Simon Fraser University; Dalhousie University; University of Winnipeg abstract Policy makers often see entrepreneurship as a panacea for inclusive growth in underdeveloped ‘Base of the Pyramid’ (BOP) regions, but it may also lead to unanticipated negative outcomes such as crime and social exclusion. Our objective is to improve the understanding of how entrepreneurship policies can lead to socially inclusive growth at the BOP. Drawing on data collected from Brazilian tourism destinations with varying entrepreneurship, innovation, and social inclusion policies, we argue that weak institutions coupled with alert entrepreneurs encourage destructive outcomes, especially if entrepreneurship policies are based solely on economic indicators. Policies addressing both economic and social perspectives may foster more productive entrepreneurial outcomes, albeit at a more constrained economic pace. The study extends the related BOP, entrepreneurship, global value chain, and sustainable tourism literatures by examining the poor as entrepreneurs, the role of local innovation, and how entrepreneurship policies generate different social impacts within poor communities. Keywords:...
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...providing service. Everybody employed in tourism needs to have the knowledge, skills and attitudes to provide the standard of product and service that customers expect. Knowing about the tourism industry, its component parts and especially where you fit in is an important starting point to a successful career in tourism. What Is Tourism? Tourism may be described as the activities of tourists and those who cater for them. It is a highly diversified business with many component parts ranging from airlines to hotels. Tourism is concerned with providing: Travel and transport facilities Accommodation Food and drink Entertainment/recreation Information and assistance Souvenirs Above all, tourism is a hospitality industry providing a service to visitors in a warm and welcoming way. ICHM Page 1 Introduction to Hospitality Industry Who Are Tourists? Tourists are people who for a variety of reasons travel to destinations, where they stay at least one night. Excursionists are also visitors that do not make an over-night stop, such as daytrippers or people on cruises. There are several basic types of tourists: People who travel to another country simply for pleasure/leisure. People who travel to pursue specialist activities, e.g. cultural tourism, visit to People who travel for business purposes. People who attend international conferences and meetings. People who travel to another country to pursue specific courses of study. People who visit their friends and relatives...
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