...Sample Research Paper on Citizenship Introduction Citizenship is being defined as the relationship between the state and individuals. Historically citizenship is being inevitably linked with the state formation. Originally citizenship was denoting residence of people within protected walls of a city. Thus, whoever belonged to a community residing inside the boundaries was considered a citizen. Later this term has acquired a different meaning and the standards and definitions of citizenship have changed. There were many reasons that have caused such changes: history proceeded with its migrations, wars and annexation and along on its way brought new meanings to citizenship. Such change in definition, for example, can be found in suffrage granted to women and the nonpropertied classes. Paupers, convicts and soldiers are another example of how political and civil rights were once a privilege of certain classes only (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 11). With the introduction of mass democracy and social protection as well as introduction of welfare state a need in the new conception that would look on the relationship on an individual and the state appeared consequently. The norms of citizenship, therefore, have improved with the development of state and citizenship became a multination concept, which implies different things to different nations (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 12). According to Michael Ignatieff (1995), the introduction of the welfare state can be explained as an attempt to make citizenship...
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... or otherwise known as “Obamacare,” was signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President Barack Obama. The thing that immediately comes to mind when I think of Obamacare is healthcare for every citizen in the United States. This sounds great to me, and without research with in-depth investigation, I would say it has been homerun for Obama with acquiring votes in the past, as well as giving every citizen healthcare. I am interested in the topic of Obamacare because of the simple fact that many people of this generation believe it is a great thing; my intuition tells me that same thing. I know that the main goals of Obamacare are to provide affordable health insurance to all Americans and to ultimately reduce health care costs. This means extending coverage to about 32 million Americans who lack insurance and protecting consumers from discriminatory and unfair practices established by insurance companies. This system must work great because, after all, Canada uses this exact same socialized health care system and I hear all of the time from news media such as MSNBC and CNN about how well the healthcare system in Canada works. In fact, I have heard Michael Moore, a very well-known member of the Democratic Party, say that citizens in Canada on average live 3 years longer than American citizens because of this great healthcare system. I am very impressed by that statistic! I have heard that because Canada has a single-payer system for healthcare, the administrative costs for the healthcare...
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...Jay Schumacher 301083363 July 24 2012 ASSIGNMENT 2 CMNS 261 - Documentary Research in Communication Course Authour: Donald Gutstein Course Tutor Marker: Vincent Andrisani Policy document Research and Analysis Canada. Access to Information Review Task Force. (2002, June). Access to Information: Making it Work for Canadians. Page 2 Policy document Research and Analysis Canada. Access to Information Review Task Force. Overview: The decision to implement an Access to Information Act (ATIA) in Canada was a process initiated in the early 1970s and only in 1982 was a workable law established in this country. Through many years, the preliminary actions were taken by a few and only after the government officially decided to develop the law, was a real concerted effort expended on the Access To Information Act (ATIA). Heralded as an example to be followed, it has been many years since the law was amended to keep up with the times of the changing face of information access. As a result the Canadian act has languished for many years with a constant whittling away at the right to access culminating with the current outcry that the law must be made more workable. This is a brief search of the actions that have been taken and their results. Historical aspects of Access to Information in Canada: The existing Access to Information Act (ATIA) as passed by the Federal Parliament in 1982, and was enacted in1983 after years of attempts...
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...build a nation that is economically, socially and culturally prosperous” (Government of Canada, 2011). Yet a look at the income statistics for Canadian immigrants makes one wonder whom is prospering economically. Are Canadian immigrants given equal economic opportunity when they arrive here, or are they subject to economic inequality? To answer this question, one can first look at earnings statistics and reports from Statistics Canada. This information can provide basic earnings information on immigrants, which will show how much Canadian immigrants earn in comparison to their native Canadian counterparts. A few drawbacks of using this information are that the statistics haven’t been updated since 2006, so the numbers may not be completely accurate, and numbers alone do not tell the whole story. As such, peer reviewed research articles and papers on the subject of economic inequality in Canadian immigrants can be used. These articles and papers provide both qualitative and quantitative information that paints a clearer picture of the situation. However, many of these papers are usually biased towards writer’s point-of-view, so there may be a lack of complete information. Finally, this issue can brought to light by telling of personal experiences and stories. Argument Using a variety of information from Statistics Canada, research reports, and personal observations, I will argue that immigrants to Canada are in fact facing economic inequality when they arrive. This inequality...
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...Law State Constitution – LAWS 2501 T – Course Paper Topics Each of these three essay topics is intended to enhance your understanding of an aspect of this course. You are to select one topic below and write an essay on the topic- note: unless approved by me in writing papers on other topics will not receive a passing grade. You are expected to research and make sense of the topics independently; I won’t be able to answer “am I on the right track?” types of questions, or to comment on any drafts before your final copy is due on, or before, midnight November 25, 2013. Despite the foregoing, I am available for consultation on your paper, please contact me if you need assistance. Make sure you address the various aspects of the topic necessary to answering the question. You must independently assess how much space to devote to each aspect, depending on the importance it appears to have in the context of the question as a whole. The body of the paper’s text is strictly limited to between 10 and 12 double spaced pages. It is to be written in 12 point font, and include a title page, page numbers, footnotes, bibliography and citations following the Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (McGill Guide) format.Please note that overdue essays without valid excuse (e.g. death in the family, illness, injury) will be penalized 4% for each calendar beyond the deadline. Any paper more than seven (7) days late will automatically receive a failing grade. Essay Topic #1 On September...
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...Running head: An Overview of the Canadian Health Care System with a Comparison to the United States Heath Care System Canadian And American Health Care Parween Nooruddin Stratford University Abstract The reason for this exploration paper is to look at healthcare systems in two very progressed industrialized nations: The United States of America and Canada. The principal piece of the exploration paper will concentrate on the portrayal of healthcare system in the aforementioned nations while the second part will dissect, assess and measure up the two systems in regards to value and proficiency. Canadian And American Health Care In this research paper I will be comparing Canadian and American HealthCare systems. In this paper I will provide a description of health care system for each country. I will also analyze, evaluate and compare the two systems regarding equity and efficiency. We begin by giving a general portrayal and examination of the structure of Healthcare systems in Canada and the United States. CANADA’S HEALTH CARE – OVERVIEW Canada's health care system is a group of socialized health insurance plans that provides coverage to all Canadian citizens. It is openly subsidized and controlled on a common or regional premise, inside rules set by the national government. Under the health care system , singular natives are given preventive care and medical treatment from essential consideration doctors and in addition access to clinics, dental surgery and extra...
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...The case of Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia (1989) is a monumental case in the context of Canadian Law as it sets the standard for what is considered discrimination against equality in the eyes of s. 15 in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms [hereinafter, Charter]. This paper will examine the decision by the Supreme Court of British Columbia and the subsequent decisions by the British Columbia Court of Appeal and Supreme Court of Canada, and will then comment on the lasting impact of these decisions. The Andrews case added two new infringements, numerous relevant principles under s. 15, and a test to be applied when considering Section 15 that will be discussed in this paper in regard to their future context (Hurley, 2007). The 3...
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...Migration Research Paper Name of Institution Name of Student Introduction Global economy as well as how society relates is greatly influenced by migration. Throughout history migration has facilitated human interaction which has led to the spread and advancement of humanity as a whole. Migration facilitates the movement of labour, the transfer of ideas, diffusion of new technology and interaction of various cultures. It is therefore important to understand the trends in migration and the factors causing migration. Migration trends also need to be understood in terms of the characteristics of immigrating groups. In so doing the cause behind the migration of these groups becomes evident. This research tackles the factors causing immigration whilst paying special attention to the role played by government policy and state action. This is mainly because emigration and immigration have, over the years, become state affairs transcending the personal requirements of individuals. Countries have adopted strict laws, policies and protocols that guide the emigration and immigration processes. The paper established a deep correlation between these laws, policies and protocols and the migration patterns. This was after analysis of available migration statistics as well as government policy and state action. The latter was found to have a rooted influence on the former either directly or indirectly. In the direct influence, government policy presents a push or pull factor that necessitated...
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...ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Canadian and Australian Licensing Policies for International Medical Graduates: A Web-based Comparison P McGrath1, A Wong2, H Holewa1 1 International Program of Psycho-Social Health Research, CQU, Milton, Queensland, Australia 2 Department of Anaesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Published: April 2011 McGrath P, Wong A, Holewa H Canadian and Australian Licensing Policies for International Medical Graduates: A Web-based Comparison Education for Health, Volume 24, Issue 1, 2011 Available from: http://www.educationforhealth.net/ ABSTRACT Context: The increasing global mobility of physicians and severe physician shortages of many countries has led to an increasing reliance on International Medical Graduates (IMGs) by countries including Australia and Canada. Objectives: A web-based comparison of licensing policies for IMGs in Australia and Canada to inform and improve policies in each country. Methods: The research involved identification of relevant government and medical regulatory bodies’ official websites documenting information on the licensing process for IMGs from each respective country; in-depth examination and comparison of the licensing processes outlined on these sites; and compilation of a comprehensive list of similarities and differences. Findings: While difficult entry requirements are imposed in Canada, once full registration is achieved IMGs have the same membership rights as Canadian medical graduates...
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...As a component of the British North America Act passed in 1867, the Canadian Senate came into existence simultaneously with the Dominion of Canada. One of the oldest and most important institutions in the country, the Canadian Senate, is also one of the most criticized and controversial senates in the world. In 2008, The Toronto Sun wrote that as a result of the Canadian Senate, democracy throughout the country has been “placed on hold”. Those in favour of abolishing the Senate argue that it is a flawed body of government, which is carrying out its legislative functions inadequately. While the Senate may not have the support of the entire Canadian population, abolishing it may not be the most effective course of action. Rather, this paper will argue that instead of abolishing the Senate due to its...
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...Whether you are an individual citizen or a multinational companies (MNCs) you are subjected to a tax. Certain offshore jurisdiction around the globe offers lower tax rates and other tax features. It is designed to attract domestic and foreign investors seeking an opportunity to game the tax code and maximize profits. The Canada Revenue Agency has defined Tax Havens as jurisdictions with no tax, or very low rates of taxation; strict bank secrecy provisions; a lack of transparency in the operation of its tax system, and a lack of effective exchange of information with other countries. As shown in (Desai, Foley, and Hines Jr 2004), examples of such Tax Havens include Ireland, Luxembourg, Singapore, and various Caribbean island nations in America. According to Tax Justice Networks 2012 report, approximately USD $21 trillion to $32 trillion is sheltered from taxes in unreported Tax Havens worldwide. Canada has suffered tax revenue loss of $7.8 Billion annually as a result of Tax Havens (Canadians for Tax Fairness [CTF], 2013). In 2007, US president Barack Obama and his Senators C.Laevin and N.Coleman noted “Offshore Tax Havens have declared economic war on honest U.S. taxpayers”. Apple is among 82 of the top 100 publicly traded U.S. companies that operate subsidiaries in Tax Haven jurisdiction as of 2012 (U.S.PIRG, 2012). Every dollar in taxes that MNCs and top tier wealthy individuals avoid by using Tax Havens must be balanced by those honest taxpayers paying higher taxes...
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...NGO Engagement with the Private Sector on a Global Agenda to End Poverty: A Review of the Issues A Background Paper for The Learning Circle on NGO Engagement with the Private Sector Canadian Council for International Cooperation Policy Team Moira Hutchinson January 2000 Acknowledgements: This paper was prepared by Moira Hutchinson as an introductory paper to issues for the CCIC’s Learning Circle on NGO Engagement with the Private Sector. CCIC is grateful to the IDRC’s Canadian Partnerships Program for funding for the Learning Circle, including the production of this paper. The author wishes to express appreciation for the editing and other assistance provided by Brian Tomlinson of the CCIC, and for suggestions from other members of the planning group for the Learning Circle: Andrea Botto, Anne Buchanan, Tim Draimin, Philippe Jean, Brian Murphy and Lynda Yanz. 2 NGO Engagement with the Private Sector on a Global Agenda to End Poverty : A Review of the Issues Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. What is this discussion really about? 2 3. Canadian NGOs: issues in advocacy, dialogue and partnership 3 3.1 Advocacy 3 3.2 Direct dialogue 6 3.3 Programming social partnerships and strategic alliances 8 3.3.1 What is driving the discussion of social programming partnerships and strategic alliances? a) Corporate interests b) Intermediary organizations c) NGO interests d) Government agendas e) Overlapping NGO-corporate interests? 10 10 11 12 13 14 3.3.2 Financial relationships...
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...National Health Insurance Model There are four basic insurance models adopted by different countries in the world: the Beveridge Model, Bismarck Model, National Health Insurance Model, and Out-of-Pocket Model. This paper will focus on the National Health Insurance model and will discuss the meaning of the model, the countries that use the model, who funds the model and discuss the strength and challenges of the model. The model. The National health insurance model is a form of insurance that is run by the government with the taxpayers’ money (Wallace, 2013). In this system, every citizen is free to seek medical services anywhere throughout the country without concern of being denied. The providers of care in this type of insurance model are...
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...scale, its elementary objective is to ensure that there is progress in policies and management that make the Canadian government function (Robert and Denhardt 213). This administration offers public programs management, translates politic into reality, and studies the decisions that the government makes. The Canadian administration also analyzes the policies, and the inputs that make the policies. Public administration works to organize the programs and policies plus the official’s behaviors. Private administration in Canada is responsible for the processes of retailing, manufacturing, and supply of products and services in exchange for currency (Dwivedi, Byron, Sheldrick and Tim 123). The Canadian public administration handles data in a different way from private administration. People who work in private administration do not have the right to get information regarding private industry or business. Canadian government agencies need the private administration to report data like times records, employee earnings and demographics, and other laws necessary to the responsible government entity. A number of unelected public servants may be regarded as public administrators plus municipal budget analysts, city managers, cabinet secretaries, police officers and census analysts. The public and private administrations in Canada have dissimilar advantages and disadvantages. This paper will distinguish the roles of public and private administration...
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...system in United Kingdom After the examination of Canadian national institution, it has been nominated that a few reforms are intensely needed in the Canadian institutions for the due management of the regional and the inter-governmental issues (Loiacono, 2010). The three suggested reforms are the reforms in the Supreme Courts, the reforms in the senate, the reforms in the House of Commons Supreme Court The need for the reform is elevated by considering the fact that is it logical to consider Supreme Court as a general court of appeal and are their any specialized needs of constitutional tribunals. The scope of judicial proceedings and judgments needs to be institutionalized in the context. Quebec is indeed the province that responds assertively to the importance of a pure judiciary. Quebec highlights that the existing Supreme Courts are totally appointed in the conformance of federal executives, and it does not differentiate the difference between civil law and the British common law. Additionally the decisions of the Supreme Court are confirmed to be biased against the Quebecers. The debate since 1950s still needs a re-modification in the form of a pure Canadian Supreme Court, where the law holds every Canadian equal in the court of law (Sherman, 1999, p. 68). Senate The second modification proposed is the modification in the senate. The Canadian federation has long been considered to seek the reform in the Canadian senate. In the Federal-Provincial Conference 1887...
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