...many mental disorders are proved to have been related to biological vulnerability and/or some form of brain abnormality (Sue et al., 2016). Consistent to this, numerous studies provided evidence that genetic inheritance was a key feature of the biological contribution on the development of major depression (e.g. Klein, Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seely & Durbin 2002; Schreier, Höfler, Wittchen & Lieb 2006). However, Mr. X’s case did not present any family history of depression which meant that there were no evidences that him having depression was associated with genetics. Ingram & Ritter (2000) noted that several cognitive theories suggested that disruptions on the basic bonding processes between a child and their caretaker produce...
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...1. AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY Modern health research defines childhood adversity as a range of unfavorable experiences that a child may have experienced before attaining the age of 18 (Pais & Bissell, 2006). A more recent definition provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes Adverse Childhood Experience as a range of challenges, including abuse (emotional, physical and sexual), household challenges (violent treatment of the mother, household substance abuse, mental illness within household, parental separation or divorce and criminal household member) and neglect (emotional and physical) that affects a child before the age of 18 (CDC 2016). As such, the question on what defines an adverse...
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...settings within the UK. This has allowed us to understand how certain things may affect people’s childhood experiences in negative ways and effect their future. It also allows us to understand how people may potentially develop mental health illnesses. Freud stated that mental illnesses can be caused due to disagreement between ID and superego and the overuse of defence mechanisms which could be caused due to bad childhood upbringing. An example would be experiencing abuse as a child or losing a close relative. This helps us today by highlighting the importance and severity of everyone’s childhood and how the protection of children should be priority. This will allow us to decrease the amount of mental health illness cases later on. It has helped the adaption of social services and care services because they have more of an understanding of what to provide and how to care for the child. Also, in schools, it helps us to understand that children may respond with defence mechanisms such as aggression or denial in circumstances that don’t need that response due to the fact that it is their personal way of coping and dealing with what is happening in their private lives e.g. at home. The psychodynamic approach has helped to develop medicine so we are able to have what we have today. Nadine Burke suggested that doctors have found the adverse childhood experiences can affect a child massively due to brain development and their hormones. Unfortunately, they also...
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...The Impact of Stress on a Developing Child Rae Ann Parsons Liberty University References Dubois-Comtois, K., Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Pascuzzo, K. (2013). Behavior problems in middle childhood: The predictive role of maternal distress, child attachment, and mother-child interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(8), 1311-1324. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b2d75575-0df6-4400-8735-241e5dd64815%40sessionmgr102&vid=23&hid=116 Summary: The article provided results of a continued study. Behavior developments arising from stressful child attachment situations of 243 French mothers and daughters were gathered. The quality of caregiving, attachment development, relationship between mother and child along with influences of maternal distress predict future psychosocial behaviors of middle school children. Insecure, distressed children have behavior problems such as trying to control their parents. How children externalize or internalize stress reflects future behavior issues, attachment relationships, and parental interaction. Strengths or Weaknesses: The validity of individual mother and child reports were valuable tools for problem assessments within the family regarding maladaptive attachment security. Various testing variables were also used to strengthen the results. Evaluation: Prior attachment...
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...TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor...
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...Assignment on Submitted To: Afreen Choudhury Lecturer Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka How does Overcrowding Affect Human Being? Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka “Leopards” Group Profile: SL NO | NAME | ID | 1 | S. M. Fahim Uddin | 20 | 2 | Ariful Islam | 92 | 3 | Shima Akter | 104 | 4 | Imran Hossain | 156 | 5 | Md. Tareq Hossain | 178 | Definition of overcrowding: According to the World Health Organization, overcrowding refers to the situation in which more people are living within a single dwelling than there is space for, so that movement is restricted, privacy secluded, hygiene impossible, rest and sleep difficult. The terms crowding and overcrowding are often used interchangeably to refer to the same condition. The effects on quality of life due to crowding may be due to children sharing a bed or bedroom, increased physical contact, lack of sleep, lack of privacy, poor hygiene practices and an inability to care adequately for sick household members. While population density is an objective measure of number of people living per unit area, overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density. But, definitions of crowding used in statistical reporting and for administrative purposes are based on density measures and do not usually incorporate people’s perceptions of crowding. The social and psychological effects of overcrowding: The social and psychological...
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...characteristic of domestic violence is its innate ability to affect individuals regardless of age, race, nationality, or economic status. Although countless studies have researched the adverse effects of domestic on battered women, the effect of the violence on the children involved has been greatly ignored. It has been determined through myriad studies that domestic violence not only affects the mother’s caregiving abilities but also...
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...& Marmot (2006), the improvement of health may only be achieved if living conditions are improved and therefore, focus must be placed on solving the source of the problems instead of dealing with the underlying symptoms. Another social factor affecting health is the distribution of income. This is because it is the level of incomes which shapes how people live. Low incomes results to social and material deprivation as the basic needs are a challenge to meet for the low income earners (Raphael, 2010). Food, clothing and shelter are the prerequisites of health and for the people with low incomes it results to social exclusion which later affects one’s health. People living in deprived conditions experience high death rates and the suicide levels are high too. Additionally, studies show that adult-onset diabetes and heart attacks are far more common among low income earners (Jones, 2000). Education is also an important social determinant of health since people...
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...Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development www.childwelfare.gov In recent years, there has been a surge of research into early brain development. New technologies, such as neuroimaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or MRI), provide increased insight into how the brain develops and how early experiences affect that development. One area that has been receiving increasing research attention involves the effects of abuse and neglect on the developing brain, especially during infancy and early childhood. Much of this research is providing biological explanations for what practitioners have long been describing in psychological, emotional, and behavioral terms. There is now scientific evidence of altered brain functioning as a result of early abuse and neglect. This emerging body of knowledge has many implications for the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. The Newborn Brain The raw material of the brain is the nerve cell, called the neuron....
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...transmitted diseases, cancer, and obesity. This factsheet provides an overview of some of the most common physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal consequences of child abuse and neglect, while acknowledging that much crossover among categories exists. Factors Affecting the Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect Physical Health Consequences Psychological Consequences Behavioral Consequences Societal Consequences Summary References The Federal Government has made a considerable investment in research regarding the causes and long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. These efforts are ongoing; for more information, visit the websites listed below: LONGSCAN (Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect) is a consortium of longitudinal research studies on the causes and impact of child abuse and neglect, initiated in 1990 with grants from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. The size and...
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...Child abuse Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment or neglect of a child or children. Child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and child sexual abuse. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm". Types Child abuse can take several forms: The four main types are physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect. There are many effects of child neglect, such as children not being able to interact with other children around them. The continuous refusal of a child's basic needs is considered chronic neglect. Physical abuse Physical abuse involves physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. Most nations with child-abuse laws consider the deliberate infliction of...
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...can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to social and emotional development lies in the child’s early relationship with parents and caregivers. It is believed that children develop and thrive better when they are brought up in an environment where the caregiver satisfies a child’s needs physically and emotionally. Throughout the Late 1930s and 1940s a psychologist John Bowlby investigated the nature and the purpose of the close relationships that a person forms with people throughout their lives, in particular, childhood. He researched the making and breaking of bonds to understand the psychological behaviour and social and emotional development of human being (Howe, 1995, P46). As a result of these investigations and studies Bowlby developed a theory called the ‘Attachment Theory’. The basis of this theory is that “the infant and young child should experience warm, intimate and continuous relationships between the child and the mother” (Steele, 2002, State of the art: Attachment). Bowlby’s attachment theory hypothesis that humans have some biological need to develop a close loving bond with their mothers, or caregiver. This bond develops within the first year of the child’s life, and if the bond is not developed or the bond is broken, the child’s emotional development may suffer. (Davenport, 1994, P9). Bowlby’s theory has been used...
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...and Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that result in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb , Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, Arias, 2008). The abuse of children has come to be a major social problem and a main cause of many people suffering and personal problems. Child abuse is a social problem that affects millions of children each year. Not only does child abuse have multiple society effects, but it also effect has individual effects that can create lifelong scars. There are many forms of child abuse, sexual, physical, verbal, and emotional. The most widespread form of child is sexual child abuse also known as incest. A study showed that about 27% of the women in every state of the union, and 16% of the men said they been sexually abuse as children. Child abuse is not always obvious, but the earlier it is caught the better the changes of recovery and appropriate treatment for the child. Knowing some of the warning signs of child abuse and neglect, a person can catch the problem as early as possible and get both the child and the abuser the help they need. Child abuse in the United States is principally the responsibility of state and local government. Each state has enacted laws defining child abuse and maltreatment, determining when outside intention is required, and establishing administrative and judicial structure to deal with child abuse when...
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...estimate the impact of a variety of health conditions on test scores for children and adolescents. Methods. Our estimates are obtained using ordinary least squares and quantile regression together with data from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. This estimation approach helps us understand whether student health conditions matter on average, and also for whom they matter most. Results. Several health conditions, which are observable by school health officials, are highly negatively correlated with math and reading test scores. The findings control for detailed information on students’ home environments. Conclusions. Given the current education policy environment where schools are shifting resources to conform to state and federal requirements on test scores and other outcomes, these results suggest caution in cutting resources from the traditional role of schools in monitoring a wide set of health outcomes. 3 Introduction Children who experience poor health have significantly poorer adult outcomes, such as lower educational attainment, adverse health conditions, and lower social status (Case et al., 2002; Case et al., 2005). A particularly potent conduit through which childhood health is linked to adult outcomes is education. Poor health impedes educational progress because a student with health problems is not prepared to fully engage in or take advantage of learning opportunities at school or at home (Hanson et al., 2004). ...
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...Papers Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study Louise Arseneault, Mary Cannon, Richie Poulton, Robin Murray, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E Moffitt Editorial by Rey and Tennant Papers pp 1195, 1199 SGDP Research Centre, King’s College, London SE5 8AF Louise Arseneault lecturer Avshalom Caspi professor Terrie E Moffitt professor Division of Psychological Medicine, King’s College Mary Cannon Wellcome Trust advanced fellow Robin Murray professor Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Richie Poulton director, Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study The strongest evidence that cannabis use may be a risk factor for later psychosis comes from a Swedish cohort study which found that heavy cannabis use at age 18 increased the risk of later schizophrenia sixfold.1 2 This study could not establish whether adolescent cannabis use was a consequence of pre-existing psychotic symptoms rather than a cause. We present the first prospective longitudinal study of adolescent cannabis use as a risk factor for adult schizophreniform disorder, taking into account childhood psychotic symptoms3 antedating cannabis use. Methods and results The Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study (a study of a general population birth cohort of 1037 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972-3)4 has a 96% follow...
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