...essay is based on an article titled “New DNA Tests Aimed at Reducing Colon Cancer.” This article appeared in the October 28, 2010 issue of The New York Times newspaper. The article contains findings of DNA tests that were conducted on colon cancer patients. It is estimated colon cancer afflicts at least 150,000 persons annually. The cost incurred in terms of medical spending is approximately US$14 billion. It is generally believed that the findings of the tests will help in avoiding unnecessary colonoscopies. Only those patients whose tests turn positive will be referred for colonoscopy. The DNA tests are seen as the next viable alternative for invasive colonoscopies which involves insertion of a seeing tube into the colon. When fully introduced, DNA tests are bound to be cheap and affordable. The number of patients being evaluated and the detections will also increase due to the accuracy of the tests. The tests can be carried out in two different ways: (i) Testing for the presence of four altered genes in samples of stool. The four altered genes enable colon cancer diagnosis. Exact Sciences of Madison were the innovators behind this test. This test has the capability of determining both pre-cancerous and cancerous tumors. These can then be cured or removed before they degenerate. (ii) Observing blood changes in Septin 9, a certain specific single gene. The development of this test is credited to Epigenomics AG in Germany. The tests are to be rated on the basis of their sensitivity...
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...biopsy results: 5 small colon polyps were removed completely, 3 were precancerous (tubular adenoma) which means they have the potential to develop cancer if not removed within 10-20 years. The other 2 were lymphoid aggregate which is completely benign and has no significant malignancy potential. Pt encouraged to repeat colonoscopy in 3 years due to the 3 precancerous polyps that were removed. All of pt’s questions/concerns were answered and addressed. Pt verbalized understanding of all discussed. The polyp that we removed during you colonoscopy was called a tubular adenoma, this is a pre-cancerous polyp that was completely removed and poses no further threat to you. It was not cancer. You are at risk for having more polyps like this, and the current guidelines recommend that you have a repeat colonoscopy in 5 years. Unable to reach pt. Left message for pt to call GI clinic at 915-742-2222 or 742-1741 IOT receive message. Pt identified x3 (Name, DOB, Last 4 of SSN) Pt notified Rx is ready for pickup. Reminded pt to have labs drawn this week. Pt verbalized understanding. No questions or concerns at this time. Pt identified x3 (Name, DOB, Last 4 of SSN) Pt informed of biopsy results. Most likely gastritis non-h.pylori, but with focal activity we are unable to rule out the h.pylori with these biopsies. Esophagitis is the most likely cause for your symptoms. Dr. Goldberg recommends you stop the Nexium for 2 weeks, get a UBT or urea breath test done to rule out H. pylori...
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...Colon Cancer Curtis Boutte COM/156 Kate Marciniak Colon Cancer can be cured through various medical procedures including early detection. I really was surprised to find out that if you do the screening process and not wait for symptoms it can save your life. Many people don’t realize that there are different colon cancers. Colorectal cancer (cancer of the colon [Large intestine] or rectum) is the third most common cancer in men and women. Cancer of the colon or rectum is called colon or colorectal cancer. It develops in the digestive tract from polyps that initially are benign, but that over time mutate into a cancerous tumor. The cancer cells invade and destroy nearby tissue, and can break away to form new tumors in other parts of the body, a process called metastasis. Colon cancer is very serious and can kill many people. I have had two grandparents die from this cancer. Colon cancer is not the leading killing cancer but is second to lung cancer. The following conditions may put you at a higher risk for colon cancer. Your family history according to (www.cancer .org) you are more likely to get colorectal cancer if one of your parents, a brother, or a sister has had the disease. If in the past you have had other types of cancer, a history of colon polyps, or inflammatory diseases of the bowl. Your lifestyle has a lot to do with your chances of getting colon cancer. If you smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol all the time, if you are lazy, obesity, and...
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...The worst lab testing I have ever been through was the Contrast X-Rays. Contrast x-rays “track the movement of a thick, chalky liquid called barium through the intestines… You will be asked to drink barium when you arrive for the test… (You will also need to follow a bowel cleansing routine the day before the test” (C&CF 2018). These were the worst tests because they mixed the barium with lemonade so I could not taste it, however, I could still taste it and it was the nastiest taste I had ever tasted. If you have been diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis, there are a few things you can do to help maintain a healthy life. Some of those things include medication, diet, nutrition, and if things get out of hand, surgery. “In one-quarter to one-third of patients with ulcerative colitis, medical therapy is not completely successful or complications arise. Under these circumstances, surgery may be considered.” Again, that is only my luck that my case would be that bad. When I was eleven years old, I had a total colectomy. A laparoscopic total...
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...such as infection, hemorrhoids, or inflammatory bowel disease. Still, if you have any of these problems, it's important to see your doctor right away so the cause can be found and treated, if needed. (“FITWAY,” 2013) Colorectal cancer would be diagnosed after having a colonoscopy that would hopefully reveal the cause of the bleeding, change in bowels, etc. If there is colon polyps the surgeons will remove the polyps during the procedure. If the polyps and/or mass are too big to remove during the colonoscopy the surgeons will schedule patient for an abdominal procedure to remove it. Men and women both can equally be affected by colorectal cancer as they increase in age. This type of cancer occurs more often in people age 50 and over but is not limited to these ages. . The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends these screening test for ages 50 and over; annual high-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), or fecal immunochemical test (FIT/iFOBT); sigmoidoscopy every five years, with FOBT every three years; or colonoscopy every 10 years. Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) should be done once a year, if a...
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...colorectal cancer has improved over the last several years. As a result, there are now more than 1 million survivors of colorectal cancer in the United States. Colon and rectum cancers are sometimes referred to together as "colorectal cancer", usually grow in the lining of the large intestine. It is a disease in which normal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum begin to change, start to grow uncontrollably, and no longer die. These changes usually take years to develop; however, in some cases of hereditary disease, changes can occur within months to years (Ahnen, 2006). Both genetic and environmental factors can cause the changes. Initially, the cell growth appears as a benign polyp that can, over time, become a cancerous tumor. If not treated or removed, a polyp can become a potentially life-threatening cancer. Recognizing and removing precancerous polyps before they become cancer can prevent colorectal cancer. Over 95% of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas. These are cancers of the glandular cells that line the inside of the colon and rectum. Other, less common type of tumors may also develop in the colon and rectum. “Colorectal cancers are thought to develop slowly over a period of several years. Before a true cancer develops, there usually are precancerous changes in the lining of the colon or rectum” (Eng, 2006, p. 145). These changes might be dysplasia or adenomatous polyps. Some types of polyps are not...
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...What is Colon Cancer? * Colon cancer is cancer that occurs in the cells of the colon. Colon cancer is quite common, being the third most common cancer in men and women in the U.S. About 110,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with colon cancer each year. * Some health experts consider colon and rectum cancers as one group, called colorectal cancer. Others treat these two cancers as completely separate: colon cancer and rectum (rectal) cancer. * In addition to the approximately 110,000 new cases of colon cancer each year, there are an additional 40,000 cases of rectal cancer, bringing the combined total of colon and rectal (colorectal) cancer to approximately 150,000 new cases per year. Types of Colon Cancer * About 95% of all colon cancers are adenocarcinomas. The other 5% of colon cancers are made up of less common cell types including neuroendocrine tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, melanomas, leiomyosarcomas, and signet ring cell tumors. * Some of these cell types may sound familiar to you, because they occur in other parts of the body, too. For example, melanoma most commonly occurs in the skin, but it can occur in the colon and other areas, as well. What are the symptoms of colon cancer? * Symptoms of colorectal cancer are numerous and nonspecific. They include: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, change in bowel habits, narrowstools,diarrhea or constipation, red or dark blood...
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...Running head: HOW IMPORTANT IS COLON PREPARATION FOR COLONOSCOPY? 1 How Important is Colon Preparation for Colonoscopy? Wendi McDonough Western Governor’s University HOW IMPORTANT IS COLON PREPARATION FOR COLONOSCOPY? 2 How Important is Colon Preparation for Colonoscopy? Gastroenterologists perform screening colonoscopy to exam the colon for precancerous polyps, with the intent of removing them before they have a chance to develop into colon cancer (Cohen, Kastenberg, Mount, & Safdi, 2009), (Lichtenstein, 2009), (Nguyen & Wieland, 2010). Physicians prescribe bowel preparations prior to colonoscopy to cleanse the colon of stool. Colonoscopy has a number of primary risks involved. These include complications from anesthesia, side effects from preparation, perforation, missing a lesion, and being unable to complete the exam (Hendry, Jenkins, & Diament, 2007). Complications that arise because of poor preparation include increased complexity of the exam, decreased detection of colonic lesions, and increased healthcare spending (Roberts-Thomson & Teo, 2009), (Athreya, Owen, Wong, Douglas, & Newstead, 2011), (Nguyen & Wieland, 2010). The most important function of the colon is to absorb sodium, water, and some fats from the food we eat (Adamcewicz, Bearelly, Porat & Friedenberg, 2011). Complications arise from colon cleansing for a number of reasons. The patient may experience a suboptimal exam with multiple possible complications from poor preparation. These include...
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...Developing Multiple Intelligence – Learning Styles (MI-LS) – Integrated Lesson/Unit The following steps given by Harvey F. Silver, et al. is coined in the acronym IDEAS: 1. Identify the type of lesson you wish to teach and specific standard(s), outcome(s), and objective(s) you want to address. In this step ask self these questions: a. Am I developing a lesson: i. Using learning styles and multiple intelligences to achieve specific content objectives? ii. Focused on the development of particular styles or intelligences? b. Am I developing a lesson: i. That’s part of a year – long curricular theme? ii. To teach a specific objective? iii. To address a specific student need (i.e. for a student educational plan)? 2. For each intelligence, develop a list of possible learning opportunities for students to achieve your objective(s). In this step, ask yourself the following question: (V) How can I incorporate word, writing, listening, discussion, language? (L) How can I incorporate calculation, problem –solving, reasoning, math? (S) How can I incorporate art, video, graphic organizers, icon colors? (B) How can I incorporate manipulative, hands – on learning, use of body? (M) How can I incorporate music, musicality, beat, lyrics, and sounds? (P) How can I incorporate cooperative learning, partnership, role playing? (I) How can I incorporate emotion, reflection, self – assessment? (N) How can I incorporate interactions with the natural...
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...Older Children Symptoms of Hirschsprung disease in toddlers and older children include not being able to pass stools without laxatives or enemas. A laxative is medicine that loosens stool and increases bowel movements. An enema is performed by flushing water, or sometimes a mild soap solution, into the anus using a special wash bottle swelling of the abdomen lots of gas bloody diarrhea slow growth or development lack of energy because of a shortage of red blood cells, called anemia. How is Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed? Hirschsprung disease is diagnosed based on symptoms and test results. A doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your child's bowel movements. Hirschsprung disease is much less likely if parents can identify a time when their child's bowel habits were normal. If Hirschsprung disease is suspected, the doctor will do one or more tests. X rays An X-ray is a black-and-white picture of the inside of the body. To make the large intestine show up better, the doctor may fill it with barium liquid. Barium liquid is inserted into the large intestine through the anus. If Hirschsprung disease is...
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...Esteban Garcia ENG101W Sec. 1008 Ms. Dickerson 29 September 2011 Everlasting Youth In Josh Weil’s narrative “The Summer That Ended All Summers” he conveys the theme that liberty always ends along with youth. He uses several literary features, the most predominant being his vivid use of imagery in addition to his clever use of syntax, punctuation and tone. Weil manages to paint pictures that illustrate the sense of freedom and exploration. He then uses syntax along with certain punctuation to create a tone that mimics his imagery and expresses his sense of losing his liberty. The end result is a narrative that relays to its readers the theme that liberty ends along with youth. In Josh’s narrative he begins by alluding to what might have caused a spinal disk to burst and how it ended his summer in North Africa. Then he goes on to recounting the fun moments he had while a kid with his brother during summer. They would travel over the world. Some of the places Josh mentions in his narrative are,England, Scotland, France, Spain and even the city of light, Paris! Unfortunately this came to an end after Weil’s injury and now rests with his brother’s family, still thinking of exploration. The entire narrative is filled with imagery. In the beginning, Josh paints the image of freedom that he as a young person had. He begins by painting in the first paragraph vivid pictures pyramids and valiant scenes of men leaping from tussock to tussock. He does this throughout the his narrative...
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...Axia College Material Appendix F Comprehensive Grammar CheckPoint Enter the correct answer for each item by typing A or B in the second column. Provide an explanation for each choice in the Rationale column. The boxes expand to accommodate the text. |Item |Correct Answer |Rationale | | |(A or B) | | |1. |B |A nurse can either be male or female. | |2. |A |The second sentence makes a statement girls aren’t good in math. | |3. |B |The first sentence stereotypes a specific religion. | |4. |B |The sentence does not make reference to what race he is. | |5. |A |It tells the age of the child that needs counseling and why. | |6. |B |The experience is necessary not the age of a person. | |7. |A |It tells the special need of the child for the trip. | |8 |A ...
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...Volvuli can occur at many points along the gastrointestinal tract, including the sigmoid colon(65%), cecum(30%), transverse colon(3%), or splenic flexure(2%).1 Cecal volvulus involves the cecum, terminal ileum, and proximal ascending colon, affecting approximately 2.8 to 7.1 per million persons annually.2 While it frequently progresses to ischemia of the bowel, a delay in diagnosis may lead to bowel infarction, perforation, sepsis, and/or death.3 The mean age of diagnosis within the US is 53 years, younger than in patients with sigmoid volvulus, which typically occurs in elderly patients.4 There are 2 types of cecal volvuli, axial volvulus and cecal bascule. Axial volvulus involves rotation of the cecum around the ileocolic mesenteric vessels,...
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...These cancers include, uterine, ovarian, urinary tract, breast, stomach, liver, kidney, small bowel, prostate, pancreatic and bile duct cancers. (Cancer.net , 2013) Before the genetic testing Jane already had a strong family history of colon cancer in her family. Her maternal grandmother, mother, and brother all have had colon cancer in the past. Once Jane and her mother completed genetic testing it was determined that they both contained the mutated gene MLHI that caused lynch syndrome. Each first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) of a person with Lynch syndrome has a 50% risk of carrying the gene mutation and should be offered genetic counseling and testing. (Lynch Syndrome Screening Network, 2012) With the information given we are able to determine which family members have a 50% chance of having the gene mutation responsible for Lynch syndrome. Jane and her...
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...GLOSSARY OF COMMON GRAMMATICAL AND WRITING TERMS Grammar terminology is useful when we describe and correct problems with writing. Though we’ve tried to de-emphasize terminology and teach through examples throughout this book, sometimes you need a definition. We’ve tried to emphasize areas that are both commonly used and commonly misunderstood, such as the use of modal auxiliaries like can, could, shall, should, etc. Punctuation marks are not included in this list; they have a separate section in this Appendix. “People who are experts in grammar don’t always write well, and many people who write well no longer think consciously about grammar … but when something goes wrong in a sentence, a knowledge of grammar helps in recognizing the problem and provides a language for discussing it.” — H. Ramsey Fowler – 265 – The Tongue and Quill a/an Active Voice Adjective Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds Shows the subject as the actor. (pages 73-74). Describes or limits a noun or pronoun. It answers “Which one? What kind? or How many?” Modifies or limits a verb, adjective or another adverb and answers “When? Where? Why? How much? How far? To what degree?” Conjunctive or Connective Adverb—transition words that often appears to connect clauses. Adverbs Antecedent Appositive Article Bibliography Noun, phrase or clause to which a pronoun refers or replaces. (pages 99100) Word, phrase or clause preceding or renaming a noun. Small set of...
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