...sincerely express our gratitude to our Dean, Dr. Ravi Raj Kumar for the benevolence he has showered on us by providing us with all necessary facilities. We are thankful to him, for his expert advice and help which has always been source of inspiration for us. Above all, we owe everything to the Almighty and well-wishers for their valuable contribution and insights. However, we have taken utmost care in preparing this project report, mistakes would have crept though. (12010121196) Ms. N AMULYA REDDY (12010121213) Ms. NIKITA SINGHANIA (12010121276) Mr. REUBEN JOSEPH (12010121032) Mr. AMIT KUMAR JENA (12010121057) Ms. ARPITA DEB (12010121316) Ms. SAYONEE DATTA 1 Topic. Case Summary Q1: Toyota's revolutionary lean production Q2: Compare and contrast the arm's length relationships Q3: Development of Toyota's revolutionary "lean production system" Q4: Toyota enter into the NUMMI Q5: Toyota's subsequent expansion Q6: Role of national culture in shaping Toyota's lean production system Q7: Toyota is becoming more of a global corporation Page No. 03 05 07 08 09 10 12 13 2 SUMMARY Background Toyota is a multinational automobile manufacturing corporation headquartered in Japan. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spin-off from...
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...housing. Cobo won the election, even though he was white and for private housing. Edwards took side with the Brewster housing projects, declaring that he backed public housing policy and that he had the back of the black people. Cobo took 60% of the votes. Black Bottom appeared, where there was a terrible segregation of white middle class and poor blacks. Pg 163 Martelle 2.) By the 1980s (if not earlier), one could argue that Detroit as a city had collapsed economically and socially and those problems remained until its current bankruptcy. What are the 3 biggest events/people/ideas/problems that contributed to Detroit’s collapse? Suburbanization, or creation of suburbia; people moving out of the city and into surrounding areas. 3.) Contrast the European, or Old World, relationship a person had with the “city” with the American one, specifically with respect to the choices regarding its functionality —that is, of “beauty” or “profit.” Next, what does your analysis suggest about what Americans prioritize, as evidenced in our typologies. City Profitable - Functionality = Rybczynski. City turned from a place to live into a machine, hence functionality. Not meant for living, more for products to be made and mostly for the designer people. City beautiful – attractive to citizens, lots of history, cosmic gridline, place to sit down and enjoy a cup of coffee. 4.) Describe Cadillac’s “way of seeing” the new world. In other words, “who is he” and “where is he going” as a precursor...
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...Business, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Abstract This article surveys the growth of consumer credit in Australia during the 20th century, particularly after World War II. Until the 1970s, the regulation of Australia’s financial market caused formal consumer credit to be provided mainly by finance companies under hire-purchase contracts, largely for the purchase of cars and household durables. Deregulation of the financial market since the 1960s allowed banks to gain a dominant share in the market for personal loans. Quantification of long-term trends is difficult, but broad estimates suggest sustained growth in per capita indebtedness during 19452007. JEL classifications: D14, E21, E51, G23, N27 Key words: consumer credit, finance, household expenditure, history, Australia Introduction Living standards improved considerably in Australia during the 20th century. Households were increasingly able to overcome liquidity constraints and purchase an ever greater number and range of consumer durables, including furniture, refrigerators, washing machines, radios, televisions and cars. These were often items for which they lacked finance in terms of current income and/or accumulated savings. Still, households were able to purchase them, due to the...
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...Abstract The purpose of this research is to find out if science supports the influenza vaccination. Research studies have been done since the development of the flu vaccine in 1945 and documented as the first vaccinations were given to the soldiers in WWII. Many kinds of influenza vaccination studies have been done by medical research teams including the Center for Disease Control. The Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta analysis was researched by Michael Osterholm and his associates by reviewing over 5000 studies of the influenza vaccine. Many articles since then have commented on this meta-analysis and have gone further to expand the question of does the flu vaccine decrease pneumonia in the elderly. Results are such that the confounding conditions of the study needed to be adjusted fully and the studies re-evaluated. Another question arises. Does mandatory vaccination of healthcare workers decrease the spread of the flu virus within the hospital. Evidence for consistent high-level protection is elusive for the present generation of vaccines, especially in those at risk of medical complications and those aged 65 years or older. Does Science Support the Flu Shot? Since the discovery of the influenza virus and the subsequent development of the flu vaccine, has there been enough science research to support the effectiveness and efficacy of the flu vaccine? Influenza also known as the flu is a viral infection...
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...The business literature is overflowing with concepts. Some of these, usually only a few, manage to stay ‘in the spotlight’ for longer; Chandler’s (1962; 1990) ‘managerial enterprise’ is among them. His theory links strategic decisions, internal structures and corporate performance and despite its criticism, it is still used to explain corporate success (and failure) of the late19th, 20th and even the 21st century (Gospel, 1988:105). In contrast to the contingency approach, Chandler (1990) advocates the American way of organisation as the ‘one best way’ for all countries [1] . Yet, can one size fit all? We shall refer to different country examples, industries and time periods to find out. Chandler argued that large managerial enterprises have managed to prosper through the years due to a basic economic logic, which he named ‘three-pronged strategy’ [2] (Chandler, 1995). According to this concept, firms should invest heavily in both their production and distribution functions in order to fully exploit economies of scale and scope at a national and international level (Chandler, 1990; 1995). This can only happen when the firm relies on the accurate judgment of skilful professional management. The aim was to create organisational capabilities and benefit from first-mover advantages via ‘related diversification’ (Chandler, 1995; Whittington et al., 1999). The implemented structure can best be described, using the author’s own words, as ‘centralised and functionally-departmentalised’...
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...[pic][pic] [pic]Copyright © 2005 West Chester University. All rights reserved. College Literature 32.2 (2005) 103-126 [pic] | |[pic][pic][pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Access provided by Northwestern University Library ...
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...Sociology & Family Theorizing and Researching 1. Structural Theories a) Materialism & Conflict theory Marx & Engles -changes in family lives reflect material change (ex, the mode of production, industrialization) macro-micro focus -power differences characterize society at all levels (ex, capitalism creates: exploitation of men in the workforce; oppression of women b) Political Economy -assumes the power of the one class over another (social control), capitalist relations of production -a more concentrated focus on how economic and political processes shape society and history and therefore family, families c) Structural Functionalism Parsons & Bales -the social institution of the family - family is seen as a function, and different parts of society helps it move along -the nuclear family performs functions -they saw the families as a main faction, economic support, these functions that happen in nuclear families include economic support -equilibrium, all parts help it work as a whole -hierarchical generations and role specialization within families produces harmony -the different roles that men and women take on, allows the family be a harmony -parsons and bales, gendered perspective on families, families having instrumental roles such as achieving income, feed the family, cloth the family, this would be men 2. Symbolic Interactionism Mead & Cooley - individuals create their own family realities through micro level interactions -from...
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...Beyond Consumerism: New Historical Perspectives on Consumption Author(s): Frank Trentmann Source: Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jul., 2004), pp. 373-401 Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180734 . Accessed: 21/03/2011 08:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sageltd. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Sage Publications, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access...
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...the core of these media is language, communication and the making of meaning, which is obviously of great interest to linguists. As Fairclough (1995a: 2) points out, the substantively linguistic and discoursal nature of the power of the media is a strong argument for analysing the mass media linguistically. Central to the connection between media studies and studies of the language used in the media (media discourse studies) is the importance placed on ideology. A major force behind the study of ideology in the media is Stuart Hall (see, for example, Hall 1973, 1977, 1980, 1982). Hall (1982), in his influential paper, notes that the study of media (or ‘mass communication’) has had a chequered past. He charts its early years from the 1940s to the 1960s as being dominated by what he terms sociological approaches of ‘mainstream’ American behavioural science (Hall’s emphasis). From the 1960s began the emergence of an alternative paradigm, a ‘critical’ one. In looking at ideology in the media, one is essentially taking a critical stance. As Hall puts it, ‘the simplest way...
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...The History of Information Technology March 2010 Draft version to appear in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 45, 2011 Thomas Haigh thaigh@computer.org University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Thomas Haigh The History of Information Technology – ARIST Draft 2 In many scholarly fields the new entrant must work carefully to discover a gap in the existing literature. When writing a doctoral dissertation on the novels of Nabokov or the plays of Sophocles, clearing intellectual space for new construction can be as difficult as finding space to erect a new building in central London. A search ensues for an untapped archive, an unrecognized nuance, or a theoretical framework able to demolish a sufficiently large body of existing work. The history of information technology is not such a field. From the viewpoint of historians it is more like Chicago in the mid-nineteenth century (Cronon, 1991). Building space is plentiful. Natural resources are plentiful. Capital, infrastructure, and manpower are not. Boosters argue for its “natural advantages” and promise that one day a mighty settlement will rise there. Speculative development is proceeding rapidly and unevenly. But right now the settlers seem a little eccentric and the humble structures they have erected lack the scale and elegance of those in better developed regions. Development is uneven and streets fail to connect. The native inhabitants have their ideas about how things should be done, which sometimes...
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...(c) Bedford/St. Martin's bedfordstmartins.com 1-457-62096-0 / 978-1-457-62096-6 SOUNDS AND IMAGES Movies and the Impact of Images 187 Early Technology and the Evolution of Movies 192 The Rise of the Hollywood Studio System 195 The Studio System’s Golden Age 205 The Transformation of the Studio System 209 The Economics of the Movie Business 215 Popular Movies and Democracy In every generation, a film is made that changes the movie industry. In 1941, that film was Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane. Welles produced, directed, wrote, and starred in the movie at age twenty-five, playing a newspaper magnate from a young man to old age. While the movie was not a commercial success initially (powerful newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst, whose life was the inspiration for the movie, tried to suppress it), it was critically praised for its acting, story, and directing. Citizen Kane’s dramatic camera angles, striking film noir–style lighting, nonlinear storytelling, montages, and long deep-focus shots were considered technically innovative for the era. Over time, Citizen Kane became revered as a masterpiece, and in 1997 the American Film Institute named it the Greatest American Movie of All Time. “Citizen Kane is more than a great movie; it is a gathering of all the lessons of the emerging era of sound,” film critic Roger Ebert wrote.1 CHAPTER 6 ○ MOVIES 185 (c) Bedford/St. Martin's bedfordstmartins.com 1-457-62096-0 / 978-1-457-62096-6 MOVIES A generation later...
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...Ho onda (A A) Th two decad from 196 to 1980 w he des 60 witnessed a s strategic reve ersal in the world motor rcycle indus stry. By the en of that pe nd eriod, previou usly well-fina anced Americ competito with seem can ors mingly impre egnable mark positions were faced w ket with extinctio Although most consum on. mers had an i initial prefer rence to pur rchase from them, these U.S. manuf facturers had been dislod d dged by Jap panese competitors and lost position despite tec n chnological s shifts that could have b been emulate as ed competition intens sified. Th Japanese invasion of th world mo he he otorcycle mar rket was spea arheaded by the Honda M Motor Comp pany. Its foun nder, Soichiro Honda, a v visionary inv ventor and in ndustrialist, h had been inv volved periph herally in the automotive i e industry prio to World W II. Howev Japan’s po or War ver, ostwar devast tation result ted in the downsizing of Honda’s ambitions; m d motorcycles were a mor technolog re gically mana ageable and economically affordable product for the average Japanese. R y Reflecting Ho onda’s comm mitment to a technologic cally based s strategy, the Honda Technical Resea arch Institute was e establ lished in 194 This inst 46. titute, dedica ated to impro ovements in internal com mbustion eng gines, repres sented Hond da’s opening move in the motorcycle field. In 194 Honda in e 47, ntroduced its first ...
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...Investigating the presentation of speech, writing and thought in spoken British English: A corpus-based approach1 Dan McIntyre a, Carol Bellard-Thomson b, John Heywood c, Tony McEnery c, Elena Semino c and Mick Short c a Liverpool Hope University College, UK, b University of Kent at Canterbury, UK, c Lancaster University, UK Abstract In this paper we describe the Lancaster Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation (SW&TP2) Spoken Corpus. We have constructed this corpus to investigate the ways in which speakers present speech, thought and writing in contemporary spoken British English, with the associated aim of comparing our findings with the patterns revealed by the previous Lancaster corpus-based investigation of SW&TP in written texts. We describe the structure of the corpus and the archives from which its composite texts are taken. These are the spoken section of the British National Corpus, and archives currently housed in the Centre for North West Regional Studies (CNWRS) at Lancaster University. We discuss the decisions that we made concerning the selection of suitable extracts from the archives, the re-transcription that was necessary in order to use the original CNWRS archive texts in our corpus, and the problems associated with the original archived transcripts. Having described the sources of our corpus, we move on to consider issues surrounding the mark-up of our data with TEI-conformant SGML, and the problems associated with capturing in electronic form the CNWRS...
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...the warm, fall night. A dense fog hugged the countryside. Because there was nothing to see through the train’s windows, many passengers dozed peacefully, lulled to sleep by the gentle, rhythmic, clickety-clack of iron wheels passing over jointed rails. Crewmembers roamed the aisles and halls making sure that those guests still awake were accommodated and comfortable. In less than a second, this peaceful scene was shattered by a thundering roar as seats were torn from the floor and passengers were sent flying through the cars. At 2:53 a.m. Amtrak’s only transcontinental passenger train, the Sunset Limited, plunged into Big Bayou Canot, killing 47 passengers. Eight minutes earlier at 2:45 a.m., a towboat, pushing six barges and lost in a dense fog, unknowingly bumped into the Big Bayou Canot Bridge knocking the track out of alignment. The train, traveling at a speed of 72 mph in the dense fog, derailed as a result, burying the engine and four cars five stories deep in the mud and muck of Big Bayou Canot.4,7,8,10,12,13 Bruce Barrett, a locomotive engineer, has described what might have been occurring in the cab of Amtrak engine Number 819 prior to the wreck.2 This scenario is based upon my 17 years’ experience as a locomotive engineer on a major western railroad and upon the compilation of bits and pieces of data from public records and accounts of the accident. Engineer Michael Vincent was at the controls of the two-week-old General Electric “AMDCopyright © 1999...
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...For exclusive use Nanyang Technological University, 2015 9-384-049 REV: MARCH 16, 2011 E. TATUM CHRISTIANSEN RICHARD T. PASCALE Ho onda (A A) Th two decad from 196 to 1980 w he des 60 witnessed a s strategic reve ersal in the world motor rcycle indus stry. By the en of that pe nd eriod, previou usly well-fina anced Americ competito with seem can ors mingly impre egnable mark positions were faced w ket with extinctio Although most consum on. mers had an i initial prefer rence to pur rchase from them, these U.S. manuf facturers had been dislod d dged by Jap panese competitors and lost position despite tec n chnological s shifts that could have b been emulate as ed competition intens sified. Th Japanese invasion of th world mo he he otorcycle mar rket was spea arheaded by the Honda M Motor Comp pany. Its foun nder, Soichiro Honda, a v visionary inv ventor and in ndustrialist, h had been inv volved periph herally in the automotive i e industry prio to World W II. Howev Japan’s po or War ver, ostwar devast tation result ted in the downsizing of Honda’s ambitions; m d motorcycles were a mor technolog re gically mana ageable and economically affordable product for the average Japanese. R y Reflecting Ho onda’s comm mitment to a technologic cally based s strategy, the Honda Technical Resea arch Institute was e establ lished in 194 This inst 46. titute, dedica ated to impro ovements in internal...
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