...Automation Automation is the use of machines, control systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services. The correct incentive for applying automation is to increase productivity, and/or quality beyond that possible with current human labor levels so as to realize economies of scale, and/or realize predictable quality levels. In the scope of industrialisation, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements while increasing load capacity, speed, and repeatability. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th...
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...Annotated Bibliography-- Set/Stage Design "Shakespeare & Elizabethan Stage Sets." No Sweat Shakespeare. Web. 29 Mar. 2016. This article discusses the differences between set design nowadays versus set design during Shakespearean times. Today, the stage is set to resemble the location the scene is set in, and the audience can easily picture where everything is happening. This is what is referred to as ‘realism’. Earlier times were different, in that the playwrights would often write set imagery into the script, encouraging the audience to image it for themselves. Aside from an occasional piece of furniture, the stage was often bare and could be the location for anywhere in the world. This relates to my topic of set design because it shows the differences between the realism used today versus the imagery used during Shakespearean plays. This source is reputable because it isn’t giving an opinion on anything, it is simply stating the facts of how Shakespeare would have most likely set the stage for his plays. "Shakespeare's Theater." Folger Shakespeare Library. 2014. Web. 29 Mar. 2016. This web article discusses how the stage and arena was designed to give the audience the full experience at shows. The majority of playhouses that showed performances were multi-sided structures with an open yard for people to stand or sit on. Also in the facility were ~3 tiers of covered seating, and a raised up stage on one end. The article also discussed the transition from outdoor...
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...Cellular Layout Betty Ward Liberty University Operation Management Busi 411-D03 Professor Wagner April 6, 2015 Cellular Layout Definition Cellular production or cellular manufacturing is a lean method process, which eliminates set-up and unneeded cost. This is accomplished by using cells, group of team members, workstations, or equipment to produce similar products or services. The concept of cellular design is the use of group technology, placing people, tools and machines so that there is little change in processing or setup ("Cellular manufacturing," n.d.). Summary Cellular production or manufacturing is a layout design that enables companies to minimize waste, while providing a smooth workflow, with minimal transport or delay. Additional benefits of cellular production include reduced work in progress; reduce space requirements, and improvement in quality and productivity (Stevenson, 2015, p. 256). The article, “Integrating Cell Formation with Cellular Layout and Operation Scheduling” is an investigation into designing a cellular system. The research is on two mathematical proposed models. In the first model is an integration of cellular layout (CL) problem with cell formation (CF) problem to determine the optimal configuration of machine and cell layout to minimize movement cost. The second model included in the integration of the cellular layout (CL) and cell formation (CF) problems, with the cellular scheduling (CS) to minimize the completion time...
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...Tutorial: Layout, DRC, Extraction, LVS and Back Annotating Parastics Yong Li Partner: Hao Zhang Group #2 10/10/2012 EEN532 GF Objective In this lab, we were asked do the layout of Inverter using the design rules for the AMI C5N (λ=0.3μ) fabrication process. Specifically, we need to do some hand-on experience on how to complete the physical design (layout), design rule check (DRC), parameter extraction, layout vs. schematic (LVS) and Back Annotating Parastics from Layout to Schematic using the Cadence tools. Software LSW and Virtuoso Layout Editor We need to create a layout cellview, check it and simulate it in the software Procedure and Data First of all, we need to create the layout Cellview in LSW and Virtuoso Layout Editing Window. According to the instruction, we set up the display, and then we could draw everything in the layout. We also need to pay attention to the positions and the size. We drew the VDD, VGND, NMOS, PMOS, N-Well as well as all the contacts. We had to choose the correct color and the name of every component in the LSW. After that, we would connect transistors Nodes to Match schematic and Form the Inverter. And then we added the pins, which include vdd, vgnd, vin, and vout pins. The layout was like the following: The next step was to design rule check, which to test if our layout drawing obeys the design rule. When the CIW shows “Total errors found: 0”, our design rule check is successful. Furthermore, we were asked to do Layout Parameter...
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... 2. Analyze advantages and disadvantages of the physical layout of the warehouse. Warehouse layout is also important in achieve greater efficiencies. Minimizing travel time between picking locations can greatly improve productivity. However, to achieve this increase in efficiency, companies must develop processes to regularly monitor picking travel times and storage locations. Without the proper layout and design of your distribution center, no matter the square footage, you will be facing capacity issues, decrease in productivity, and storage inadequacies. The layout helps to utilize all the potential storage space. The vertical space as well as individual cubic is fully utilized which result in increase in capacity storage. With a great layout of the warehouse, inventory can be store organized, in order which can increase the accurately of collecting the data. Thus, Minimizing congestion and interference with smooth flow. (Jeffrey,B. Sept9, 2013. Warehouse layout and Design principle) Disadvantages: one of the disadvantages of physical warehouse layout is fixed. The warehouse design is fixed so during peak seasons. When design the warehouse layout, designer can not predict exactly the demand in the future. As the result, the warehouse can not maximize or minimize to adapt to the demands which cause increasing in costs spending to rent new storage, or amortization of equipments. + When design the wrehouse layout, the designer make sure to utilize all of the potential space...
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...Transformation Process In ETA 9 3.2.3 Implication & Analysis On Transformation Process in ETA 9 3.3 Vs Of Operations 11 3.3.1 Concept Of 4Vs in Operations 11 3.3.2 Implications of 4Vs in ETA 12 CHAPTER 4: Process Design 13 4.1 Concept of Process Design 13 4.2 Process Design In ETA 14 4.2.1 Production Process Involved 14 4.2.2 Production Strategies Involved 15 4.3 Implication and Analysis of Process Design in ETA 15 CHAPTER 5: Plant Layout 17 5.1 Concept Of Plant Layout 17 5.2 Plant Layout Used In ETA 17 5.2.1 Cellular Layout 18 5.2.2 Process or Functional Layout 18 5.3 Implications And Analysis of Plant Layout in ETA 18 CHAPTER 6: Capacity Management 19 6.1 Concept Of Capacity Management 19 5.2 Capacity Management In ETA 20 5.3 Implication And Analysis of Capacity Management In ETA 20 CHAPTER 7: Conclusion 21 Reference 22 CHAPTER 1: Executive Summary CHAPTER 2: Company Overview Operation management involves the management of the systems and process that are required to create the goods and/or services. Stevenson (2007) stated that operation management is the management of the part of the organisation that is responsible for producing goods and / or services. Operation management is defined as the design, operation, and improvement of the sysytem that creates and delivers the the firm’s primary products and services (Aquilano, Chase and Jacobs, 2006). When effectively managed, Operation Management will lead...
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...Hybrid Delivery System Layout Reason of existence: * For businesses in order to better respond to different market demands. * Companies align their delivery system to the characteristics of the market by rearranging the layout of their facilities. Examples of differentiated layout designs * Cellular Layout : a mix of functional and product layout * Nagare cellular layout ( sub-category of the previous) : Used for customized products and of low volume production * Transfer line layout : For high volume products and of standard nature Other Layout Formats * Flexing process layouts to reflect varying levels of demand Examples: car assembly plants, bank and post office layouts, fast food restaurants process layouts) * Flexible office layouts Impact of IT on Delivery systems and layouts * Automated Banking * Call centres Detailed Layout Design Decision making about: * The position of staff, processes, equipment * The position, size and number of other facilities not belonging to the delivery system * The number of other requirements (entrances, exits, …, elevators) * The space that will be allocated to the above areas Must also be defined: * The steps involved in delivering products or services * The followed sequence * The process routes (Space restrictions must be considered) The features of good layouts * System flow charting * Use of space * Use of equipment * Cost...
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...Lecture(7) Layout for manufacturing facilities facility layout means planning for the location of all machines, utilities, employee workstations, customer service areas, material storage areas, aisles, rest rooms, lunch¬rooms, drinking fountains, internal walls, offices, and computer rooms, and for the flow patterns of materials and people around, into, and within buildings. Through facility layouts, the physical arrangement of these processes within and around buildings, the space necessary for the operation of these processes, and provided the space required for support func¬tions. As process planning and facility layout planning information continuous interchange between these two planning activities, because each affects the other Some Objectives of Facility Layouts There are many objectives of facility layouts these are:- 1- objectives for manufacturing operation layouts * Provide enough production capacity. * Reduce materials-handling costs . * Conform to site and building constraints . * Allow space for production machines. * Allow high labor, machine, and space utilization and productivity. * Provide for volume and product flexibility. * Provide space for rest rooms, cafeterias, and other personal-care needs of employees . * Provide for employee safety and health. * Allow ease of supervision . * Allow ease of maintenance. * Achieve objectives with least capital investment. 2- additional objectives for Warehouse operation layouts * Promote...
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...THE CELLULAR DESIGN PROCESS IN THE ORGANISATION. * 2. Background Dore Dore was established by Jean Baptiste in 1819 It was the world class manufacturer of fashionable knitted products Its hosiery division produced socks and stockings for men, women and children & accounted for 88% of DD’s sales Its knitwear division produced a line of children's knitwear such as play clothes, sweaters and nightclothes. It focused on both quality and fashion It produced hose not only under its DD trademark, but also for famous designers. DD commented a 30% to 40% market share in this segment One of DD’s competitive strengths was its superior customer service for hosiery. * 3. Operations & Problems & Planning. Its operations were divided between two main sites – MERY PLANT, which encompasses all children’s knitwear operations; and GRES COMPLEX, which encompasses the company’s headquarters and central hosiery factory. Each season DD produced each style in two seasons in hosiery and preset production for Knitwear division. Forecasts were uncertain; all production took place before observing consumers demand in Hosiery Division. High inventory costs were incurred. Many items were left unsold. The company wanted to get into Cellular Design Layout for better Production And Operational Utilization. (for instance Part A & Part B shown below) * 4. COMPANY’S DESIGN LAYOUT (Part A) In children’s knitwear division, the company is using presently a product design layout to do the operations...
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...European Journal of Operational Research, 2009, Vol 193, pp425-436 Authors: Baker P. & Canessa, M. Warehouse design: a structured approach Abstract: In spite of the importance of warehousing to the customer service and cost levels of many businesses, there is currently not a comprehensive systematic method for designing warehouses. In this paper, the current literature on the overall methodology of warehouse design is explored, together with the literature on tools and techniques used for specific areas of analysis. The general results from the literature have then been validated and refined with reference to warehouse design companies. The output is a general framework of steps, with specific tools and techniques that can be used for each step. This is intended to be of value to practitioners and to assist further research into the development of a more comprehensive methodology for warehouse design. Keywords: Facilities planning and design; Decision support models; Logistics; Warehouse design. 1 Warehouse design: a structured approach 1. Introduction Warehouses are a key aspect of modern supply chains and play a vital role in the success, or failure, of businesses today (Frazelle, 2002a). Although many companies have examined the possibilities of synchronised direct supply to customers, there are still many circumstances where this is not appropriate. This may be because the supplier lead times cannot be reduced cost effectively to the short lead times...
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...ProSite? ProSite is a website builder that allows you to design and fully customize your personal portfolio. Make unlimited customizations without touching a line of code. What is Behance? Behance is the leading creative platform, and is where you will upload your projects. Your work will appear in the Behance galleries, giving you exposure to millions of visitors who come to Behance to discover creative work. How ProSite & Behance Work Together Your Behance projects sync with your ProSite, so you only have to update your work in one place to enjoy all the benefits of Behance’s exposure and to have your own customized personal website. NOTE: Your ProSite can live on your own URL, and it doesn’t contain any Behance branding or ads. Your Behance PorTFoLIo Your ProSITe Get Started in 6 Easy Steps We have created this 6 step guide to help you successfully publish your ProSite. 1 2 3 4 5 6 STEP 1: Select Your Layout There are 4 templates to choose from that act as a starting point for your ProSite. ALL layouts allow you to customize and adjust many elements of the design & layout in order to create a unique and personalized website. noTe: Even after you’ve chosen a layout, you’ll always have the option to experiment with another. Simply come back here and select another layout. See how others have transformed these basic templates into unique designs. Preview each layout in both dark or light color schemes here. NOTE: Use this...
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...Lovely Professional University, Punjab Course Code MGT519 Course Category Course Title OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Courses with numerical and conceptual focus Course Planner 16031::Gurpreet Kaur Lectures 3.0 Tutorials Practicals Credits 1.0 0.0 4.0 TextBooks Sr No T-1 Title Operations Management Reference Books Sr No R-1 R-2 Other Reading Sr No OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8 OR-9 OR-10 OR-11 OR-12 Journals articles as Compulsary reading (specific articles, complete reference) The four things that a service Business must get right HBR Article , Bang & Olufsen Design Driven Innovation : HBR , Smart Product Design : HBR , Mishina, Kazuhiro. Toyota Motor Manufacturing, U.S.A., Inc. HBS Case No. 9-693-019. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, 1995. , Hammond, Janice H. Barilla SpA (A). HBS Case No. 9-694-046. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, 1994. , Latour, Almar. Nokia Handles Supply Shock with Aplomb as Ericsson of Sweden Gets Burned. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc., 2001. , National Cranberry Cooperative HBS #688122. From Case Map , John Crane UK Ltd Case : The CAD CAM Link . HBS #691021,24p , To Move or not to Move .Case of Cathay Pacific Airways . University of Hong Kong HBS #HKU003,22p , Note on Quality: The Views of Deming, Juran, and Crosby HBS .687011 , Process Control at Polaroid , HBS, #693047 , LL Bean Item Forecasting and Inventory Management HBS, #893003, 5p , Johson Control Automotive Systems , HBS,#69308623p , Title Operations...
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... the routing determines the paths for wires on the chip layout to interconnect the pins on the design blocks or pads at the chip boundary. These paths must satisfy the DRC rules to ensure that the chip can be correctly manufactured. The main objective of routing step is to complete all the connections. If all the required connections are not completed then the chip would not function properly and may even get fail also. Routing should also satisfy other objectives like (1) reduce the wire-length between modules and (2) ensure each net satisfy its required timing properties Routing is basically a very complex process. To make it simpler, the routing process is divided in to two steps like global routing followed by detailed routing. In global routing the available routing region is divided into tiles and tile-to-tile paths. Then, in the detailed routing actual tracks and vias for nets are assigned....
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...PLANT LOCATION The decision on locating an industrial plant is frequently one that has a vital effect on the success or failure of the operation of that plant. Hence it should be based upon a careful consideration of all factors pertinent to the business of the particular enterprise. Steps in selecting a plant site Selection of the region * Proximity to the market * Proximity to the necessary materials * Availability of transportation facilities * Adequacy of public and private services such as power, water, fuel, and gas * Favorable climatic conditions Selection of the particular community Which of all the communities in the chosen region can best supply the needs of the individual enterprise? * A labor supply that is adequate in numbers and in types of skill required. * Wage scales that competitive with or lower than those paid by other firms in the same industry. * Other enterprises in the community which are complementary or supplementary as regards raw materials, products ,labor demands and skills used. * Moderate taxes and the absence of restricting laws and ordinance. * Favorable living conditions and standards which label the community for both key and rank-file employees as a good place in which to live. Selection of the exact plant site Alternative communities may have to considered it no available or adequate plant site can be found in the first community selected. Trends in Plant Location * First is the...
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...Unit 4: Facility Design Journal This time I going to write about Facility Design. Facility design, According to what I has been learned in the reading, makes much difference; since it have an impact on both “quality and productivity”. Furthermore, facility design helps you find the best performance of the employees of any company; because it seeks to find that the employees do their job more efficiently. Moreover, facility design, after planning and taking in consideration different types of layouts, it is important to establish how much inventory can be stored and/or produce. Facility design covers many important concepts, but today I've chosen write about the following three: Capacity, Economy of Scale and Layout. I must first define capacity as the maximum that can be produced. It is very important for an Operations Manager to know when and how much the company should improve its design on capacity, since the lack of planning in facility design may affect different areas, such as: lead time, customer responsiveness, operating costs, and a firm's ability to compete, and the company could lose customers. On the other hand, the percent of capacity utilization that minimizes average unit cost or the best operating level is certainly related to Economies of Scale. This is could achieve when fixed costs can be spread on a high number of units produced, when the operational costs do not increase linearly with levels of output, etc. Finally, Layout... This is nothing more and nothing...
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