...Correspondence: Ephraim A. Okoro, Department of Marketing, School of Business, Howard University, 2600–Sixth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA. Tel: 1-202-806-1545. E-mail: eaokoro@howard.edu Received: March 22, 2012 doi:10.5539/ijbm.v7n16p130 Abstract The expanding scope of business corporations in the first decade of the twenty-first century is drawing much scholarly attention, and the trend has been described as a fact of life that defies the stretch of human imagination. The concept of global economy has expanded consumer awareness, defined new standards and rules of operations, and increased the need for national and corporate interdependence. Multinational organizations are exploring opportunities around the world, demonstrating sensitivity towards cultural differences in order to gain from the proliferation and growth of international enterprise. Recent studies indicate that while some corporations compete successfully in the global marketplace, others have failed to sustain their competitive advantage because of cultural imperialism or inadequate acculturation of their managers on international assignment. Corporate analysts argued that the key to global business success depends on effective cross-cultural etiquette and global workforce diversity management. Other significant studies emphasized that global managers should be trained in interpersonal relationship and group communication competence, and should be equipped with cross-cultural negotiation skills that can maintain...
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...Finals Amos Rolle BA460 Public Relations Professor Emily Hachman 4 January, 2015 Question 1 Imagine you have been hired to manage the PR function for a startup company specializing in environmental concerns and preservation. Develop a high level PR plan that will carry you through the first six months of the company’s launch. Keep in mind initial startup tasks that might include reaching out to key stakeholders or customers, or explaining the nature of your company to others. A – By definition, Public Relations (PR) is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics. PR planning efforts determines the possible future course of actions for the company initiatives for maintaining PR. The below table details a plan of PR activities for the next six months of the company which is specialized in environmental concerns and preservation: |Month |Schedule PR Events |Target Public | |1st Month |Release Mission statement to Media/Press detailing the mission and goals of the |Community | | |company to the society. | | |2nd Month |Using electronic social media, the company information is included as a part...
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...Introduction: Successful multicultural congregations must be willing to subjugate their culture and language to a biblical standard in order to meet the spiritual needs of the younger generations. Multiethnic and Multigenerational churches face enormous challenges in America. Non-dominant-group (meaning non-Anglo) churches struggle with external challenges of language, cultural differences, discrimination, marginalization and socioeconomic differences. These external challenges of non-English immigrants are difficult to overcome, but one of the greatest threats facing these groups is the internal conflict of language preference within the families. In light of these challenges, Non-English church congregations must be willing to subjugate...
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...Economic System Three types of economic systems: Capitalist, Socialist, Mixed. Classification based on dominant method of resource allocation Market allocation Economic Environment * Economic environment is major determinant of global market potential & opportunity * World economies can be categorized into market allocation systems, command allocation systems, & mixed systems * For many products, most important indicator of market potential is income Cultural Diversity * Impact of social & cultural environments on marketing industrial and consume products * Industrial products might exhibit lower and higher levels of environmental sensitivity respectively. * Culture is changing so rapidly that innovative marketing may be able to change established consumption patterns rooted in cultural differences * Companies realize the importance of training and supporting people in cultural awareness Political, Legal and Regulatory Environment Political: Government institutions, political parties, and organizations Legal: Laws, courts, attorneys, and legal customs and practices Regulatory: Governmental and nongovernmental agencies Political Environment Nation-states and sovereignty: ①a country’s stage of development ②the political and economical system Political risk: The less developed a county, the greater the political risk....
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...Tabale of COntent I. Introduction 2 II. Body 3 1. Literature review 3 1.1 Global brands 3 1. 3 Brand Images & Country of origin (COO) effects 4 Figure 1: Model for developing strong brands based in Country of Origin image 6 1.4 Brand Names 7 2. Discussion 7 2.1 Existence of global brands 7 2.2 Cultural sensitivity & COO image perception 9 2.3 Brand name & national alphabet 9 Figure 2: Chinese naming analysis 10 Figure 3: Domestic brand names in Vietnamese market 11 III. Conclusion 12 IV. REFERENCES 13 I. Introduction Globalization concept is studied since 1870 (Lee et al, 2009); during the development of its concept, there are many debates around consequence of convergence process of the world. In last three decades, globalization is predicted as noticeable trend causing the homogeneity of consumption pattern in near future (Levitt, 1983 in Robson , 2005), whereas, in this days and age, homogeneity of customer needs, taste and lifestyles is indicated as an impossible phenomenon (De Mooij M., 2011). The debate of globalization versus localization leads to examining application of the maxim- “think global, act local” in different markets across the world. Failures of global brand in standardizing its name, brand image perception, causes the suspicion of existence of global brand. The aim of this study is to examine two dimensions of brand image perception of customer: country of origin effect and brand name. Afterward, my personal...
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...preparing people for Cross Cultural working. Organizational culture is one of the latest concepts in the fields of management and Organizational Theory. Culture which is popularly called as "Shared values and Beliefs" fulfills important functions. 1. It conveys the sense of identity for organizational members. 2. It enhances social system ability. 3. It facilitates the generation of commitment to some thing larger than self. 4. It serves as a sense of making device that can guide and shape behavior. As business become more globalize, developing and training people across cultural boundaries is becoming increasingly important. Culture of the country is an important determinant of behavior of people, and not being sensitive to these differences can often result in misunderstanding and embarrassments and even in loss of efficiencies. For instance cultures differ widely in terms of concepts of time. Besides the obvious implications for punctuality, the difference also lies in how people from different cultures use their time. An understanding and sensitivity to such cultural differences in behavior and orientations is necessary perquisites to develop cross cultural competencies. The roots of cultural differences in the business practices lie much deeper. Business cultures in different countries are molded not just by the behavior of culture, such as social institutions, public system, public policy, legal frameworks and culture specific social values. Since these provide the cultural...
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...article as follows, “this study… attempts to extend the marketing education literature by empirically investigating the specific intercultural proficiencies that may advance while students study abroad” (Clarke III, et. al. 2009 p. 174). The purpose then specifically addresses the benefits for marketing educators from “expanded knowledge on the possible outcomes of a SAP” (p. 174). Background & Importance/Significance (literature review) In this study, the literature review serves three purposes. First, it defines the specific intercultural proficiencies that are likely to advance from the study abroad experience: intercultural proficiency, global mindedness, intercultural communication, openness to diversity, and intercultural sensitivity (Clarke III, et. al. 2009). Second, the review discusses current findings regarding the impact that study abroad has had on each of these skills. Finally, the authors introduce instruments that have been used to measure these skills, such as the scale developed by Pascarella, Bohr, Amaury, Ranganathan, Desler, & Bulakowski (1994), Bennett’s (1993) Developmental Model of Intercultural...
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...two articles by Milton J. Bennett: “Developing Intercultural Competence for Global Managers” in Reineke, Rolf-Dieter (Editor) (June, 2001) Interkulturelles Managment. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, ISBN: 3409-11794-6 and “An Intercultural Mindset and Skillset for Global Leadership” from Conference Proceedings of Leadership Without Borders: Developing Global Leaders. Adelphi, MD: National leadership Institute and the Center for Creative Leadership, University of Maryland University College, 2001. Over the last twenty-five years, the field of intercultural relations has developed some sophisticated methods for developing intercultural competence. Gone are the days when the only approach to an assignment abroad was “sink or swim.” And fast disappearing are the organizations who still say “the way we do it here is the way we do it everywhere.” It is now possible to prepare global managers and leaders to learn how to learn in new cross-cultural situations, thus speeding up their adaptability and improving their productivity. For experienced hands, the new methods allow them to share their own experience more effectively with the next generation of leaders. New approaches can also add intercultural competence to the curriculum of a learning organization. Truly global organizations have moved beyond “think globally, act locally.” They have acquired the ability to continually learn from the global environment and to support the virtual third cultures necessary for effective multicultural...
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...Socio-cultural characteristics of these countries also raises concern of institutional trust in the new business as substitute for social milieu lacking in personal touch or localization of product (Efendioglu, Yip, & Murray, 2004). Temporal and spatial separation requires radical shift in consumer pattern to create trust between parties involved in transaction occurring in trading based on agreed contract. Delivery of products to the increasing number of customers in new system brings challenges for seller to keep the promises of order fulfillment in committed time. Logistics capability determines the delivery and distributed channel of firm to ensure speed and timeliness of delivery in business operations (Alemayehu, & Heeks, 2007). Developing nation builds the reputation of business based on family and friends’ recommendation, relationship with sellers, or experience in interacting with staff of the companies (Boerhanoeddin, 2003)....
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...Going Global (pp. 5-6) o The New Global Environment (pp. 6-14) o Key Concepts (pp. 14-20) o Why Companies go Global? (pp. 20-24) o Developing Knowledge Assets (pp. 24-25) o Global Marketing Objectives (pp. 25-26) o Three Hats (pp. 26-27) OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the competitive environment using Porter’s five forces model. Resource: Ch. 2 of Global Marketing: Foreign Entry, Local Marketing & Global Management (Johansson) Content • Theoretical Foundations (in Johansson) o Country-Specific Advantages (CSAs) (pp. 33-39) o Firm-Specific Advantages (FSAs) (pp. 40-47) o FSAs, CSAs, and Regionalization (pp. 47-48) o Extending Porter’s Five Forces Model (pp. 48-51) o Rivalry Between Global Competitors (pp. 51-52) o Strategy and the Three Hats (pp. 53-54) OBJECTIVE: Explain cultural factors that impact the global marketplace. Resource: Ch. 3 of Global Marketing: Foreign Entry, Local Marketing & Global Management (Johansson) Content • Cultural Foundations (in Johansson) o The Meaning of Culture (pp. 60-64) o Cultures across Countries (pp. 65-70) o Culture and “How to Do Business” (pp. 70-72) o Culture and Negotiations (pp. 72-75) o Industrial Buyers (pp. 75-77) o The Limits to Cultural Sensitivity (p. 78) o Culture and The Three Hats (pp. 78-81) Note: The information above is intended to help you complete your assignments. Be sure to read chapters in their entirety...
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...holidays. These differences among nations are vast, ranging, and absolutely vital to understand. When business people understand and respect these social and cultural differences it creates an avenue where international business can be successful. A lack of understanding and sensitivity to cultural differences across cultures can lead to business failures. Culture is a potential stumbling block for many organizations thus the knowledge and understanding of its ins and outs should remain a top priority. In 1980, Hofstede created a model of cultural dimensions, which has become very popular and widely referenced. He identified five cultural dimensions differentiating people based on their country of residence. His cultural dimensions included power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation. (Hofstede, 1980) Power distance dimension is subject to the distribution of power within the culture. High power society represents a small minority of the citizens, maintaining significant portions of power and prestige. Thus, power and prestige are more equally distributed in a low power distance culture. Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which members of a culture are able to accept uncertainty. For example, countries high in uncertainty avoidance are more likely to develop specific systems of rules and procedures. Individualism is concerned with the degree to which members of the society define themselves as individuals or members...
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...This report analyzes the cross-cultural negotiations happening between Australia and China through organizational business transactions. With today’s modern trades, negotiators aim to attain a “win-win” situation between one another under a rational and wholesome environment. It is a necessity for multinational corporations to have a cross-cultural based management. Differences of cultures across the globe would induce large organizations to embrace themselves with a variety of counter strategies, as it can majorly impact the firm’s performances if left unattended. Hofstede (1983) established that the differences between each nation create diversity, which exist in various aspects mainly: Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, Individualism, masculinity and long term versus short-term orientation. These factors implement the approaches from which a nation converse with the other healthily creating little to no conflict. ‘Why China plays hardball’ article presents the different business cultures which are dealt between Australia and China. Through analyzing the article, we may compare the issues of culture between the nations. Cultural biases Ethnocentrism is an assumption that one’s way is the best way of doing and all other possibilities are not relevant under no matter whatever conditions applied (Deresky & Christopher 2012). Within this article, it implements the hard facts of global corporations joining the Chinese market in creating a term of collaborative undertakings...
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...The role of a nurse leader is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon that requires a nurse leader needs to have a diverse, experienced background and knows how to communicate and collaborate with other health care providers and departments (Montuori, 2010). In my opinion, nursing is a dynamic, challenging, and an evolving profession that required a nurse leader to have three important leadership attributes: transformative, culture sensitivity, and technologically savvy. First, a nurse leader needs to be a transformative leader. In my view, transformative leaders need to possess great communication skills and charisma. These attributes can help them to communicate their vision to lead other health care workers. For example, Lewis (2011) indicates that transformative leaders must have the trust and belief of their patients and coworkers to be successful in implementing their vision. A transformative leader must also be engaging and an aspiring role model by leading by example. By doing this, they are fostering an environment in which individuals can be creative, respected, and valued for their work ethics....
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...In culturally diverse societies, like the UK, where various factors, such as culture, ethnicity and races come together, for nurses it is imperative to be aware of how these factors might have an effect on their practice. Hence, through this essay the concepts of culture, race and ethnicity will be explored. Moreover, how to face these challenges during practice developing transcultural and cross-cultural communication and showing professionalism, cultural competence and cultural response will be considered followed by two cultural issues, nursing culture and patient culture. Culture is a set of presumptions, values, ideas, expectations, meanings, norms and practices that have been transmitted and acquired throughout generations (Fernando,...
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... Main ideas 5 Conclusion 7 Reference list 8 Summary Diversity and networking highly improves social awareness and social skills in business interactions. This report identifies how diversity plays an important role in knowing other culture and different value and through networking we come to know about the whole world. It helps the business in expanding across the boundaries and learning new ways of creativity. The report also proposed different steps to develop the social awareness. Introduction Social...
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