...Child development is a continuous interaction process. Biological and psycho-social risk factors that affect the development of children are more common in developing countries[1]. Developmental delay is widely used in the area of child health, it is a condition in which the child is not developing and / or does not reach skills in accordance with the sequence of predetermined stages [2].It is estimated that 17 percent of children (up to 18 years) have a developmental and /or behavioral disorder. However, only 30 percent are identified before school entrance. Children who are detected after that time miss the opportunity to participate in early developmental intervention / early childhood services, which are associated with long term benefits...
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...Comparisons of Language Acquisition Broward College January 30, 2014 Author’s Note: This research paper was developed for EEX3601 taught by Dr. Lisa Grossman Comparisons of Language Acquisition The gift of language and speech has given humanity the ability to communicate wants, needs, and messages, while also allowing beings to understand others. According to Kuder (2008), “language is a rule governed symbol system for communicating meaning through a shared code of arbitraty symbols” (p.6). Languages are learned through a phenomenon called acquisition. As a Pre- Professional, it is necessary to understand normal language acquisition in comparison to those with diverse learning styles, including developmentally delayed and second language learners. First languages are acquired through language acquisition, or the process where language is acquired naturally. Exposure to language, interaction with parents and the enviornment, and constant practice are all manners in which languages continue to be developed. Typically, all normal developing children begin to experience language acquisition and reach milestones within a common time frame. Language first begins with infant crying, cooing, babbling, and continues through stages of telegraphic speech. If a child has not reached particular language milestones within a time frame, he or she may be catagorized as having a developmental delay. A child may be classified as having a deficit in either receptive or expressive speech, language...
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...| Assessment Research Paper | Assessing the Young Child-Professor Speers | | | Assessment Research Paper There are many different aspects and things to consider when discussing the subject of child development. In this paper I will be discussing and identifying three examples of major conditions in children, and their impact on development and learning, demonstrate a plan that would enhance an interest area, change in behavior or bring new knowledge to parents, children and staff, I will give examples of how assessments are applied in the early childhood classroom and how early childhood curriculum is used with assessment tools, and identify three assessment inventories used for birth through six the assessments that can be used for child developmental portfolios. The first type of major condition in children that has an impact on development and learning is autism. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) don’t tune into other people in the same way as typically developing children. For example, a child with ASD might not respond to his name, make eye contact, smile at caregivers, or wave goodbye without being told to. A child with ASD also might not use eye contact to get someone’s attention or communicate. Children with ASD find it hard to see things from other people’s perspective. They might have trouble understanding that other people can have different desires and beliefs from them. Children with ASD can struggle with focus, attention, transitions...
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...Case Study Paper Albert Einstein once said of himself, “Words or Language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my mechanism of thought.” (as cited in Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009, p. 263). Albert Einstein was born in Ulm Germany on March the 19th 1879 (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). When Einstein was 16 years old he sent a draft essay to his uncle on the subject of luminiferous aether. This began his scientific journey that would culminate in the quantification of the relationship between energy and matter: E=mc2. Nevertheless, before Einstein was made famous by his astrophysical postulations he navigated the not-so-easy waters of Germany primary and secondary school. He showed a slight delay in speech initially and was ranked poorly by many of his primary school teachers (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). Einstein was not diagnosed with a learning disorder (LD) during his lifetime, so any such conjectures would constitute a purely retrospective diagnosis. To that end, it is imperative to examine the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of developmental learning disorders (DLD) in order to determine the validity of a retrospective diagnosis of DLD in the case of Albert Einstein. Biological Component DLD affects about 3% of children in the United States and entails a delay in language acquisition and assimilation below what is normal for a specific age (Clegg et. al., 2005). One biological explanation of DLD is that...
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...What’s Eating Gilbert Grape: A Look at Various Life Stages Writer COUN5004- Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors Abstract The life stages for an individual changes as a person grows older and has various experiences in life. There is a change in the physical, intellectual, social, and emotional growth as an individual age. “The process of development is linked to internal conflicts, changing self-awareness, and a dynamic social environment” (Newman & Newman, 2012). Understanding the current stage, assist the counselor in therapeutically preparing for treatment. This paper will view the members of the Gilbert family including Gilbert, Arnie, and Bonnie Grape through various life stages from school age to middle adulthood. As the individual grows, the family dynamics are changing and will need to adjust to the current life stressors. A struggle that often presents through the various life stages is a need to further develop personal identify. This may not always be easily achieved if depression, caregiver stress, or mental illness hinders a person from achieving it. Title of Paper What’s Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) is the story of a family living in Endora, Iowa. The narrator, Gilbert Grape, describes the story of his family and the trials of the Grape family. The story centers on preparing for Arnie Grape, Gilbert’s youngest brother, 18th birthday party. The story follows as the family prepares for Arnie’s birthday while viewing the...
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...As humans, we develop constantly throughout our entire lives. The four stages of development are prenatal and newborn, infancy and childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each individual may develop in a way unique to how they function as a person, but overall there are many strategies humans can follow or enforce in order to develop in what psychologists consider a healthy way. These strategies can include acts such as breastfeeding, exposing children to enriched environments and the “just right” parental style, participation in volunteer work or service learning, and last but not least, maintaining a healthy diet along with exercise. This paper will highlight these strategies. Breastfeeding has many known benefits to the development of children in their prenatal/newborn stage. When compared to formula-feeding, breastfeeding has been found to prevent infection, chronic disease and allergies in the child, enhance their...
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...Methods: where you explain the methods used, reasons for choice, limitations, strengths and weaknesses. Results: evaluate the child's holistic development, list the three areas of development, physical, social and language, discuss the links between these areas, refer to the stages of development and child development theory in making your judgments. Discussion: summarize your findings, make recommendations for the child's learning and development. Bibliography Overall: mention why is it important to observe young children, what might the information be used for? What rights does the child have when being observed. Abstract Observation is a popular research tool that is used to study the behaviour of children; renowned theorists such as Vygotsky, Piaget, and many more child physiologists have used this tool for their research, allowing them to come up with significant insights, resulting in theories that continue to influence psychology and education today....
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...Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), also known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), is defined as a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Autism Spectrum Disorder affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize, however, how this occurs is not well understood. Autistic Disorder is only one of four recognized disorders in the autism spectrum. The others included in the spectrum are Asperger Syndrome(AS), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for Autistic Disorder or Asperger Syndrome are not met. In an article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2011), over the last twelve years, prevalence of developmental disabilities has increased 17.1% which equals about 1.8 million more children in 2006 through 2008 as compared to a decade earlier. Additionally, prevalence of Autism increased 289.5% while the prevalence of ADHD increased 33.0%. With this increase, more research and studies are being done to learn more about a disorder that is relatively recent. Specifically, the focus of this paper is on Asperger Syndrome, which is defined as a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and motor coordination, and unusual or restricted patterns...
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...repetitive patterns of behavior, difficulty with social interactions, and a lack of responsiveness to other people (Schreibman). Other conditions within the autism spectrum include Asperger syndrome, Child Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), and Rett’s Disorder (58-63). Scientists consider these disorders to be similar because they share common characteristics (58). Asperger syndrome occurs when children have difficulty with social interactions, but do not exhibit delays in language. CDD develops within two years and autism is evident within the first year of life (59). PDD-NOS occurs when children have difficulty with social interactions and either communication problems or restricted interest (63). Rett’s Disorder is diagnosed definitively in females and autism is diagnosed primarily in males (58). The term autism was first used in 1943 by child psychiatrist Leo Kanner, who wrote a paper “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact” (Koegel 2). In his paper, Kanner described his observation of eleven children between the ages of two and eight who displayed a tendency to want to be alone and lacked the ability to interact with others. The children also displayed a delay in speech, a lack of imaginative play, unusual interest, and verbal communication problems (2). Kanner’s report gave us the first glimpse of what is known today as autism (Schreibman 27). Scientists 2 have had no major breakthrough that can help...
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...their limits. To avoid this, gas engine manufacturers are seeking new technologies. From the viewpoint of gas engine R&D engineers, ignition of the fuel/air mixture by means of a laser has great potential. Especially the thermodynamic requirements of a high compression ratio and a high power density are fulfilled well by laser ignition. Results of measurements on the test bench confirm the high expectations – with a BMEP of 1.8 MPa it was possible to verify NOx values of a non-optimized system of 30 ppm (70 mg/Nm³ @ 5 % O2) with very high combustion stability. In the meantime, GEJ can look back at 6 years of excellent experience and can see itself as the “technological leader” in the field of laser ignition. Despite this, considerable developmental steps are still necessary to adapt the laser ignition concept fully to desired objectives (especially costs). INTRODUCTION Good degrees of efficiency of a gas engine require the highest possible BMEPs – this basic approach also results in a specific reduction of engine costs and, further, improved “life cycle costs”. On the other hand, the technological complexity and costs needed to achieve such requirements are considerable....
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...Abstract 3 Autism 4 Videogames and young people with Developmental disorders 10 Funding of Applied Behavior Analysis 11 Executive function in individuals with sub threshold Autism traits 12 Conclusion 14 References 15 Abstract The increasing number of individuals with Learning Disabilities (LD) and psychiatric disorders presents a key challenge to their assessment and treatment in mental health services. Children and young people with LD are more likely to experience mental health than the general population (Allington-Smith, 2006). There is a close relationship between autism spectrum disorder and learning disability. Epidemiological studies suggest that autism is more frequent in people with LD, nearly 40% of people with LD also have autism on the other hand, and nearly 70% of people with autism also have LD (La Mafa, 2004). The strong association between autism and LD (Bradley, 2004) also associates an increased risk of mental health problems. It is suggested that adults with LD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience symptoms of anxiety at a greater level than the general population; however, this requires more conclusive evidence in relation to the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adults with LD and autism. Autism Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three...
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...Literature Review on Autism Literature Review on Autistic Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has become a widespread and familiar disorder in the 21st century. ASD is defined as an impairment of cognitional and emotional functioning. People with ASD will have difficulty interacting socially with their peers, and many struggle with developmental delays such as speech. Autistic children will often be less responsive to their caregivers than children without the disorder. In the research article by Tong &Brereton two important areas of difficulty for children with ASD is the ability to speak clearly, and the lack of skills needed to play and have an imagination (2010). Children with autism are very matter of fact, and rarely understand any metaphors. They may also be ritualistic and have compulsive behaviors. The cause and effect of ASD is still unknown, many researchers believe there are biological and genetic factors that play a role (Tong, Brereton, 2010). Since ASD as a behavioral disorder, can autism be cured? Will children who are diagnosed with the disorder live with the same delays and rituals as they did as a child? After reviewing many journals, I have failed to find any evidence of cures; I have however come across different therapy’s in there preliminary phases. Music and dog therapy are being used across the country. Gold, Wingram and Elefant explain in their article that music helps people who are non-verbal interact without the use of words...
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...Examine the factors which affect language Development Learning to talk is one of the most visible and important achievements of early childhood. In a matter of months, and without advanced teaching, toddlers move from hesitant single words to sentences, and from a small vocabulary to one that is growing by a few new words a day. New language tools mean new opportunities for social understanding, for learning about the world, and for sharing experiences, pleasures and needs. It also means being able to understand simple instruction which aid in the teaching and learning process of the child. This paper will look at factors that affect the development of language in Zimbabwe and the world in general. It will look at what renowned scholars say about the development of language. Definition of terms Language according to Fredd C.C Peng(2007) is a behavior which utilizes body parts, the vocal apparatus and the visual system for oral language, the brachial apparatus and the visual system for sign language. Such body parts are controlled by the brain for their functions. E. Bruce Goldstein (2008) defines language as a system of communication using sounds or symbols that enable us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas and experience. lastly Language can be defined as a means of communication. Cooper(1989) defines language Development as the result of the series of on-going planned actions...
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...Sarah Whitney November 11, 2015 Critical Thinking Paper Dr. Nancy Furlong A current question that has been frequently asked is whether eyewitness reports provided by children during a court case are reliable. Children's memory capacity, their susceptibility to suggestion, and the delay between a crime and providing an eyewitness statement are some factors that can influence the reliability of these reports. Eyewitness reports provided by children can be reliable if given within a reasonable time frame, and that the presented questions are not suggestive. Also, that the eyewitness reports are provided by older children (9 to 12 years old), their reports tend to be more reliable than those of younger children (5 to 8 years old). Taking these factors into account in future court cases with children as eyewitnesses will ensure the best possible reliability in children's statements. The number of children as eyewitnesses is ever-growing and therefore child eyewitnesses are more involved in the field of legal testimony (Flin, Boon, Knox, & Bull, 1992). Due to this greater involvement, it is frequently questioned whether children are able to serve as credible eyewitnesses during a court case, especially in cases where the sole eyewitnesses to an offense are children (Flin et al., 1992). There can...
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...methodologically and is as a result of the change that occurs with increasing age. Although the lifespan development may look simple, it is quite complex and involves different developmental stages. According to Baltes, (1996), the entire life cycle has four eras. These eras, he says, take an approximate time of 20-25 years. Levinson goes further to identify the developmental periods as childhood and adolescence, early childhood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. At this point in time, it is formal to simplify various terminologies that relation to human development. This is because they will feature constantly in the preceding sections. First and foremost is development. This is simply a change characterized by movement from one state to another. Usually, development leads to transitions. Development, as will be used in this paper, will refer to growth, and progression through certain stages, commonly termed as “maturity.” Another term of significance is stage. This refers to sections that differentiate the various phases of growth. The phases involve changes which are either physical or intellectual and their subsequent impact on life events and experiences. This paper examines the wider field of lifespan development. It begins by exploring the stages of human development. As regards, the stages, the paper focuses on seven main stages i.e. the infancy stage, early childhood, middle childhood, Adolescence, early adulthood, middle...
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