...ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM 3 DIGESTION/NUTRITION Spring 2012 True/False 1. Peristalsis is defined as a mixing movement, which results in food in small segments of the alimentary canal being mixed with digestive enzymes. 2. Receptive relaxation is related to peristalsis in that when peristalsis occurs the muscular wall just ahead of the contracted ring relaxes. 3. The esophagus provides a passageway for substances from the larynx to the bronchi. 4. The stomach is c-shaped and extends from the duodenum to the spleen. 5. Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor. 6. Cholecystokinin, a hormone released from intestinal mucosa by the presence of fats, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum. 7. Food passing from the stomach through the small intestine would pass first into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and lastly the ileum. 8. The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and inhibited by sympathetic impulses. Matching Questions 9-13 pertain the key below: a. primary or deciduous teeth b. incisors c. crown d. palatine tonsils e. pharyngeal tonsils 9. Useful in biting food. 10. Also are called adenoids. 11. Found on both sides of uvula. 12. Portion of a tooth that projects beyond the gum. 13. Usually appear between the ages of 6 months and 2 1/2 years. Multiple Choice 14. The...
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...Emily Sun Mr. Bursiek IB LA 11 22 October 2012 Limited Transcendence in the Human Condition An analysis of contradicting elements in selected personal essays of Virginia Woolf An author fascinated with boundaries, Virginia Woolf blurs the line between black and white in her essays The Death of the Moth and Street Haunting. In both essays she highlights opposing extremes: Street Haunting articulates the innate conflict of impulse and restraint, and The Death of the Moth articulates the enduring struggle between life and death, from which death always rises as the victor. The juxtaposition of these conflicting extremes as contradictory ultimately results in a dialectical synthesis of the two, proving that one is synergetic with the other. Through this synergy Woolf emphasizes the strength of the human condition to transcend the boundaries of its ambiguities, but clearly defines its inability to fully surpass the boundaries of the physical world. The Death of the Moth makes a piercingly clear point that life is futile in the face of its unfailing conqueror: death. Yet embedded at the heart of Woolf’s essay and thesis lies an inherent contradiction. Woolf constructs her essay to revolve around death’s victorious potency. Yet that is not enough. For, to glorify the power of death, she must also paint life as a substantial opponent to overcome. She does accomplish this purpose, describing the moth’s “gigantic effort…against a power of such magnitude” (Moth 2), a surprisingly...
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...ESSAY ON ANAEMIA Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. The word anemia comes from two Greek roots, together meaning “without blood.” At the beginning of the nineteenth century, “anemia” referred to the pallor of the skin and mucous membranes. After medical science advanced, blood cell counts could be done. Anemia became the disease we know today. Mild anemia may have no outer symptoms. Weakness, fatigue, and pallor are very common symptom. Symptoms of severe anemia are shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, lightheadedness, headache, ringing in the ears, irritability, restless leg syndrome, mental confusion, dizziness, fainting, and dimmed vision. Iron deficiency anemia- the most common type of anemia; occurs because of low iron levels. Folic acid deficiency anemia- levels of folic acid are low because of inadequate dietary intake or faulty absorption. Pernicious anemia- inability of the body to properly absorb vitamin B12 Hemolytic anemia- red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. Sickle cell anemia- inherited abnormality of hemoglobin; occurs mainly in people of African or Mediterranean decent. Thalassemia anemia- inherited disorder in the synthesis of hemoglobin. A plastic anemia- decreased bone marrow production. Determining the cause of anemia is very important because it may be the sign of a very serious illness. A physician should ask about family history of anemia, gallbladder disease, jaundice, and enlarged spleen. A stool test...
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...Nutrition Analysis Essay- Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and minerals are essential to optimal body function and the overall health of body cells. These two important nutrients are needed daily to keep the body functioning in several roles such as blood clotting. Vitamins are in two forms- fat soluble and water soluble. Lack of vitamins and minerals leads to deficiencies which affects body cells. “Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for growth, reproduction, and overall good health, and a deficiency of any one will cause physiological symptoms” (Blake 2017, p. 228). In comparison of her nutrients report to that of table 7.3, which shows deficiencies in vitamins A, D, C, & E, she is at risk of “night blindness”, “osteomalacia i.e. bone’s inability to mineralize properly due to lack of enough calcium and phosphorus” which leads to soft bones, deficiencies can also cause “nerve problems” which can lead to inability to control body parts movements, and “lower immune function” (Blake 2017, p. 264). Vitamin D is important for bone health by ‘helping with calcium and...
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...performs major functions. However in this essay, we would be focusing more about the ribosomes structure and function. We would also be discussing the diseases caused as a result of the dysfunction of a ribosome. Ribosomes are composed of nucleic acids and proteins and plays an important role in protein synthesis. Translation and linkage of amino acid are the key steps for the protein synthesis. Ribosomes consists of two subunits which are 1) large and 2) small subunits. Eukaryotic cells have 80s ribosomes having small (40s) and large (60s) subunit whereas prokaryotic cells have 70s ribosomes having small (30s) and large (50s) subunits. These subunits are made of rRNA molecules and proteins. These subunits links together to perform various functions such as 1) to translate the information provided by mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid), 2) linking of amino acid collected by tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid) from the cytoplasm, 3) transports the produced polypeptide to the cytoplasm to form a protein. Ribosomes have a short-term existence. The subunits separates and either breaks up or get reused after completing synthesizing the polypeptide. Ribosomes are mostly scattered in the cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is referred to the endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to its surface giving a rough structure. Ribosomes found scattered in the cytoplasm and the one found in rough endoplasmic reticulum are both involved in the synthesis of protein. The major function of a...
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...City University of Hong Kong GE1341 Life and Health: Innovative Essay Topic: Why Do we need to store fat in adipose tissue? Why people become obese? Name: Wong Ming Yan Cannis SID: 54404835 Introduction: In this piece of innovative essay, I am going to have a brief introduction on the structure of adipose tissue, including white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT): an indispensable part of our body with the function of energy storage and as an endocrine gland. After introducing the functions of adipose tissue, I will focus on topic: about the function of adipose tissue as a place for storage of fat. People become obese is partly due to adiponectin and leptin, the two hormones affecting adipose tissue and resulting in obesity....
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...die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity of blood is a result of H+ concentration within it, and this on the other hand results from the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a toxic waste product...
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...failures, which not only facilitates you to learn about without stressing out about yield, but also encourages the attitude of not giving up easily. As for characterization, on top of the usual proton NMR, IR, and UV/Vis, the course also introduces you to countless spectroscopic techniques you don’t get to experience in other lab courses, such as Mossbauer, Evan’s method, XCSRD, and EPR. All these skills are super useful, and they prepare you well for research even if you want to pursue organic synthesis. Along your own project, the course asks you to read a current research paper of your choice and present it in front of the class. This trains you to give effective presentations and will make you feel competent reading and understanding any scientific literature in the future. Overall, at the end of the semester, you feel that the class guided you through a wonderful story, and along the side you picked up so many useful techniques, tricks, and the competency to read literature for chemical synthesis. The teaching staff are among the most kind, intellectual, and enthusiastic people I’ve ever met here at Harvard. For my year, there were 4 teaching staff for 4 students – how amazing! And for this reason, the course has a super relaxed atmosphere. A TF (most likely one of the best graduate students in the Betley Lab) will be assigned to you and your teammate, and he or she will guide you through all your reactions. You make good friends with your TF, and learn so much about the daily life...
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...Copyright © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-180360-1 MHID: 0-07-180360-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-180359-5, MHID: 0-07180359-9. E-book conversion by Codemantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Trademarks: McGraw-Hill Education, the McGraw-Hill Education logo, 5 Steps to a 5 and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of McGraw-Hill Education and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property...
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...Synthesis Industrially produced foods make up a significant proportion of the foods consumed in the United States. My paper aims to discover how the accessibility of these foods in terms of cost, convenience, and advertising affect the eating habits of Americans. One camp, which I shall refer to as the Necessity group, including authors Hurst and McWilliams, believes that these industrially produced foods are necessary to feed the populace at a reasonable price, and without it, many people would go hungry. Another camp, which I shall refer to as the Choice group, including authors Pollan and Foer, believe that eating habits are a matter of personal choice, and it is not the accessibility of the foods that largely affects eating habits, but rather the education and motivation of the population. The last camp, which I shall refer to as the Fattening group, including authors Larson & Story and Freeman, believes that the accessibility of industrially produced foods has a negative impact on peoples' health, especially for the low-income. Understanding the health implications of highly accessible industrially produced foods can help guide policy making and personal choices to decrease obesity and food-related disease incidence in the United States. The Necessity camp, including authors Blake Hurst and James McWilliams, agree that highly accessible industrially produced foods are the way of the future and that they make feeding the nation a more attainable goal. Their...
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...Critical Thinking Student Development Unit 2005/06 [pic] [pic] Welcome! This booklet contains all the handouts and information that you will need for the Critical Thinking workshop held at the Student Development Unit. As well as the exercises we’ll be working on during the session, you will also find guidance that you can keep for future reference, such as advice on active learning and intelligence, models for critical thinking skills, and questions to help you think critically. When you are asked to complete an academic assignment, your tutor will be looking for evidence of these three skills: • Gathering of complex material • Making sense of that complex material • Communicating your understanding of that complex material to an informed reader.[1] The ‘making sense’ stage is the one we tend to neglect out of fear that we may not have anything of value to contribute. But, as the eminent thinker Edward De Bono puts it: ‘Thinking is a skill that can be improved by training, by practice and through learning how to do it better. Thinking is no different from any other skill and we can get better at the skill of thinking if we have the will to do so.’[2] We hope that this handbook will help you to develop strongly argued and well-structured pieces of work, and encourage you to build critical thinking into every aspect of your academic life. Be prepared to make some changes to how you work – if you always...
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...Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue Multiple Choice 1. Important functions of the skeletal system include A) protection of the brain and soft organs. B) storage of water. C) production of Vitamin E. D) regulation of acid-base balance. E) integration of other systems. Answer: a Level: 1 2. A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n) A) aponeurosis. B) ligament. C) bursa. D) epimysium. E) tendon. Answer: e Level: 1 3. Ligaments attach A) muscle to muscle. B) bone to bone. C) muscle to bone. D) nerve to bone. E) nerve to muscle. Answer: b Level: 1 4. Chondroblasts produce A) ligaments. B) cartilage matrix. C) bone tissue. D) blood cells. E) synovial fluid. Answer: b Level: 1 5. The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is A) elastic cartilage. B) fibrocartilage. C) hyaline cartilage. D) interstitial cartilage. E) osteocartilage. Answer: c Level: 1 6. The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the A) matrix. B) chondrocyte. C) ligamentous cord. D) lacuna. E) perichondrium. Answer: e Level: 1 7. Cartilage A) is composed of osteons. B) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum. C) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae. D) does not need nutrients and oxygen so it has no blood vessels. E) is well vascularized. Answer: c Level: 1 8. Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage A) replace collagen fibers in the matrix...
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...Genetically modified foods (GM foods) are foods from genetically modified organisms, such as genetically modified crops, plants and other foods. It is widely scientifical argue that food form GM crops through genetic engineering is methods. However, opponents have objected to GM foods including food safety issues and customers’ economics concerns. This essay will discuss the extent to which GM foods influence how people and what types of GM food exist in daily food. Ever now, some developing countries still have famine and malnutrition. One of the most significant problems facing poor countries currently is the rapid climb in population. In the last two decades, the population of the world is doubled. As the population of the world is increased, which becoming a global issue, the most important problem is that the shortage of food. Most worryingly, over 800 million people still have too much poverty to eat. Meanwhile, there is a slowly increased in yield-enhancing crop (Lipton, 2001). According to Bouis (2007), the authors suggest, ‘one way that biotechnology can help to improve the nutrition and health of consumers in developing countries is by increasing the vitamin and mineral content and their bioavailability in staple foods’. Bouis suggested that the supply of food adapted to the population, and the only way to solve this problem is that biotechnology can grow the crops’ output and adaptive capacity, which it through genetic engineering to change hereditary character of...
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...Identification: "Bangladesh" is a combination of the Bengali words, Bangla and Desh, meaning the country or land where the Bangla language is spoken. The country formerly was known as East Pakistan. Location and Geography: Bangladesh straddles the Bay of Bengal in south Asia. To the west and north it is bounded by India; to the southeast, it borders Myanmar. The topography is predominantly a low-lying floodplain. About half the total area is actively deltaic and is prone to flooding in the monsoon season from May through September. The Padma River flows into the country from the northwest, whilethe Brahmaputra/ Jamuna enters from the north. The capital city, Dhaka, is near the point where those river systems meet. The land is suitable for rice cultivation. Demography. Bangladesh is the most densely populated non island nation in the world. With approximately 150 million inhabitants living in an area of 55,813 square miles, there are about 2,688 persons per square mile. The majority of the population (98 percent) is Bengali, with 2 percent belonging to tribal or other non-Bengali groups. Approximately 83 percent of the population is Muslim, 16 percent is Hindu, and 1 percent is Buddhist, Christian, or other. Annual population growth rate is at about 2 percent. Linguistic Affiliation: The primary language is Bangla, called Bengali by most nonnative’s, an Indo-European language spoken not just by Bangladeshis, but also by people who are culturally Bengali. This includes...
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...NUTRITION 121 HUMAN NUTRITION LABORATORY BACKGROUND AND METHODS MODULE #1 BODY COMPOSITION Late Labs: 10 point deduction! A report submitted >1 week late, will receive 0 points for the lab!! Written and edited by: Karon Felten and Nutrition 121 TA’s With Special Thanks to: Chris Pritsos Ph.D. Nutrition Department Chairman ABSTRACT: In nutrition, there are many factors that influence an individual’s health and body weight, such as heredity, food selection, eating behaviors, and physical activity. Scale weight is not always a good indicator of body fat, lean mass, body water or overall health (1). This laboratory experience will give students the opportunity to conduct physical assessments by evaluating body weight and body composition. To determine body weight and body composition, techniques such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, wrist circumference for determining frame size, and a scale will be utilized. Students will also evaluate their own risk for cardiovascular disease and assess cardiovascular health in volunteers by measuring heart rate, filling out a heart disease risk score form, and estimating oxygen consumption and energy expenditure through a technique known as the Queens College Three-Minute Step Test. BACKGROUND: Your body is made up of the six essential nutrients: water, fat, protein, carbohydrates and various vitamins and minerals. Many factors can influence an individual’s...
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