...Essay Assignment – Unit 3 cont’d Urinary System A. Describe the structure of a kidney nephron and its associated blood vessels. * There are two parts of a kidney nephron; the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is the part of the kidney where the blood plasma is filtered and the renal tubule is the part of the nephron where the glomerular filtrate passes through after reaching the Bowman’s capsule. The renal corpuscle is made of the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus. In the glomerulus, there are capillaries located between the afferent arteriole and bring blood into the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole, which drains the blood away from the glomerulus. (IvyRose Holistic) There are cells that form the outer edges of the glomerulus and they form close attachments to cells of the inner surface of the glomerulus and these cells stick together and form a filtration membrane that would enable water and solutes to pass through the 1st wall of the Bowman’s capsule. * In the renal tubule, the first part of it is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule [PCT]. Solutes and water that have passed through the PCT would enter the Loop of Henlé and the water and the substances in it passes from the renal cortex and then into the renal medulla and then back to the cortex. The water and the substances dissolved in it returned to the renal cortex via the ascending limb of Henlé and then it passes through the Distal Convoluted Tubule [DCT]. The DCT converges onto...
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...1. Name the structure that arrow c is pointing to. A. glomerulus B. afferent arteriole @ C. peritubular capillaries D. efferent arteriole E. loop of Henle 2. Name the structure that arrow i is pointing to. A. glomerulus B. distal convoluted tubule @ C. peritubular capillaries D. efferent arteriole E. loop of Henle 3. Name the structure that arrow a is pointing to. A, glomerulus @ B. afferent arteriole C. peritubular capillaries D. efferent arteriole E. loop of Henle PLEASE REFER TO THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 4-6. 4. Which structure transports food from the pharynx to the stomach? A. (arrow a) B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) D. (arrow d) @ 5. Which structure produces bile? A. (arrow a) B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) @ D. (arrow d) 6. Which structure is the place where almost all absorption of nutrients occurs? A. (arrow a) @ B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) D. (arrow d) 7. The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is: A. glycolysis B. plasmolysis C. emulsion D. peristalsis @ E. conjunctivitis 8. The organ in which the chemical digestion of fat molecules begins is the: A. stomach B. pancreas C. small intestine @ D. large intestine E. esophagus 9. The first portion of the small intestine is known as the: A. duodenum @ B. ileum C. colon D. cecum E. jejunum 10. Which of the following is not a structure that is part...
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...OVERVIEW OF KIDNEYS KIDNEY * (2) Fist-size * Around the belly button * Receive blood from the heart * Filter blood and release urine - collection of waste products that the body gets rid of WHAT KIDNEYS DO * Gets oxygenated blood vessel/artery * Artery – hold on to all the things in your blood 1. Nutrients – electrolytes, proteins, amino acid, glucose etc. 2. Oxygen 3. Waste products – through cellular respiration (urea, toxic compounds, extra electrolytes (Ex. sodium) * Too much nutrients -> waste products (helps make sure you don’t build too much good “stuff”) * Vein – takes the blood away from it take it back to the heart * Kidneys – nutrients are collected an maintained when collected in the vein * Oxygen - Some will get out, some will be used by the kidneys (maintain the tissue) - Less oxygen in the vein than in artery * Kidneys take waste products and hold on to it so it does not end up in venus outflow (produce urine) Kidney has 2 capillary beds – connects the artery and the vein (oxygen flow out, nutrients flow in) - Work together to deliver oxygen to the kidney’s tissue - Recollect nutrients so that the vein can take these nutrients elsewhere in the body 1. Vasa recta –give oxygen to kidneys 2. Peritubular capillaries – responsible for collecting nutrients that kidneys filter ------------------------------------------------- HOW DO OUR KIDNEYS FILTER WASTE OUT OF BLOOD * Kidneys...
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...substances move to the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct where they will be passed to the bladder as waste. The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus make up the renal corpuscle while on the outside the juxtaglomerular complex is made up of Macula Densa, Mesangial and Granular Cells. In Bowman’s Capsule an afferent arteriole brings in blood to the glomeruli and exits the efferent arteriole. Podocytes wrap around the capillaries which help with filtrations while the Mesangial cells which are important in contraction and altering...
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...The Fantastic Voyage Part II Cynthia Gomez Hello everyone, we are back for another exciting adventure, this one a little more appetizing than the last! Today’s Fantastic Voyage will follow the path of one tasty hamburger, some fatty french fries, and a cold and sweet root beer through a fifty-five year old man’s digestive, circulatory and urinary systems. I will be narrating all structures and functions as we explore; some imagery may be a little graphic, so hold on tight if you have a weak stomach! Here we commence our journey straight into the mouth of our hungry friend, making our descent into the first part of this nine meter alimentary canal. Make sure to hold on tight, for this hollow chamber lined with mucous membranes like the rest of the digestive tract is where mechanical digestion takes place almost instantly. The teeth begin to chew the bites of food, breaking them down into smaller pieces while the salivary glands begin to secrete enzymes called salivary amylase to begin the chemical process of breaking down carbohydrates (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). Now that the carbohydrates from the hamburger, fries and root beer have begun to be digested, they have taken the shape of a moist bolus allowing it to pass through the rest of the tract with less friction. Now we are about to enter the pharynx, a tube-like structure made of muscle behind the nasal cavities and mouth. Together with the bolus, we quickly cross the...
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...duct____________________________ Activity 2: Understanding Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors that Affect Filtration Rate (GFR) 1. Explain how the macula densa influences GFR? (2 points) Macula densa senses fluid flow in the nephron. If there is an increase in blood flow, the macula densa senses that and vasoconstrictor substances are released that lead to vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, which will lead to decrease in the GFR and glomerular capillary pressure. And if there is a low blood flow we will have a vasodilation. 2. What happens to GFR if the diameter of the afferent arteriole is increased? Why? (2 points) We will have an increase of pressure in the glomerulus, more blood can get in there than can get out, so if there is an increase of volume there will be increase of pressure and increase of GFR. 3. What happens to GFR when blood pressure is increased? (1 point) If arterial pressure increases, the renal blood flow would increase, leading to increase in GFR and an increase of urine output. 4. What happens to GFR when the diameter of the efferent arteriole is increased? (1 point) The GFR will decrease. Because...
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...and angiotensin II will stimulate aldosterone from the adrenal glands (Shier, et. al 2012). Why will the body activate the RAAS system? For example when there is a drop in blood pressure in the body the RAAS system will sense the change and secrete renin once activated by the stimuli (drop in blood pressure). Renin binds or acts on angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I and converts to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II will cause vasoconstriction on the efferent arterioles, thus in simple terms will help raise blood pressure. Another aspect is that angiotensin II will act on the kidneys and stimulate the adrenal gland to secret the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone can reabsorb sodium and water, which can help raise blood pressure. (Shier, et. al, 2012) The three classes of drugs that will affect this system and why and when they are used? Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) this drug prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and this decreases peripheral arterial resistance (arteriole dilation) decreasing...
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...Lecture: Circulatory Physiology I. Factors Involved in Blood Circulation A. Blood Flow - the actual VOLUME of blood moving through a particular site (vessel or organ) over a certain TIME period (liter/hour, ml/min) B. Blood Pressure - the FORCE exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood contained within (millimeters of Mercury; mm Hg) blood pressure = the systemic arterial pressure of large vessels of the body (mm Hg) C. Resistance to Flow (Peripheral Resistance) - the FORCE resisting the flow of blood through a vessel (usually from friction) 1. viscosity - a measure of the "thickness" or "stickiness" of a fluid flowing through a pipe a. V water < V blood < V toothpaste b. water flows easier than blood 2. tube length - the longer the vessel, the greater the drop in pressure due to friction 3. tube diameter - smaller diameter = greater friction D. Relation Between Blood Flow, Pressure, Resistance difference in blood pressure ( P) Blood Flow (F) = peripheral resistance (R) a. increased P -> increased flow b. decreased P -> decreased flow c. increased R (vasoconstriction) -> DECREASED flow d. decreased R (vasodilation) -> INCREASED flow II. Systemic Blood Pressure A. Blood Pressure...
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...duct____________________________ Activity 2: Understanding Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors that Affect Filtration Rate (GFR) 1. Explain how the macula densa influences GFR? (2 points) Macula densa senses fluid flow in the nephron. If there is an increase in blood flow, the macula densa senses that and vasoconstrictor substances are released that lead to vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, which will lead to decrease in the GFR and glomerular capillary pressure. And if there is a low blood flow we will have a vasodilation. 2. What happens to GFR if the diameter of the afferent arteriole is increased? Why? (2 points) We will have an increase of pressure in the glomerulus, more blood can get in there than can get out, so if there is an increase of volume there will be increase of pressure and increase of GFR. 3. What happens to GFR when blood pressure is increased? (1 point) If arterial pressure increases, the renal blood flow would increase, leading to increase in GFR and an increase of urine output. 4. What happens to GFR when the diameter of the efferent arteriole is increased? (1 point) The GFR will decrease. Because pressure will decrease, more blood can exit than enter, so we will have less volume and pressure. Activity 3: Understanding Tubular Reabsorption and things that affect it. 1. Define Tubular reabsorption (1 point) Tubular reabsorption is the movement of solutes and water from the lumen of the renal tubules back into the plasma...
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...the epidermis and subcutaneous layer 10. Collagen fibers- gives connective tissue strength 11. Lipocytes- fat cells 12. Arrector pill- smooth muscle 13. Nail body- flat plate of keratin 14. Nail bed- tissue underneath nail body 15. Lunula- light-colored half-moon area at the base of the nail Urinary System at a Glance 16. Hilum- the center of the concave 17. Cortex- outer portion of the kidney 18. Medulla- inner area 19. Renal pyramids- a dozen triangular shaped areas 20. Renal papilla- tip of the renal pyramid 21. Nephron- functioning unit of the kidney 22. Renal corpuscle- blood-filtering portion of nephrons 23. Glomerular capsule- double walled cuplike structure 24. Efferent arteriole- carries blood away from glomerulus 25. Urinary meatus- the external opening through which urine passes out the body 26. Homeostasis- balance in the body 27. Electrolytes- small biologically important molecules 28. Glomerular filtrate- fluid in tubules 29. Peritublar capillaries- a capillary bed that surrounds renal tubules 30. Secretion- final stage of urine production occurs Reproductive system 1. Ova- female reproductive cell 2. Genitalia- reproductive organs 3. Ovulation- the process in which one ovary releases an ovum 4. Estrogen-...
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...In our lab, we were able to witness the process of osmosis and diffusion through dialysis tubing, starch, glucose, iodine, and water. The reason we chose to use these materials is because the dialysis tubing could act as a selective permeable cell membrane to view which molecules are able to pass through and which weren’t. We used the starch, since it is a polymer, and found out that it could not pass though the membrane. We used the glucose, which is a monomer, and found that it was easily able to go into a state of equilibrium with the water. The monomer was able to pass through the dialysis tubing due to its small size and the polymer was not due to its large size. This was what we had predicted in our hypothesis except for the fact that although the glucose did pass through the membrane it did not completely pass through only some of it to create equilibrium. In the starch and iodine solution it was the iodine which was allowed to pass thought the starch was not able to due to its large size further explaining why the water had eventually turned almost clear again compared to its brown looking initial state and the inside of the membrane had turned almost completely blue compared to the clear color it was before. When measuring the glucose both inside and out of the membrane we found that they both had some glucose in it, and although we could not visibly see the changes, it was noticed that the diffusion had occurred and since there was some glucose in each it is safe to...
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...Leslie Meyer 12/03/2015 Week 4 Case study Max 1. When the urine is yellow it means that high Na+ are released and ADH is secreted high. If the urine has no color then it is diluted. Increases in specific gravity may be associated with renal failure, and excessive fluid intake. 2. When Max was at rest his gravity rate was good. When he started to work out the gravity rate was showing very high. After he got done working out the rate was still high, not at a normal rate. The higher the number is the more likely a person is dehydrated. 3. When experiencing a high specific gravity, there is more secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH will cause more tubular water to be re-absorption and lowers the urine volume. Right after exercising Max experienced very high gravity readings and his urine had a dark color as you would expect from increased ADH. 4. The reason why proteins and blood cells aren’t found in the urine is because of the molecules are too large to be able to pass through the capillary walls of the glomerus. Since they don’t enter the glomerular filtrate, they are not able to be part of the urine. Small amounts of proteins are in the urine, however, the protein will not be detected when a dipstick test is performed. When the kidney is diseased, the proteins will appear in the urine, even if the blood proteins are at a normal level. 5. Glucose showed up in Max’s urine because he exceed the capacity for the kidneys to be able to reabsorb the glucose how they...
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...PHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS Diffusion refers to the process whereby molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. DIFFUSION REFERS TO THE PROCESS WHEREBY SOLUTES MOVE FROM A HIGH CONCENTRATION TO A LOW CONCENTRATION ACROSS A SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE UNTIL EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of low osmolarity to an area high osmolarity across a selectively permeable membrane. OSMOSIS REFERS TO THE DIFUSION OF WATER FROM AN AREA OF LOW OSMOLARITY TO AN AREA OF HIGH OSMOLARITY ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE. Pinocytosis refers to a type of endocytosis, which involves the non-selective uptake of a sample of the extracellular fluid PINOCYTOSIS REFERS TO A TYPE OF ENDOCYTOSIS, WHICH INVOLVES THE NON-SELECTIVE UPTAKE OF A SAMPLE OF THE EXTRA-CELLULAR FLUID Phagocytosis refers to another type of endocytosis that involves the selective uptake of a multimolecular particle. PHAGOCYTOSIS REFERS TO ANOTHER TYPE OF ENDOCYTOSIS THAT INVOLVES THE SELECTIVE UPTAKE OF A MULTIMOLECULAR PARTICLE. A hypertonic solution refers to a solution with a high osmolarity, thus it refers to a solution that contains high solute concentration and a low water concentration. If a cell were placed within a hypertonic solution, water would move via osmosis from the cell to the solution. Osmosis would occur in this direction as osmosis refers to the diffusion of water from an area of low osmolarity, the cell...
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...is conducted by taking a sample of blood, and evaluating how much creatinine is in the body. The level of creatinine along with other factors measures the filtration rate. Healthy results should show that your body is filtering the creatinine well, because it is a waste that needs to be excreted. The GFR, about 125 mL/min (180 liters/day). b) Renal clearance: relates to how much volume of the plasma that is cleared of a compound per unit of time. An example would include, the kidney may filter and remove all of the urea in a 65ml of plasma in one minute. The kidneys help filter the blood and absorb nutrients in one flow, and release other parts as urea. c) Vasa recta: This includes a thin blood vessels which aligns from the efferent arterioles, that leave each glomerulus in the kidney ( nephron). The vasa recta are is what forms the u shaped loops next to the loop of henle. d) Simple effect: 2) List of large organic molecules through the kidney include: Amino acids, glucose, salt and water are absorbed in the descending or proximal limb of the tubule, where as more water and salts are absorbed in the ascending or distal limb. The glucose, proteins, and other ions are always maintained in the blood and not in the urine. Large molecules...
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...of urine formation. Where does filtrate become urine? Urination is the way our body removes waste products that would make us sick if left in the body. Urine is composed of waste products which have been taken from the blood system, things such as electrolytes and water. As the body metabolizes different things whether its food or nutrients there is always some part of that which isn’t used or can’t be used waste. This waste is reintroduced back into the blood stream. But this waste can’t stay in the blood stream it must be filtered out of the body and it is done so by the kidneys but more specifically the nephrons inside the kidneys. Blood first enters the afferent arteriole then flows into the glomerulus filterable components move inwards to the glomerulus, nonfilter able components go out the efferent arteriole. Filterable components accumulate and form glomerular filtrate. In reabsorption certain things are reintroduced back into the circulatory system. What products are left in the glomerulus is your tubular fluid, and later forms into urine. Secretions some items will be filtered via the peritubular capillary network into the distal convoluted tubule, or collecting duct. End result is urine. (Information for this question was found at https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-urinary-system-25/physiology-of-the-kidneys-240/overview-of-urine-formation-1171-2197/) Explain the formation of dilute verse concentrated urine. What...
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