... Montesquieu believed in the check and balances. Rousseau believed in individual freedom and civilization corrupts. Voltaire believed in freedom of thought and expression. In 1688 the glorious/bloodless Revolution in England removes James the 3rd. William and Mary take over and that means no more catholic kings or queens and no more absolute monarchy. The French Revolution had some enlightenment thinkers which were Thomas Hobbes...
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...comes to mind? To many people, the enemy is usually their rival or someone they despise. During the Age of Enlightenment, two critical philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both mentioned this word, enemies, in their works. Most interestingly, their attitudes towards the enemy are not the same; the enemy is also not its definition. Both philosophers clearly utilizes this word to convey their messages or ideas toward human nature and the Enlightenment more clearly. Hobbes sees the enemies as a concrete concept, a physical referent, while Rousseau has a more abstract viewpoint on enemies, and both of their approaches enforce their personal beliefs toward their changing society....
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...HUM 112 Week 2 Discussion 10/20/2014 "The Arts and Royalty; Philosophers Debate Politics" Please respond to one (1) of the following, using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response: * The philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke disagreed on the understanding of political authority, with Locke taking what is commonly called the “liberal” view. Choose a side (be brave perhaps; take a side you actually disagree with). Using the writings of each given in our class text or at the Websites below, make your case for the side you chose and against the other side. Very briefly, identify one (1) modern situation in the world where these issues are significant. Philosophers Debate Politics * Chapter 24 (pp. 768-9) * Hobbes: text at http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents.html; summary at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/; also http://jim.com/hobbes.htm * Locke: text at http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/Locke-2ndTreatise.html; General background of the concept at http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/teachers/lesson_plans/pdfs/unit1_12.pdf The philosopher that I mostly agree with is John Locke. Locke expressed radical views of government. He thought that government is honestly required to serve the people by protecting their life, rights and property. He believed in having checks and balances to limit the power of government. He criticized a nation under cruel and oppressive government and...
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...He was the author of the Two Treatises of Government. The ideas throughout these were written as a critique of England’s current form of government at that time. The First Treatise was more of an assessment of another philosopher during that time, Robert Filmer. Filmer believed that each man was naturally born a slave to those with absolute authority; for example, Adam, as in Adam and Eve, had absolute control over not only his children, but all of the children who came from those who succeeded Adam as well. This is because Adam’s power and control was appointed from God, who was the absolute king in this situation. Locke disagreed with this theory stating instead that every man had the ability to govern himself. A king does not have absolute power as those powers are limited by the rights given to the individuals. The Second Treatise, then, began the critiquing of government. Locke argues that sovereignty is placed into the hands of the people. People are said...
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...| John Locke | The father of modern liberalism | | Cole Davis | 5/20/2012 | | Liberalism, a political ideology based on the belief that constant progress is achievable, the human race is composed of intrinsically good beings, and that these intrinsically good beings are and should be autonomous in nature, is an idea that made an incredible resurgence during the English enlightenment. As the belief of Liberalism gained popularity with the public it also developed an enormous following among European philosophers. John Locke, the individual responsible for the idea of natural rights as well as the social compact, helped mold this idea of Liberalism into its own unique philosophical tradition. Because of these great contributions, John Locke is considered as father of modern liberalism. Born August 29, 1632 at Wrington in Somerset, John Locke was the son of a lawyer and the oldest child of his Puritan household (Locke, Berkeley, Hume). While Locke was a child, his father closely monitored and guided his education. An incredibly educated individual, Locke first received a formal education at Westminster School eventually graduating to Christ Church, Oxford (Collinson). After receiving his bachelors of arts in 1656, Locke stayed at Oxford to earn his master’s degree. Locke became the censor of moral philosophy in 1664 and in 1675 when the Earl of Shaftesbury fell from power; Locke exiled himself to France to restore his health (Locke, Berkeley, Hume). After four...
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...century. The thirteen North American colonies united to break free of the British Empire and become a new nation; The United State of America. A revolution can be defined as, the change in power or the constitution stirring in a relatively short period of time. Aristotle described revolution as complete change from one constitution to another (Sinclair 190). And this is precisely what happened two centuries ago in the United State. But the question needed to be answered is, was the American War of Independence really a war for independence or a revolution? The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a climax in the political American Revolution rather than just a war for independence, ideologically influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers and writers of the Great Britain. Benjamin Rush remarked in 1787, "The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed." 2 This drama staged in the Pennsylvania State House in summer of 1776 remains the only most important chapter in the archives of American Revolution. Although, the political atmosphere in France during its uprising was to a certain extent dissimilar than that in America reason being, that there never happened a full scale war in France and unlike the loyalist in America, the French revolution had an immense support of the upper class elite. Nevertheless, the American War on Independence...
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...government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, individual liberties including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets Slide 2 Liberalism started as a major doctrine and intellectual endeavour in response to the religious wars gripping Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, up until the cold war • Liberalism as a specifically named ideology begins in the late 18th century as a movement towards self-government and away from aristocracy. It included the ideas of self-determination, the primacy of the individual and the nation, as opposed to the family, the state, and religion, as being the fundamental units of law, politics and economy. • Liberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting several foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as nobility, established religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. • The first notable incarnation of liberal unrest came with the American Revolution, and liberalism fully flowered as a comprehensive movement against the old order during the French Revolution, which set the pace for the future development of human history. SLIDE 3 • The early liberal thinker John Locke, who is often credited for the creation of liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition, employed the concept of natural rights and the social contract to argue that the rule of law should replace absolutism in government, that rulers were subject...
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...deterrence theory main idea is that punishment for crimes can be used as a threat to deter people from offending. There’s two parts of the deterrence theory, specific and general deterrence. Specific deterrence is focused fully on the individual; it instils fear in the specific individual being punished. This type of deterrence refrain the individual from future violation of the law. General deterrence is the Criminal Justice system making examples of specific criminals. The criminal isn’t the main focus but the criminal act and its punishment is received in a public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in future. Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, best known for his work on political philosophy. Hobbes published Leviathan in 1651, which is the foundation of later Western political philosophy. In Leviathan, Hobbes describes men as neither good nor bad, he assumed that men are creatures of their own desire who want certain things and who fight when their desires are in conflict. Hobbes views that people generally pursue their self-interests, such as material gain, family and individual safety, and social reputation and these people will make foes without caring if they harm other in the process. Cause these people are so determined to accomplish their self-interests, the results is often conflict and opposition without a...
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...ularism Modern Myths, Locked Minds by T. N. Madan Introduction: Scope, methods and Concepts 1. Secularization, secularism, Christian tradition and the Enlightenment: a brief history T. N. Madan differentiates between secularism, secularization and secularity. 1) Secularization refers to socio cultural processes in which the role of the sacred is progressively limited; 2) Secularism is the ideology that argues for the historical inevitability and progressive nature of secularization everywhere and 3) Secularity is the resultant state of society. The term "secularism" was first used by the British writer Holyoake in 1851 to describe his views of promoting a social order separate from religion. The English word ‘secular’ comes from the Latin ‘saeculum’, which means ‘an age’ or ‘the spirit of an age’ and has the same meaning as the Greek ‘aeon’. In general terms, secularism means “belonging to this age, or worldly” along with a denial of other worldly realities (i.e. religious). The Bible introduces the idea of divine creation in the book of Genesis. God speaks directly to Man in Genesis: “Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it”. As Peter Berger, a social theorist notes that in this the idea of a secular world is sown as a God who stands outside of the Cosmos which is his creation. This opens the way for self making activity which Berger calls ‘historization’. Caesar was the emperor of Rome. In a famous passage Jesus said, "Render to Caesar the things...
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...other words, the critical reasoning of the individual is assumed to allow for improvements to be made to our societies. So this is an optimistic view of human nature, that we have individual freedom to use our reason to come up with better ways of living together in societies. And the third claim of liberalism that we'll mention today is secularisation, reflecting that God became less important during the time of the Enlightenment, again, because preceding this time were these devastating religious wars. And liberal thinking advocated that rules in politics, therefore, should be decided by Parliament, not divine commandments. And so the authority of the state then should come from its meeting the purposes of those governed, in other words, not from the purposes of the divine or the proclamations of the divine or traditional charisma. And so liberalist proponents tend to support constitutional government in order to constrain government. And also proponents often talk about the importance of the separations of power and the rule by law. Now, some of the key philosophers who contributed to the development of some of these ideas includes Hobbes, Locke, Wollstonecraft, Kant, and Bentham. As I said earlier, we'll also focus on Marx, an important contributor to the socialist tradition, later. Now, Hobbes and Locke, and also Kant, amongst others, are what we call social contract theorists. They grapple with this idea of how we can argue a state is considered a just state. They grappled...
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...|distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | |perhaps a more accurate name for this period because it incorporates a variety of intellectual movements that today| | |we do not consider sciences: philosophy, theology, economics, history, and political theory. | | |The word scientist did...
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...when they came to the American colonies. Due to the American Revolution these ideas from the Enlightenment were put into practice to make the government United States now has today. The American revolution brought the basic principles of the government that we have today: popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review and federalism. The concept of popular sovereignty comes from the ideas that Locke and Hobbes synthesized during the Enlightenment of State of Nature. State of Nature state's political power comes from the people and should be given to other people or another person. Furthermore, limited government requires a social contact in the United States’ case it would be the Constitution. A social contract expects the people to obey the laws, contribute to funding the government with taxes for common defense and to expect the rights of other people. Meanwhile, the government's duty from a social contract is to establish justice, enforcing the Rule of Law first established by the Romans; guard the domestic peace and happiness, idea enforced by Thomas Hobbes in the Leviathan; and ensure that the people have liberty, concept synthesized by Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu during the Enlightenment. Moreover, Separation of powers Separations of powers in the United States was inspired by the Romans, English government, and the philosopher Montesquieu. Political power...
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... eight of those years being after 1992. So basically, crime is all around us, all the time. Interestingly though, the evidence shows that,” our most sustained drop in crime, neatly coincides with the longest economic expansion in U.S. history has led some experts to insist there's a connection between the two.” (Leher, Eli.) That’s contradictive of beliefs though, at first you would think crime rates should drop and fall regarding the countries economics. After looking at the data though, there’s little evidence to suggest that good economic times have an effect on the crime rates. Crime is good for society because it determines the economic trend, how crime benefits the economy, it sets boundaries on what is right and wrong, and the philosophers and their views on crime. Between the years of 1955-1972, as the US economy flourished, with a mild recession in the beginning of the 1960s. By the time they reached the 1970s, “crime rates had increased over 140 percent. Murder rates had risen about 70 percent, rapes more than doubled, and auto theft nearly tripled.” (Leher, Eli.) A bad economy doesn’t necessarily indicate more crime though, “Crime rates fell about one third between 1934 and 1938 while the nation was struggling to emerge from the Great Depression and weathering another severe economic downturn in 1937 and 1938.” (Leher, Eli.) By looking at this, crime rates should’ve went through the roof with the economy being so bad, but they didn’t. So after all of that, experts...
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...------------------------------------------------- Concept The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of famous citizens was commonly used and contrasted with direct democracy in which a council of male citizens was appointed as their "senate". The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.[1] In Rome, the Republic consisted of an aristocracy as well as consuls, a senate, and a tribal assembly. Later, aristocracies primarily consisted of an elitearistocratic class, privileged by birth and often by wealth. Since the French Revolution, aristocracy has generally been contrasted with democracy, in which all citizens hold some form of political power. However this distinction is often oversimplified. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part. Simply put, a government when only a certain part of the general public can represent the public. Modern depictions of aristocracy regard it not as a legitimate aristocracy (rule by the best) but rather as a plutocracy (rule by the wealthy). ------------------------------------------------- Advocates of aristocracy * Aristotle * Charles Baudelaire * John Calvin * G. K. Chesterton * Julius Evola * Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer * Heraclitus...
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...（1） In 1945, just after World War II, the alliance between the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union ended. An intense rivalry between communist and non-communist nations led to the Cold War. It's called the Cold War because it never led to armed or "hot" conflict. At the end of World War II, at the Yalta Conference, Germany was divided into four occupied zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Berlin was also divided into four sections. Lack of a mutual agreement on German re-unification was a important background of the Cold War. And on March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill, gave his "iron curtain" speech while at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, which marked the start of the Cold War. The cold war did not end until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, the United States and the USSR confronted each other in politics, economy, ideology, and so on. And they nearly divided this world into two camps, socialist camp and capitalist camp, what made the conflict on ideology especially sharp. Every incident in the world could not happened without reasons, and the original cause may happened quite long ago. So there are long term causes and short causes of the Cold War. One of the short term causes is that the US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Josef Stalin. At the Potsdam Conference starting in late July 1945, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and...
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