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Fish

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Submitted By casheh
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Biol 112
Fall 2015
Emily Cash
10/16/15

When first applied to cotton crops, pyrethroid pesticides wiped out almost all the Heliothis moth pests and cotton yields improved by a up to a third. As of when this chapter was written, how much resistance had the population of moths acquired?

I’m not sure what the question means when it asks “as of when this chapter was written”, but when pyrethroid pesticides were first applied to cotton crops, the moths had acquired a fifty fold resistance.

What are the four classes of adaptations that insects have evolved to pesticides?

1)They can physically dodge the pesticide ( Pesticides being sprayed on the wall and insects will avoid the wall) 2) They can evolve so that the pesticides cannot penetrate the external body of the insect (Insects dropping off the limbs that touched the pesticides) 3) Insects evolve and antidote to the pesticide 4) Insects finds and internal dodge to the antidote

Describe how the Heliothis moths have been able to evolve resistance to pesticides by describing how they match each of the three criteria for naturals selection:
Variation in a trait
Sodium channels gene change
Variation that is heritable
Changes in the DNA that is passed down
Differential reproductive success
Mating in hay
Explain the irony behind the evolution of resistance to pesticides and the lobbying of legislature to ban the teaching of evolution in predominately farming areas.

To understand how insects become resistant to pesticides, you must understand evolution. The famers, who need to understand these concepts the most in order for their crops to be successful, are the ones advocating to ban the teaching of evolution.

Describe the experiment that Bruce Levin and his wife did when they took antibiotics. What did they find out about the bacteria in their bodies within a few days of taking the antibiotics?

Levin and his wife were trying to figure out how fast can evolution proceed in a human. They both took antibiotics (erythromycin and ampicillin). After a few days, they found that their body had bacteria that was now resistant to the antibiotics.

How is the situation with antibiotic resistance in hospitals similar to the scenario of pesticide resistance in cotton fields?

In the hospital, antibiotics were given to try and fight off some sort of disease, virus, etc. These sicknesses became resistant to the antibiotics and harder to fight off. The pesticide is like the antibiotics and the insects like the bacteria. The insects became resistant to the pesticide and harder to kill.

Describe how poaching can cause the evolution of elephants.

Poachers want elephants with larger tusks, so the elephants with the larger tusks were being killed off more often. Elephants started to evolve with smaller tusks because the poachers did not want these elephants tucks as much and so they survived longer.

What part of this reading did you find the most surprising?

I found all of it very surprising. I did not realize how quickly evolutionary changes could take place in insects, in some cases just months. Then reading further I did not realize these changes could also happen very quickly in humans. I had always thought of evolutionary changes having to take thousands of years. I was also surprised at how much of a problem pesticides caused, and even more antibiotics and how more people do not know about this.

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