...Prader Willi Syndrome “Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare disorder present at birth that results in a number of physical, mental and behavioral problems. A key feature of Prader-Willi (prah-dur VIL-ee) syndrome is a constant sense of hunger that usually begins after the first year of life. People with Prader-Willi syndrome want to eat constantly and usually have trouble controlling their weight. Many complications of Prader-Willi syndrome are due to obesity. If your child has Prader-Willi syndrome, a team of specialists can work with you to manage your child's symptoms and reduce the risk of developing complications.” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 01 May 2013, page 1). “Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Normally, your parents each pass down a copy of this chromosome. Most patients with Prader-Willi syndrome are missing the genetic material on part of the father's chromosome. The rest of patients with this condition often have two copies of the mother's chromosome 15. The genetic changes occur randomly. Patients usually do not have a family history of the condition.” (Cooke DW, Divall SA, Radovick S, 07 May 2012, para. 2) “Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: * Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy * Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the...
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...the genetic mutation of what causes Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) as well as considering the symptoms and treatments. PWS is a genetic disorder affecting chromosome 15 within three mutations. It could result from a microdeletion or disruption of genes of the paternal chromosome 15, maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, or a mutation that inactivates chromosome 15 on the paternal copy. Based on these mutations, the most common symptoms of this syndrome are behavioral problems, intellectual disability, and short stature. The majority of the treatments for this syndrome are programs and methods interventions. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder that is...
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...Description: Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by spontaneous genetic problems in chromosome 15 which is evident in the early development of a fetus. In other words, there is a deletion, or a loss of genes from that chromosome. This genetic disease is capable of affecting any number of physical, mental, and behavioral problems in the human body. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182287.php Starting at infancy, this disease portrays weak muscle tone (hypotonia), poor growth, troubles feeding, and delayed development. The most common feature of Prader-Willi is the feeling of constant hunger. This symptom is not present at birth, but usually apparent at around the age of two. This constant feeling of hunger and need to eat is from the person never getting a complete satisfaction of food, or never feeling full and can lead to many chronic weight related conditions. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/prader-willi-syndrome...
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...Different types of disorders Project in Elective Definition: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Described as an inborn error of amino acid metabolism, phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first genetic disorder found to be due to a specific enzyme deficiency, resulting in a patient's inability to metabolise a specific amino acid appropriately. Classical PKU is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Over 70 different mutations on the PAH gene found on Chromosome 12 have been found to cause the almost complete absence of PAH as seen in PKU patients. PKU patients deficient in PAH are unable to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine leading to an accumulation of phenylalanine and it's metabolites within the body. PKU is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder. Causes Phenylketonuria (PKU) is inherited, which means it is passed down through families. Both parents must pass on the defective gene in order for a baby to have the condition. This is called an autosomal recessive trait. Babies with PKU are missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is needed to break down an essential amino acid called phenylalanine. The substance is found in foods that contain protein. Without the enzyme, levels of phenylalanine and two closely-related substances build up in the body. These substances are harmful to the...
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...Angelman syndrome Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe intellectual and developmental disability, sleep disturbance, seizures, jerky movements (especially hand-flapping), frequent laughter or smiling, and usually a happy demeanor. AS is a classic example of genomic imprinting in that it is caused by deletion or inactivation of genes on the maternally inherited chromosome 15 while the paternal copy, which may be of normal sequence, is imprinted and therefore silenced. The sister syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, is caused by a similar loss of paternally inherited genes and maternal imprinting. AS is named after a British pediatrician, Harry Angelman, who first described the syndrome in 1965.[1] An older, alternative term for AS, "happy puppet syndrome", is generally considered pejorative and stigmatizing so it is no longer the accepted term. People with AS are sometimes referred to as "angels", both because of the syndrome's name and because of their youthful, happy appearance Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), also known as Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy and peroneal muscular atrophy is one of the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies, a group of varied inherited disorders of theperipheral nervous system characterised by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body. Currently incurable, this disease is the most commonly inherited neurological disorder, and...
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...Making changes …. * Even modest weight loss can improve or prevent the health problems associated with obesity * Dietary changes, increased physical activity and behavior changes can help you lose weight & prevent obesity * Prescription medications and weight-loss surgery are additional options for treating obesity. (MedicineNet.com, 2015) Making changes …. * Even modest weight loss can improve or prevent the health problems associated with obesity * Dietary changes, increased physical activity and behavior changes can help you lose weight & prevent obesity * Prescription medications and weight-loss surgery are additional options for treating obesity. (MedicineNet.com, 2015) Stacy Burks Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community & Public Health NRS-427V Professor Glenda Deahl July 15, 2015 Stacy Burks Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community & Public Health NRS-427V Professor Glenda Deahl July 15, 2015 Obesity & Health Obesity & Health BMI Below 18.5 | underweight | 18.5-24.9 | Normal | 25.0-29.9 | Overweight | 30.0-34.9 | Obese class 1 | 35.0-39.9 | Obese class 2 | 40.0 & higher | Extreme obesity class 3 | A sign of obesity is a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30.0 BMI Below 18.5 | underweight | 18.5-24.9 | Normal | 25.0-29.9 | Overweight | 30.0-34.9 | Obese class 1 | 35.0-39.9 | Obese class 2 | 40.0 & higher | Extreme obesity class 3 | A sign of obesity is a body mass...
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...Among Americans age 20 and older, 149.3 million are overweight, meaning they have a Body Mass Index of 25% or Higher Of these, 75.0 million are obese (BMI of 30% or higher): I. 34.9 million Men. II. 40.1 million Women. Introduction: Obesity is a costly condition that can reduce quality of life and increases the risk for many serious chronic diseases and premature death. According to the CDC obesity prevalence in the United States was 26.7%. Main Points: Some of the main causes of obesity are: 1) Genetics 2) Environment 3) Behavior 1. Genetics i. Genetics can definitely play a role in obesity ii. Genetic disorders, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome, can directly cause obesity. iii. For most people, genetics do not lead to an increase in susceptibility for obesity iv. However if you are practicing unhealthy behavior -- such as, bad eating habits and little exercise – you may increase your susceptibility for obesity Another thing we have to consider when talking about obesity is our 2. Environment v. The environment for most Americans has become 'obesogenic.' vi. 'Obesogenic' is characterized by decreased physical activity and increased intake of food -- especially unhealthy and fattening foods. vii. Example: instead of exercising, people often watch television, play video games or surf the Internet to relax. ...
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...Amongst Teens has Damaging Effects I. Introduction A. Establish the understanding of the topic 1. What is obesity? Cite definitions and characteristics of obesity ( ). 2. Define teen and identify normal weight criteria ( ). 3. Causes of Obesity a. Genetics 1. Predisposition from heredity factors such as Bardet-Biedel syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome ( ) 2. Metabolism Disorders (Keast, Nicklas, & O'Neil, 2010). b. Diseases and Drugs 1. Cushing disease 2. Polycystic Ovary syndrome 3. Steroids 4. Antidepressant c. Lifestyle and eating habits; energy imbalance 1. Increased consumption of fast food (Keast, Nicklas, & O'Neil, 2010). 2. Increased time with media (T.V., computer games) ( ) 3. Increased time communicating on phones ( ) d. Social opinions of overweight individuals 1. Cultures identify overweight people as lazy, stupid, and slow. 2. Effects of negative attitudes expressed towards obese teens. e. Increased emotional disorders (i.e. anxiety, depression) ( ) B. Additional factors affecting obesity in teenagers 1. Low self-perception and self-esteem 2. Social isolation 3. Reduction in physical activity C. Health consequences of overweight 1. Orthopedic problems 2. Dermatological disorders 3. Cardiovascular disease 4. Juvenile diabetes II. Historical Perspective A. Overweight women valued in (1800’s) 1. American Culture in the United States 2. Media recognition B. Economic and cultural aspects of overweight individuals 1. African...
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...Developmental Disorders Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Diagnosis The first diagnosed case of ASD was in 1938 by American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. A diagnosis of ASD can be made accurately before the child is 3 years old but the diagnosis of ASD is not commonly confirmed until the child is somewhat older. The ages of diagnosis can range from 9 months to 14 years however the mean age of diagnosis is 13 months. On average each case of ASD is tested at 3 different diagnostic centers before confirmed. Early diagnosis of the disorder can diminish familial stress, speed up referral to special educational programs and influence family planning. In the brain The cause of ASD is still uncertain. ASD is a disorder of the cortex, which controls higher functions, sensation, muscle movements, and memory. What is known is that a child with ASD has a pervasive problem with how the brain is wired. The distribution of white matter, the nerve fibers that link diverse parts of the brain, is abnormal. An ASD child’s brain grows at a very rapid rate and is almost fully grown by the age of 10. Symptoms Signs include impairments in social interactions, communication and repetitive or restricted patterns of interest or behaviors. There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack of social smile, doesn’t like being touched or held, unusual sensory behavior,...
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...Obesity Obesity is a disease that is becoming increasingly common around the world. It is a serious medical condition that can lead to many medical issues. It is no question that America’s obesity rates are among the highest in the world. More than two-thirds of U.S. adults are overweight or obese (Ogden 2014). Obesity is on the rise among people of all ages, gender and ethnic background. The causes of obesity range from many different factors and all of them contribute to this alarming situation. Americans’ obesity has rapidly increased because of lack of physical exercise, an increase in high fat and sugary food intake, and genetic factors. Physical inactivity occurs when a person does not exercise on a daily basis. An examination of national health survey records shows Americans are exercising less, which could be driving the rising obesity rates (Bach 2014). Most people hardly exercise which is not a favorable circumstance. The percentage of women reporting no physical activity jumped from 19 percent to 52 percent between 1988 and 2010; the percentage of inactive men rose from 11 percent to 43 percent over the same period. Obesity also increased, climbing from 25 to 35 percent in women and from 20 to 35 percent in men (Bach 2014). Exercise is effective in weight loss, but most people do not accept the advantage of this preventive approach. Physical activity is rather excluded from our daily lifestyle. An excuse to not exercise is that working out is too time consuming...
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...Autism Spectrum Disorders Cristina Sanchez Introduction to Psychology Professor Hall April 23, 2011 Life is movement, flows spontaneously but requires ducts, follows the principle of inhibitory modification. Trunk stability is allowing us to sit and use hands. Is the control of hand movements which allows us to use each of our fingers voluntarily. Is the inhibitory tuning, which gradually sculpt the baby awkwardly finely controlled actions. The formation of character, like the movement involves voluntary choices based on self-control that gives us the discipline. The most important tools that we can give our children is the self-control, the ability to strive for their goals. When the child grows up with a disability, this tool becomes indispensable. His life, develop their abilities, fulfill their dreams, the construction of a daily life where you feel full, we require a double effort. Therefore, it’s essential not only learn to work hard but learn to enjoy this effort, the way of high performance athletes. The word “authority” comes etymologically from the Latin verb boom, which means among other things, to grow. We can not educate if we give up our authority as parents. The contradiction of all training is to learn to send ourselves in obedience to others. As ivy, children need to grow, a wall that gives, at once, support and resistance. So, to be truly nurturing, the authority has to go left, slowly, a space to another. Take over is a strong word, it means...
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...Factors in Childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Introduction The emotional disorders are termed the ‘internalising disorders’ and comprise depression and the anxiety disorders. Although the emotional disorders of childhood are discussed as separate entities, in reality it is not that easy to separate them because there is a lot of common ground. The reason they are seen as separate entities is due to the clinical approach of DSM IV. Often, in any given case, depression and anxiety are both present to some degree and there is also often overlap with the conduct disorders. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is categorised as one of the anxiety disorders. In most individuals with OCD, the picture is frequently mixed to a lesser or greater extent. OCD is highly co-morbid, with most studies finding up to 70% of children with OCD having at least one other disorder. Most common are other anxiety disorders, ADHD, developmental disabilities, conduct problems, substance abuse, depression and bipolar disorder (Swedo, Rapoport et al 1989). Any treatment programs for the OCD child must therefore take this into account and tailor the approach accordingly. The nature of childhood OCD and special problems faced Obsessions are unwanted, repetitive, intrusive thoughts, while compulsions involve repetitive, stereotyped behaviours that the child or adolescent feels compelled to perform. In the majority of youngsters with the disorder, both obsessions and compulsions are a feature...
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...Life is movement, flows spontaneously but requires ducts, follows the principle of inhibitory modification. Trunk stability is allowing us to sit and use hands. Is the control of hand movements which allows us to use each of our fingers voluntarily. Is the inhibitory tuning, which gradually sculpt the baby awkwardly finely controlled actions. The formation of character, like the movement involves voluntary choices based on self-control that gives us the discipline. The most important tools that we can give our children is the self-control, the ability to strive for their goals. When the child grows up with a disability, this tool becomes indispensable. His life, develop their abilities, fulfill their dreams, the construction of a daily life where you feel full, we require a double effort. Therefore, it’s essential not only learn to work hard but learn to enjoy this effort, the way of high performance athletes. The word “authority” comes etymologically from the Latin verb boom, which means among other things, to grow. We can not educate if we give up our authority as parents. The contradiction of all training is to learn to send ourselves in obedience to others. As ivy, children need to grow, a wall that gives, at once, support and resistance. So, to be truly nurturing, the authority has to go left, slowly, a space to another. Take over is a strong word, it means take the place of one more, steal your identity. Overprotection and authoritarianism are usurping the authority...
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...My mother always said that being overweight is a blessing because only the rich can afford to be fat. Having lived most of her life in a rural countryside in China, my mother never thought there could be other reasons why people are overweight. America is the richest country in the world, and obesity has become a major health concern. A person is considered obese if their body weight is 20% over the normal weight (1). With obesity on the rise, the health problems that come along with being overweight are major concern in most American households. Being obese carries with it the predisposition to get diabetes, heart disease, and many other serious illnesses (2). Our bodies have biological mechanisms that tell us when we are hungry and when we are full. Do obese people have a defect in their biological mechanisms that control their weight or are other issues, such as lifestyle and psychology, affecting their weight? From a biological prospective, our body must have a way of telling us when we need to eat to ensure survival. People are usually aware of their hunger when their stomach starts making noises. These noises are stomach contractions, but this sign is not the most important indication of hunger (2). The feeling of hunger comes from the hypothalamus, which is responsible for maintaining our body weight by telling us to consume more or less calories in order to have a properly functioning body (4). The mechanism starts when blood glucose levels are low. Then the liver, which...
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...Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Natasha Hoaglen California State University, Chico Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders are complex disabilities and disorders that are hard for families to deal with not to mention the person enduring them. Such disabilities or disorders may seem very challenging or impossible to overcome and become successful, however throughout this paper it will be evident that it’s not the case. It is possible to succeed, when educators and families work together to provides services to students so they can become the best them. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders and how to help such learners. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Description & Characteristics Intellectual and developmental disabilities [ID and DD] are defined as those having “significant limitations, both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18” (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2009, p. 178). There are different levels of ID and DD depending on a person’s intellectual quote [IQ]. Mild is an IQ between 50-70, moderate is an IQ between 35-50, severe is an IQ between 20-35, and profound...
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