...What Shotgun Sequencing has uncovered about the Human Microbiome Institutional affiliation Name Date Introduction The human microbiota consists of microorganisms that live inside as well as on humans and they outnumber the human germ cells and somatic cells ten times (Turnbaugh et al. 2007). The collection of genes of these microbial organisms (the microbiome) provides the characteristics that human beings lack (Zimmer 2010). There are two major techniques that are currently used to characterize the microbiome, namely; the (rRNA) small-subunit ribosomal RNA, and the metagenomic study, wherein shotgun sequencing is used to characterize community DNA of these microorganisms. Shotgun sequencing of the human microbiome Shotgun sequencing, also called shotgun cloning in genetics, is a process used for sequencing long strands of DNA. Shotgun sequencing was referred so by resemblance with the quasi-random shotgun firing pattern. The shotgun sequencing method was developed by Fredrick Sanger in the 1970s. The chain termination sequencing process is only be used to sequence relatively short DNA strands. Longer sequences of DNA must be sub-divided into shorter fragments, and then subsequently reassembled to give the entire sequence (Venter et al. 2004). Shotgun sequencing process, which uses random fragments, is used to sequence shorter fragments of longer DNA strands. The process is faster but more complex process. The DNA strand is randomly broken...
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...E-coli (Escherichia coli) is a germ that lives in the digestive system of animals as well as humans. E-coli was first isolated by Theodore Escherich a German bacteriologist in 1885 and was named after him. E-coli first became a household name during an outbreak in the western United States that began in late 1992 and lasted into 1993. Which was caused by eating ground beef. It was routinely found in the intestines of cattle companion have developed a vaccine to reduce the number of bacteria in the cattle. It has been commonly used for biological lab experiments and research. There are many types of e-coli, and most of them are harmless. Although some may cause bloody bowel movement also known as hemorrhagic diarrhea. This diarrhea illness was first recognized when the CDC personnel isolated e-coli from patients in two separate outbreak one in Oregon and the other in Michigan. The illness also was associate with eating hamburgers at a restaurant of a national chain. Some people experimented inflammation and bleeding of the colon. Infections dealing with e-coli are more common during the summer season and in northern states. Some strains of e-coli bacteria can cause anemia of kidney failure which leads to death. Other strains of e-coli can cause infection throughout the body such as the urinary tract and many more. By coming into contact with the feces, or stool of humans and animals you can get e-coli.it is normally inhabitant in small intestines and colon but do not cause...
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...“Clostridium difficile, commonly known as C. diff, is one of the nation’s leading health care acquired infections. C. diff infections occur when someone is exposed to the pathogen while receiving antibiotic treatment for some other illness. Antibiotics suppress the normal bacteria in the colon, allowing C. diff to flourish, producing toxins that cause severe diarrhea.”1 While, the thought of severe diarrhea may just sound unfortunate, the staggering number of people infected, and die from this infection is not only surprising but also frightening. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention released a study showing that almost half a million C. diff infections occurred in the United States in a year, with about 29,000 patients dying within thirty days of the initial diagnosis. 2 With costs up to 4.8 billion per year in acute care facilities alone, C. diff has become the number one microbial cause of the infections in healthcare facilities in the United States.2 That is a lot of money spent on just one infection in the United States. “The CDC also found that 1 out of every 5 patients with a healthcare-associated C. difficile infection experienced a recurrence of the infection and 1 out of every 9 patients aged 65 or older with a healthcare-associated C. difficile infection died within 30 days of diagnosis.”2 By knowing these statistics, the population needs to understand the causes, prevention, and treatments of Clostridium difficile. “Everyone has natural bacteria in their body...
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...t YAKULT DANONE INDIA PRIVATE LTD. Yakult Danone India (P) Ltd is a 50:50 JV between Yakult Honsha, Japan and Groupe Danone of France, both of which are global probiotic leaders. The JV was formed in 2005 to manufacture and sell probiotic products in the Indian market. Yakult, a probiotic drink was launched in India in 2007, and is presently available in Delhi, NCR, Nasik, Chandigarh, Punjab, Jaipur, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore. Yakult is manufactured at an ISO 9001:2008, HACCP and OHSAS 18001:2007 certified manufacturing facility in Sonepat, Haryana in India. As a pioneer in probiotics, Yakult has formidable research capabilities and product technologies in the field of probiotics. Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research has for years researched the use of intestinal bacteria as a factor in health maintenance, conducting a wide range of studies on the benefits of microorganisms in Japan. In India too, Yakult Danone India is working actively to build awareness about probiotics and contribute to a healthier society. Yakult’s benefits have been scientifically established through years of research and 30 million people in more than 30 countries drink Yakult every day. Probiotics for a healthy balance In 1930 Dr. Minoru Shirota, a Japanese scientist, was the first in the world to isolate and culture a probiotic strain which reached the intestines alive in large numbers and imparted health benefits to the host. He used this strain...
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...PROBIOTICS Rachel Alvernaz BIOSC 119-Spring ’14 Sunday, April 20, 14 What are probiotics? • Probiotics: “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.” When used in animal feed, the FDA refers to them as “direct fed microbial” and when used for human drugs, are referred to as “live biotherapeutics.” Can be taken orally by capsules, in food, or in powders. Sometimes referred to as “complementary” or “alternative” medicine. Available in supermarkets, pharmacies and health food stores. • • • • Sunday, April 20, 14 Brief History • • Ilya Metchnikoff (1845-1916) Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 for work on immunity Linked regular consumption of lactic acid bacteria in fermented dairy products to health and longevity in Bulgarian peasants. • Sunday, April 20, 14 Common Probiotics Used • Bacteria • Lactobacillus • Bifidobacterium group • Yeast • Saccharomyces boulardii Sunday, April 20, 14 Some Health Benefits • Normalize the intestinal tract. • Suppress growth of pathogenic bacteria. • Increase resistance against infections. • Increase overall digestive abilities of the GI tract. • Support and strengthen overall immunity. • Improve tolerance to lactose. Sunday, April 20, 14 Examples of conditions treated by probiotics • Viral Diarrhea • Antibiotic associated diarrhea • Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea • Traveler’s diarrhea • Atopic dermatitis • Irritable bowel syndrome • Halitosis ...
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...Microorganisms are all round us. Everyday at any given minute our bodies contain flora or normal microbiota. Which as described in the textbook Microbiology An Introduction as, “Some normal microbiota protect us against disease by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microbes, and others produce useful substances such as vitamin K and some B vitamins. Unfortunately, under some circumstances normal microbiota can make us sick or infect people we contact. For instance, when some microbiota leave their habitat, they can cause disease. ” (Tortora, Funke, and Case 17) In my experience of working in a hospital on the medical-surgical floor, I have become very familiar with the opportunist infection formally know as Clostridium Diffcile and informally known as C. diff. C. Diff is an infection that affects the colon and causes the patient to have irretractable diarrhea and can even cause inflammation of the colon that can sometimes be lethal. C. diff is very common in the elderly and patients on multiple antibiotics which causes the natural bacteria in the colon to be irradiated allowing opportunistic bacteria to invade. The New York Times reported that “Two factors typically lead to the infection: taking antibiotics, which make the intestine vulnerable, followed by exposure to the bacteria or their spores in a hospital, clinic or nursing home that has not been properly disinfected. Spores can survive for weeks or maybe even months outside the body, and it takes bleach or other...
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...Clostridium Difficlie (C diff) Clostridium Difficlie, also known as C diff, is a bacterium infection that has symptoms of diarrhea but can also have life threatening inflammation of the colon (staff, 2012). C. diff most commonly affects older adults primarily those that are hospitalized or in a long term care setting (staff, 2012). “An epidemic of Clostridium difficle in the United States is now killing some 12,000 patients annually, in part because neither alcohol rubs nor soap and water used in the vast majority of hospitals can effectively remove the spore-forming bacillus from the hands of health care workers, researchers are finding” (Hand hygiene woes impact C.diff response, 2010,pg 76).Let’s explore Clostridium difficle a little, how it is transmitted, the environmental factors, standard treatments and ways to help prevent the spread of Clostridium Difficlie. Clostridium Difficlie bacteria are passed in feces and thru food, they are also on surfaces or objects where people fail to wash their hands when they are infected. These bacteria spores can last in a room for weeks or even months so if you touch an infected surface you can unknowingly ingest the bacteria (staff, 2012). Normally healthy people don’t get sick from the bacteria because your body contains many types of bacteria that will fight off the infection. However, many people get C. diff following a treatment with antibiotics. “The antibiotics that most often lead to C. difficle infections include fluoroquinolones...
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...PROJECT-1 “MARKET ANALYSIS & PERCEPTION ON PRE-PROBIOTICS” PROJECT-2 “MARKET ANALYSIS & PERCEPTION ON FERROUS ASCORBATE” A PROJECT REPORT Submitted By GAYATRI .P. PAWAR Roll No. 35 In Partial Fulfilment For The Award Of The Diploma Of PGDM IN PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT GUIDE: INTERNAL GUIDE : MR .KAPIL.MUDLIAR MRS.SUMANA BOSE (PRODUCT MANAGER) (FACULTY) DUPEN LABORITIES PVT. SIESCOMS. S.I.E.S COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES MAY 2010 - JUNE2010 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project work entitled “MARKET ANALYSIS AND PERCEPTION ON PRE-PROBIOTICS” –PROJECT 1 MARKET ANALYSIS AND PERCEPTION ON LATEST HEMATINIC (FERROUS ASCORBATE+ FOLIC ACID)- PROJECT 2 submitted to SIES COLEGE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NERUL NAVI MUMBAI is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Mrs.SUMANA BOSE, Faculty Member,and Dr. Suhas Tambe ,HOD. this project work has not performed the basis for the award of any Degree or diploma/ associate ship/fellowship and similar project if any. GAYATRI PAWAR ABSTRACT The main goal of the report was to investigate about the PRE-PROBIOTICS molecule, its...
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...The title of this experiment is Probiotic capsules do not lower plasma lipids in young women and men. The objective of this investigation was to clarify the effect of probiotic bacteria administered in capsule form on plasma lipid concentrations. Independent variableThe independent variable is the probiotic capsules. Probiotic bacteria have been defined as live microorganisms, which when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health effect on the host. These bacteria have been hypothesized to enhance the immune response, treat antibiotic or travelers diarrhea, improve gastrointestinal health and reduce fecal enzymes implicated in cancer initiation. Probiotic bacteria are incorporated into dairy foods such as milk and yogurt or packaged as capsules for human consumption. In vitro experiments have suggested several mechanisms for the cholesterol-lowering effect of probiotic bacteria such as L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium Bacteria may directly remove cholesterol by incorporating it into the bacterial cell membrane, binding cholesterol to the cell surface or assimilating cholesterol during growth. In addition, bacteria may produce bile salt hydrolase and deconjugate bile acids. The resulting bile acids co-precipitate with cholesterol and are excreted in the feces, thereby reducing cholesterol through fecal excretion and through the synthesis of additional bile acids from cholesterol. The majority of studies examining the effect of probiotic bacteria on plasma lipids have...
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...process, like sweating, burping or breathing. It is usually a source of laughter and or embarrassment. Everybody farts, some people more than others. It is normal to pass gas from 6 to 20 times per day. In the majority of cases, it is not a serious condition. When we eat, drink or swallow saliva, we also swallow tiny amounts of air. This swallowed air accumulates in the stomach. The gas within our digestive system consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. When we digest food, gas, mainly in the form of hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide is released. As the gas builds up, the body releases the gas by either burping or farting. Other causes are: Beans - gas builds up inside the gut. Complex carbohydrates in beans are very difficult for humans to digest. They are digested by microorganisms in the gut - gut flora - methane-producing archaea. When the complex carbohydrates reach the lower intestine, bacteria feed on them, during which they produce gas. Lactose intolerance - when lactose-containing foods, such as milk are consumed, the bacteria feed on the lactose and produce excessive amounts of gas. Celiac disease - intolerance to gluten, a protein found in barley, wheat and rye. People with this condition who eat foods containing gluten tend to have flatulence problems. Artificial sweeteners - sorbitol and mannitol are found in candies, chewing-gums and sugar-free sweet foods. A considerable number of people develop either diarrhea, gas or both when they consume these substances...
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...Sanil Modi Biol-4910 Summer 2014 M-F Dr. De Vries, Christopher T. Fields The Effects Of Toll Like Receptor 2 Deletion on Social Behavior Neural Network Introduction During this past summer I had the opportunity to conduct research at the Neuroscience Institute at Georgia State University. The research I participated in was under Christopher T. Fields who is working on getting his doctorial degree. In these last few months I have worked on many exiting projects, learned how create experiments and analyze them. From the first day of lab I learned to work with many different lab instruments, software and mastered the structures of the mice brain. The instruments I started working with were a digital microscope and its software Stereo Investigator that took pictures at HD quality of mice brain. Shortly after came the analysis of the pictures we captured and the software used was ImageJ and Excel. In ImageJ you can measure different thresholds of the mice brain and get analysis which is imputed into excel and then the numbers from excel are put into a statistical software where graphs are made and you can check if your experiments had any change from the control. What I also learned was how mice brains are put on a slide. First you would use a cryostat, which slices the mice brain at the amount of thickness needed. While you are slicing the mice brains you are putting them onto a slide. Then they are taken from the slide put into a buffer solution, which lets you add to another...
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...Although the term poop pills may sound disgusting, it may just be a life changing antibiotic. Thousands of Americans get Clostridium difficile (C-diff) each year and 14,000 of them die from C-diff. But, there is an antibiotic that’s known to destroy the C-diff and also harm the body as well. Though studies show that a fecal transplant can restore the bacteria and prevent infections to form in your body. Doctors have gave the transplant a try, but they have not really been successful. The stool that is transplanted usually comes from relatives, and doctors extract the bacteria from the poop and insert it into gel capsules. Even though this pill seems gross, the pill does not affect the smell or health of your body. This transplant does require...
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...A superb blend of specifically formulated of good bacteria (probiotics) FLORA BABY is designed for the enhancement of the colon in the intestinal tract of children. Its intensive properties allow for the combination of its flavorless powder with various cool or warm drinks for healthy consumption. Children, most times have a difficult time of taking supplements, FLORA BABY now allows parents to easily provide probiotics to children. FLORA BABY provides 5 strains of probiotics that synergistically enhance a healthy micro bacterial environment in the intestinal tract of children. While considered a bacteria, probiotics are friendly and beneficial with the immense means of supporting existing conditions in children. Probiotics inhabit the small...
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...The truth about Danone Activia and Actimel ------------------------------------------------- Source page Introduction 3 Danone Activia 3 Danone Actimel 3 Unethical activities and irresponsible behaviour 4 Conclusion 5 ------------------------------------------------- Introduction This report is about the unethical activities and irresponsible behaviour of the company Danone and especially Danone Activia and Actimel. The first and second paragraph are about the products Danone Activia and Actimel. After these the unethical activities and irresponsible behaviour will be explained. The last paragraph is about why the company is ethical or why not. ------------------------------------------------- Danone Activia Danone Activia is a low-fat yogurt made by Danone, part of the Danone Group a company from France. Danone Activia contains Bifidis Regularis, which is a probiotic that helps regulate your digestive system. Danone Activia is available in seven different flavours and varieties. As told Activia is available in seven different flavours and varieties. The 113 grams Yogurt flavour packages are available in strawberry, vanilla, peach, blueberry, prune, cherry, mixed berry, strawberry-banana and raspberry. The yogurt is also available in a light variant. The probiotic, Bifidis Regularis, is a microorganisms which is alive. These microorganisms are known as good bacteria and can be found in food and supplements. They are...
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...gum, dishwasher detergent and toothpaste. What’s more, this bacterial imbalance is also directly linked to the use of antibiotics— either prescribed to us by a doctor or those quietly hidden within our water and food supply—especially within meats and dairy products.1 And if that wasn’t bad enough, believe it or not, these health-destroying bacteria further feed and multiply on something you probably eat every single day—sugar.2 ToxicBellyBugFix.com 3 Fact is, if you suffer from irregular bowel movements, constipation, gas, bloating, acid reflux, indigestion, skin problems, overall sickness, bad breath, fatigue, urinary tract infections, sugar cravings, and/or an inability to lose weight, these symptoms are a near telltale sign that your gut has ALREADY been infested by “bad” bugs and has literally become a ticking time bomb. You see, we created this special report because we want...
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