The journey of mankind starts from pre150k until 8000 years and there is a big change on human population, culture and lifestyle within these years. Based on the view of Stephen Oppenheimer in the ‘journey of mankind’, we know that the modern human who recognizes as Homosapien, live in Africa over 160000 years ago. The archeological evidence has showed that our mtDNA and Ychromosome ancestors are found in East Africa.[1] From 160000 to 135000 years, there were four groups of traveller who known as hunter-gatherer carried the first generation of mtDNA gene types ‘L1’by started their routes from south to the Cape of Good Hope, south-west to Congo Basin and west to Ivory Coast.[2] There was a creature could adapt well with the environmental changes is prehistoric man. They lived in the grasslands of Africa, the tropical rainforest of South-East Asia and the more temperate areas of southern Europe. The changing in climate, amount of free water and rainfall had affected the amount of lands that used by prehistoric man for feeding the herds and growing the plants. Climatic changes had lead to the evolution of prehistoric man himself such as development of stone tools, site organization, the building of shelter and the use of clothing. From 135000 to 115000 years, a group traveller across a green Sahara via the open of northern gate, up the Nile to the Levant.[3] According to The 1st Exit written by Stephen Oppenheimer, humans had moved out from Africa in the end. The timing and routes were determined by the climate change. There were a two potential routes, one is northern and one is southern. First group of modern human left Africa over 120000 years ago through an open northern gate. The second successful group crossed to the south and east by passed through Asia. Europe was bypassed and ignored until 50000 years ago. The group that reached the Levant had died out by 90000 years ago. There was a global freeze-up happened in the Levant and North Africa had turned into extreme desert and reoccupied by Neanderthal man. The next journey started from 90000-85000 years. There was a group crossed the mouth of the Red Sea- The Gates of Grief over 85000 years ago that prior to travel as beach-combers along the southern coast of the Arabian Penisula toward India. All non-African people are descended from this group.[4] "Call it the world's first oyster bar," claimed from a Canadian geologist, Bob Walter from the University of Toronto, head of an international team that made the discovery in Eritrea. Walter claimed that they used acheulan hand axes and obsidiantools to harvest the marine food resources, like crabs, clams, oysters. From 85000-75000 years, they continued along the Ocean coast to western Indonesia where attached to Asia. They shifted around Borneo to South China by following the coast.[5] They had made a ‘beachcombing’ lifestyle among the first modern Africans. They tried to spread out of Africa and around the Indian Ocean. There was a super-eruption of Mountain Toba, Sumatera happened in 74000 years.[6] It had caused 6 years nuclear winter and instant 1000 years ice-age with dramatic population crash. From 74000 to 65000 years, the repopulation took place by the devastation of the Indian sub- continent. They crossed Timor into Australia and also Borneo into New Guinea by boat.[7] From 65000 to 52000 years, these groups were moved to north up the Fertile Crescent and returned to the Levant due to the dramatic warming of climate in 52000 years. They moved into Europe through Bosporus from 50000 years ago from there.[8] From 52000 to 45000 years, there was a Mini Ice Age. Aurignacian Upper Paleolithic culture moved from Turkey into Bulgaria, Europe. The new style of stone had moved up the Danube into Hungary then Austria.[9] From 45000-40000 years, there was a group from east Asian coast shifted to the west via the central Asia steppers towards Northest Asia. They moved into Central Asia from Pakistan, from Indo-China into Qing-hai Plateau via Tibet.[10] From 40000 to 25000 years, central Asians shifted west towards eastern Europe, north into arctic circle and joined East Asians to start the spread into north- east Eurasia. This period was the birth of spectacular works of art, such as in the Chauvet cave in France.[11] From 25000 to 22000 years, the ancestors of the Native Americans who crossed the Bering land bridge connected to Alaska. There were two ways to cross it, one is either passed through the ice corridor reaching Meadowcroft before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) or took the coastal route.[12] From 22000 to 19000 years, Northern Europe, Asia and North America were depopulated with isolated surviving groups locked in refuges during the last ice age. The ice corridor closed and coastal route froze in North America.[13] From 19000 to 15000 years, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) happened in 18000 years ago. In North America, there were groups continued to develop in language, culture, genes as they crossed into South America. Australian rock art – Bradshaw paintings could be found in this period.[14]

From 15000 to 12500 years, the global climate continued change in this period. Monte Verde, Chile was occupied by human and become a human habitation. The simple stone tools could be found such as flakes and cobbles.[15] From 12500 to 10000 years, reoccupation of North America happened in 12500 years ago from south of the ice went to the north. In the sub-Arctic humans moved out from Beringean refuge to become Eskimo, Aleuts and Na-Dene speakers in 11500 years ago.[16] From 10000 to 8000 years, the final collapse of the Ice Age indicated the beginning of agriculture.[17] Human had learned the way to survive by planting the plants and feeding the animals. Some of them had settled down and occupied place to live. The population was getting increase and larger than before.

In the conclusion, we know that the first modern human is from Africa over 160000 years ago.[18] They spread out from Africa and they travel to the world to search for a better place to live on. This has proved that they have the spirit to search a better place by stepping out of the land in Africa.

Bibliography :
Oppenheimer, . Bradshaw Foundation, "Journey of Mankind." Last modified 2003. Accessed April 23, 2013. http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/.

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[1] http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/, page., 1.
[2] Ibid., page., 2.
[3] Ibid., page., 3.
[4] Ibid., page., 4.
[5] Ibid., page., 5.
[6] Ibid., page., 6.
[7] Ibid., page., 7.
[8] Ibid., page., 8.
[9] Ibid., page., 9.
[10] Ibid., page., 10.
[11] Ibid., page., 11.
[12] Ibid., page., 12.
[13] Ibid., page., 13
[14] Ibid., page., 14.
[15] Ibid., page., 15.
[16] Ibid., page., 16.
[17] Ibid., page., 17.
[18] Ibid., page., 1