...Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation In order to function properly, the cells and tissues have to maintain a steady state (homeostasis)- the cells must constantly adapt cellular adaptation- is the state between a normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell -by definition - an adaptative process is reversible -within defined limits, all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of stimuli which may upset normality NORMAL CELL GROWTH -Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing and the number of the cells dying -the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative capacity- they respond differently to stress and injury 1.- Labile cell ( intermitotic) 2.- Stable cell ( reversible postmitotic ) 3.- Permanent cell ( irreversible postmitotic) The cell cycle and types of cells Proliferating cells occupy several functional states between two mitoses. The cell cycle consists of G1 gap (presynthetic), S (DNA synthesis), G2 gap (premitotic) and M (mitotic ) phases. The cells may leave cell cycle during G1 and then they either cease proliferation, differentiate or eventually die or they enter G0 phase, resting phase from which they can be eventually recruited back to the cycle. G0 phase is a non-proliferative and is known as growth arrest 1.- Labile cells- continuously dividing cells- they continue to proliferate, remain all the time in cell cycle ...
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...Cerebral Atrophy Blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrients to the brain. When these blood vessels are blocked by a clot strokes occur. Symptoms of cerebral atrophy include dementia, seizures, loss of motor control, and difficulty with speaking, comprehension or reading Diagnosing cerebral atrophy can be achieved by use of a CT scan , MRI scan , PET scan , or a Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Because there is no cure for cerebral atrophy, treating the symptoms become more of the focus. Treatment includes medications, physical therapy and psychological counseling and support. If no treatment occurs then a person may not be able to participate in normal activities, lose their independence or become depressed. Cardiac Hypertrophy When there is increased stress on the heart, hypertrophy of the heart muscle occurs. There are two ventricles of the heart; the right ventricle and the left ventricle. The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs and the left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the body. When there is an increase in blood pressure to either the lungs or body, overtime the ventricle thickens, resulting in hypertrophy. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, dizziness or fainting Doctors use electrodiagrams which records electrical signals as they travel through a patient’s heart. Patterns of these signals are observed for indication of abnormal heart muscle. Echocardiogram and EKGs are...
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...causes stress to an organism. Cellular adaption includes changes in cell size, number of cells and type of cells in order to accommodate with the changes in the environment. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the individual cells leading to the enlargement of the affected organ without changing the number of cells. It occurs when the cells are unable to divide. Hyperplasia is the formation of more cells. The cell number is increased and the cells are replicating. As a result, the tissue increases in size. Atrophy is when the cell size is decreased by reducing its functional parts becoming atrophic. Metaplasia is where one tissue type is replaced by...
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...activity 5. Nick plays intramural soccer in the summer and basketball in the winter. What exercise group is he in? Give the letter. (0-1 pts.) D 6. Using the MET Value Scale on page 108, if Nick were to swim the butterfly for 15 minutes, how many calories would her burn? (Table 6.4) (0-3 pts.) • Show your match for full points. (weight kg= 200x0.454=90.8) • 11x3.5=38.5 38.5x90.8= 3,495.8 3495.8/200=17.47calories 7. Describe the difference in a concentric and an eccentric contraction. (0-2 pts.) Concentric is a type of muscle action that occurs when the muscle shortens…. Eccentric contraction is a type of muscle action that occurs when the muscle lengthens. 8. Describe the difference in atrophy and hypertrophy. (0-2 pts.) Atrophy is a reduction in muscle fiber size…… Hypertrophy is an enlargement in muscle fiber size. 9. Describe Progressive Overload and list the 3 different ways that a person can do this to their muscles. (0-3 pts.) Progressive Overload states that to enhance muscular fitness, you must exercise at a level beyond the point to which your muscles are accustomed. This can be done by increasing the number of repetitions, increasing the number of sets for a given muscle group, and increase the resistance (weight) 10. List the 3 ways suggested in the text for choosing an exercise order. (0-3 pts.) Large-muscle group exercise are performed before single-joint exercises. Multijoint exercises are performed before single-joint exercises. Perform more challenging...
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...Lecture 11 objectives 1. Describe, contrast and explain the response of a single muscle fiber and a whole muscle to electrical stimulation - define the threshold stimulus and the all-or-none phenomenon. 2. Define a motor unit and describe how motor units are important in controlling the force and rate of muscle contraction. 3. Explain what is meant by recruitment of motor units. 4. Explain what is meant by muscle tone, and how it relates to posture and maintaining balance. 5. Explain the staircase effect. 6. Define tetanic contraction, and distinguish it from a twitch. 7. Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions, and give examples. 8. Describe the two ways in which smooth muscle is organized, and describe their functions. 9. Describe how the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction differs from that of skeletal muscle. 10. List four factors that control smooth muscle contractions. 11. Summarize in a table the similarities and differences between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. 12. Explain the ways in which different groups of skeletal muscles(agonists, etc.) interact to produce...
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...Pathophysiology NU290 Exam I Guided Review * Identify the components of the cell and their functions. * Cell Membrane: Provides isolation, protection, and support. Controls entrance/exit of materials * Cilia: Moves materials over cell surface * Microvilli: Increases SA * Centrioles: Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division. * Ribosomes: Synthesizes proteins * ER: Communication system; metabolic function * Lysosomes: Removes damaged organelles or pathogens within cells * Mitochondria: Produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell. “power plant” transforms organic compounds into energy. Energy is stored as ATP * Nucleus: stores DNA, stores/processes genetic info; controls protein synthesis * Nucleolus: Synthesizes RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits * Golgi complex/apparatus: Works with ER to process substances into secretory granules or vesicles * Explain cell life cycle. * Interphase * Interval between cell divisions * Perform normal cellular functions * Mitosis * Prophase: Chromosomes coil and shorten, nuclear membrane dissolves. Each chromosome is made up of a pair of strands called chromatid * Metaphase: Centromeres divide, pulling chromosomes apart. Centromeres align themselves in the middle of the spindle. * Anaphase: The centromeres begin to separate and pull the newly replicated chromosomes toward...
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...Health and Illness Nursing practice is directed and guided by an understanding of the definition of health and the factors that impact a client’s health framework. Health-complete state of physical, mental and social well being w/o merely an absence of dse. -it is ever changing-. Portray of health and illness on an interactive continuum with multiple configurations ranging from high level wellness- extremely poor health Man- is a living system, with internal and external environment Information and matter exchange continuously from one environment to the other. With in the body itself each organ, tissue , or cell is a system or subsystem with internal and external environment Each exchange information. This communication/interaction- dynamic balance or steady state. Health promotion is impt =fostering awareness influencing attitudes and identifying alternatives so that people can make choices to achieve optimal level of physical and mental health. Health of man are affected by diff risk factors such as Genetic or biologic= age, race and family history Behavioral its lifestyle- stress/diet/lack of exercise/smoking/drugs/uncleanliness Internal Constancy Constancy – ( Fluid bathing the cells) is maintained by both physiologic and biochemical processes Homeostasis...
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...Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy , Chronic disease, disuse and aging are all causes of muscle atrophy. This fact directly impacts an individual’s ability to maintain an independent life-style. In contrast, stretching and work overload of skeletal muscle induces hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and myotubes in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Compensatory growth in response to an imposed load is an important and well-known biological adaptation of skeletal muscle. However, little is known about the systemic changes in hypertrophying muscle at the molecular level. Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are drugs that have similar effects to testosterone in the body. They increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles. Anabolic steroids also have androgenic and virilizing properties, including the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords, testicles (primary sexual characteristics), and body hair (secondary sexual characteristics). Of the many 100’s of steroids which were never produced, it is from them that the supplement industry has selected our current roster of OTC anabolics. At this point you might be asking “How are these supplement companies able to legally manufacture and sell these products, since they are no different than any other CIII steroid?” Remember, it wasn’t until 1990 that steroids were officially declared to be controlled substances and illegal to possess without...
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...hormone, which stimulates division of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disks. It also regulates body proportions. If excess or deficits of these hormones can result in abnormal skeletal growth proportion. Thyroid hormone stimulates replacement or halts ossification in the epiphyseal disks of long bones and increases the number of osteoclasts activities. causing premature ossification of the disks. (.) Physical Exercise: The fourth factor to influence bone development is exercise. Physical stress also stimulates bone growth. For example, when skeletal muscles contract, they pull at their attachments on bones, and the resulting stress stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen (hypertrophy). Conversely, with lack of exercise, the same bone tissue wastes, becoming thinner and weaker (atrophy). This is why the bones of athletes are usually stronger and heavier than those of nonathletes (shorten.) Conclusion: In addition to minerals, adequate amount of vitamins C, D and K are required to heal bone fractures or to promote healthy bone growth. In general, nutrition, exercise, hormonal secretion and sunlight serve as the building blocks for bone growth, whereas vitamins are the catalysts for biochemical reactions that are needed to regulate the process. Sunshine during summer months stimulates your skin to produce vitamin D, which promotes calcium absorption and bone growth. Hormone balance, especially estrogen, and the acidity-alkaline balance in your body are other factors...
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...It showed to those who doubted infantile hemiplexia and its existence before it was studied.In the early to mid-19th century the history of CP was about publications of brain lesions. Dr.Pinel began to publish on brain lesions and clinical manifestations (Pinel, 1822). The first scientific publications on this topic were due to anatomical studies. In 1827 Dr. Cazauvieilh reported many significant findings in his patients. He was an intern when he published an essay “Investigations of Cerebral Agenesis and Congenital Paralysis” (Cazauvieilh, 1827). As reviewed by Freud (Freud 1968) the following findings were an important stepping stone to cerebral atrophy in people with congenital paralysis and tried to decipher between lesions in the developing brain with those related to trauma (Cazauvieilh, 1827). He referred to other authors but his work it so important because he focused on the clinical conditions. From the start Cazauvieilh knew that congenital paralysis is a paralysis that affects infants or children immediately or right after birth. He found that paralysis affects girls more frequently than boys and it affects the right side more frequently than the left side (Cazauvieilh, 1827). He found that it doesn’t affect the trunk or intestines but does affects the arms and legs as well as the facial muscles. The arms and legs on the side that is impaired become atrophied, emaciated and...
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...LASERS IN PREPROSTHETIC SURGERY LASER is an acronym for light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation. Laser application in maxillofacial surgery practice covers control of leukoplakia, oral malignancy, preprosthetic or periodontal surgery, temporomandibular joint, uvulopalatostomy, and cosmetic procedures. Clinical lasers are of two types; soft lasers are essentially an aid to healing with relatively few rigorous studies available to support their use. Surgical hard lasers, however, can cut both hard and soft tissues and replace the scalpel and drill in many areas. From initial experiments with the ruby laser most clinicians are using argon, CO2 and now Nd:YAG systems. Both the CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers can be used for intraoral soft tissue surgeries. The advantages of lasers include a relatively bloodless surgical and postsurgical course, minimal swelling and scarring, coagulation, vaporization, and cutting, minimal or no suturing, reduction in surgical time, and, in a majority of cases, much less or no postsurgical pain. CO2 LASER Since its development in the early 1960s, the CO2 laser has been rapidly introduced into medical research and almost every dental and medical surgical specialty. In dental surgery it is mainly used for oral soft tissue applications. High-power lasers are one of the greatest technologies advances in dentistry field. In 1989 the first laser specifically designed for use in dentistry, a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser was introduced. The CO2...
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...Course PHED-1106-PY1 Walking and Fitness Test Midterm Started 6/30/13 9:22 PM Submitted 6/30/13 9:52 PM Status Completed Score 68 out of 90 points Time Elapsed 29 minutes out of 4 hours. Instructions Question 1 2 out of 2 points Who is responsible for a person's level of physical fitness? Answer Selected Answer: c. the individual Question 2 2 out of 2 points Side stitches are usually common among which group: Answer Selected Answer: 2. the beginner to exercise Question 3 2 out of 2 points Resting heart rate_____ with exercise. Answer Selected Answer: b. decreases Question 4 0 out of 2 points The energy system for muscle contraction during the first few seconds of exercise is the: Answer Selected Answer: a. lactate acid system Question 5 2 out of 2 points The ability of a muscle to exert maximum force against resistance is Answer Selected Answer: b. muscular strength Question 6 0 out of 2 points According to the FITT concept, the recommended length of the aerobic phase of each exercise session should be at least Answer Selected Answer: b. 30 minutes Question 7 2 out of 2 points The maximal amount of resistance that an individual is able to lift in one single effort is a method of assessing is defined as Answer Selected Answer: a. muscular strength Question 8 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is a skill-related aspect of physical fitness? Answer Selected Answer: a. Agility Question...
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...BIO483 Exam #4 Review Comprehensive and/or early Weeks Know all conditions that cause splenomegaly All associated diseases with EBV Week 1 Mechanisms of Cellular Adaptation Types of necrosis and pathology where most likely found. Apply the definitions of Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Week 2 Pain Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers ...
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...SPHE314 WK 4 MIDTERM QUIZ Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/sphe314-wk-4-midterm-quiz/ Part 1 of 1 - 94.8/ 94.799 Points Question 1 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The multiple functions of the muscular system are performed by ______________type(s) of muscle: A.2 B.3 C.4 D.1 Question 2 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points Which of the following is NOT considered a fuel nutrient? A.carbohydrate B.fat C.water D.protein Question 3 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The layer of connective tissue surrounding the outside of the muscle is called: A.perimysium B.carbohydrate C.sarcomysium D.epimysium Question 4 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points Protein can supply about 5 to 10% of the total energy needs during: A.sprinting activities B.prolonged exercise C.all types of exercise D.weightlifting Question 5 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The two main components of the nervous system are: A.the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system B.the brain and the spinal cord C.the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system D.the efferent and afferent divisions of the nervous system Question 6 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two functional and anatomical divisions called: A.sympathetic and unsympathetic B.sympathetic and parasympathetic C.afferent and efferent D.CNS and peripheral Question 7 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points Using an insulated, airtight chamber with walls...
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...Introduction There is a lot of controversy on nutritional supplements and performance/health claims that go along with them. Many claims come and go without a lot of hassle, but none has generated the commotion of the interest or debate surrounding creatine (Cr). Many people believe Cr is another weight gaining powder or steroid alternative (Plisk and Kreider, 1999). What those people do not know is Cr is also found in the human body naturally as opposed to supplementation. Individuals know the name creatine but may not understand the science behind it. The use of Cr has become very widespread, usually in the supplement form Cr monohydrate. Every since the discovery of the ability to increase Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr) inside the human muscles by oral ingestion of supplemental Cr has led to many studies showcasing the benefits of exercise performance. Cr monohydrate supplementation shows significant results to increase the human body’s ability to maintain power output during high-intensity exercise and increase the rate of PCr to resynthesis during the recovery phase of intermittent high intensity exercise (Volek and Kraemer, 1996). My goal is to provide significant information on natural Cr functions, Cr as a supplement, ways the human body utilize Cr to enhance athletic performance, and how society views/uses Cr. Effects of Creatine in the Human Body Creatine was discovered by a French scientist named Chevreul in 1832 but it was not until 1847 did another scientist...
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