...Organizations Abstract This paper put into perspective the impact of gender on organization leadership. The paper will mainly be looking at the factors that bring about the gender disparities when it comes to leadership in organizations. It also seeks to understand the development of leadership in late 19th century and in the early 20th century. It looks at theories like The great man theory which believes leaders are born and not made and the situational theory which states that leaders are molded in conformity with their environment. All these theories are aimed at understanding how the organization leadership was shaped, and the role played by gender in their formation. The paper also looks at the mitigating factors that inform gender in leadership. The paper also looks at the issue of leadership techniques employed by both genders. It analyzes the effectiveness of both the techniques and how they affect the overall performance of the organization. Some of the difficulties confronted by women in organization leadership include confidence, excessive scrutiny, lack of sponsors and mentors for women. Other include career paths that lack empathy for women needs while in leadership, gender biases, leadership identity and lack of networking ability. The paper is not exhaustive in its mandate to tackle all the issues concerning organizational leadership. Issues like gender-based management can still be explored in future research papers. This paper ensures that myths that shrouded...
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...American Indian Movement and Collective Identity Jeri Pugh Walden University American Indian Movement and Collective Identity The American Indian Movement (AIM), or Red Power Movement, was founded in 1968, as a spiritual movement to promote Native Americans awareness of injustices against American Indians by the national government and calling them to return to the traditions of their people (Kawashima & Macdonald, 1984). The AIM dogma stressed the disparity between the ideals of the American Indians and the white majority in the United States. AIM initially focused on discrimination and police brutality, later broadening its scope to include jobs, housing, and education inequities (Stotik, Shriver, & Cable, 1994). The purpose of this paper to examine how collective efforts aided the American Indian Movement’s accomplishments for their people. Pan-Tribalism One of the AIM’s main goals was to join all Native Americans, promoting unity between urban and reservation Indians, regardless of tribe. They characterized this identity as “Pan-Tribalism,” which refers to “loyalty to race over loyalty to a particular tribe” (Stotik et al., 1994, p. 56). The AIM sought to bring together the different Native American nations by appealing to their pride, spirituality, and connection with nature. The AIM called this “Indianness” and by engaging these sensibilities they aspired to draw a “loyalty to race over loyalty to a particular tribe” (Stotik et al., 1994, p. 57). Although...
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...With its flexibility and its initiatives in many fields of international politics, it can be regarded as one of the great successes in Austria’s rise in the international system. This positive evaluation of postwar foreign policy is widely shared by the Austrian people.[pic] The 1955 Austrian State Treaty and the policy of active neutrality as well as other factors were important in underpinning the strong popular allegiance to the principles of a new Austrian identity and to the establishment of Austria as an independent nation. A Decade of Negotiations for Austrian Independence With the Moscow Declaration of November 1, 1943, the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union declared that Austria, the first free country to fall victim to Hitlerite aggression, would be liberated from Germany and with that reestablished as a free and independent nation. Two weeks later, the French Committee for National Liberation, agreed to this declaration.[pic] Throughout the postwar negotiations, the three Western Powers consistently adhered to this objective. The Soviet Union, however, resorted to one ploy after another to prevent the conclusion of a treaty until it suddenly dropped its opposition in the spring of 1955. The first...
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...through many of the complications that may occur during the process. This paper will discuss the analysis of the contract problems between Span systems and Citizen – Schwarz AG. After reviewing the simulation we have to come to the following response and conclusion to the issues at hand. Being the project manager in this simulation it would show that I would be trying to keep this contract with C-S so that we will be in the running for the other contract that may be in play. The problem that has occurred is the fact the process has not being completed at a quick enough pace for C-S and they want to get out of the contract and look into changing to another company located in India. This process is not a good move for C-S due to the fact that they have made changes and Span has compiled with every move that have made. The only problem is that Span has also had some internal programming issues that will have to be handled so that C-S can see that we are moving forward with the process. “Good negotiators do their homework. Here are some tips for making your next negotiation session productive for both you and your potential project partner” (Raterman, 2005). That is what needs to be done so that both companies can try and negotiate what can be done to ensure that this contract can be saved. Understanding what C-S needs to keep this contract and keep the communication open will help the negotiations continue towards a new contract that will suit each one...
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...reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of Inter-Disciplinary Press. Inter-Disciplinary Press, Priory House, 149B Wroslyn Road, Freeland, Oxfordshire. OX29 8HR, United Kingdom. +44 (0)1993 882087 ISBN: 978-1-84888-309-3 First published in the United Kingdom in eBook format in 2014. First Edition. Table of Contents Introduction Patricia Hunt-Hurst and Sabrina Ramsamy-Iranah Part 1 ix Fashion: Past and Future Fashioning the Other: Representations of Brazilian Women’s Dress in National Geographic, 1888-1988 Elizabeth Kutesko 3 Elizabeth Keckly and Anne Lowe: Constructing Fashionable Black Identity Elizabeth Way 13 Barbara Hoff: Polish Fashion Dictator...
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...Mouse Reflection Paper Lim Jian Hong, Benjamin (A0110508W) Background of Parties I was assigned the role of Mouse representative for this Mouse exercise. The primary objective for Mouse heading into the negotiation was to ensure co-operation from the mayors of Chessy, Coupvray, Magny and Bailly. The strategy revolved around financial compensation as a means of dealing with these towns. The approach towards the French government was one based on an assumption of them being supportive of Mouse in the negotiation. Mouse believed that as the government was the deciding authority, they would step in to exercise this power in favor of Mouse if there were to be an impasse. In the context of the exercise, Mouse was engaged in a negotiation with five other French nationals. Being the only American party caused conflicts with the French due to disparities in the way that the two societies conducted their business dealings. American culture is one that is deeply entrenched in its capitalist roots; this is a stark contrast to socialism in France. Capitalism is characterized by its ‘selfish’ tendencies whereas socialism focuses on the progression of society as a whole. Thus, the fundamental differences in the manner through which the two societies operate were possible causes of conflicts. Application of Cultural Frameworks By applying the various cultural frameworks to the French and Americans, it allows for an explanation of why disagreements arose between Mouse, the mayors and the...
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...Introduction The purpose of this review is critically to analyze the article ‘Corporate environmentalism and top management identity negotiation’ by Hélène Cherrier, Sally V. Russell, Kelly Fielding (abridged from a research paper originally published in Journal of Organizational Change Management in 2012). Two review questions are addressed: 1. What does the text suggests are the key factors promoting or inhibiting the effectiveness of top management to implement corporate environmentalism within their organization. 2. To what extent which the factors identified are applicable to management conflicts during the implementation of environmentally sustainable initiatives within organizations. Purpose and design The authors’ point of view is to examine the narratives of acceptance and resistance to the introduction of corporate environmentalism. The authors researched addressed the question of “how” members of a top management team support, accept, negotiate, disregard, or reject the implementation of corporate environmentalism within their organization. In this essay, the authors’ arguments are very much clear because it highlights factors implementation of corporate environmentalism within the organization. Corporate environmentalism within the organization was unfolding throughout the data collection process. Findings The authors claim, firstly, a qualitative approach was adopted to address the research aims. Continuously, select a case study methodology as an appropriate...
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...On Exploiting Agent Technology in the design of Peer-to-Peer Applications Steven Willmott, Josep M. Pujol and Ulises Cort´s e Universitat Polit`cnica de Catalunya e a Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform`tics Campus Nord, M´dul C5-C6, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona (08034), Spain o {steve, jmpujol, ia}@lsi.upc.es Abstract. Peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures exhibit attractive properties for a wide range of real world systems. As a result they are increasingly being applied in the design of applications ranging from highcapacity file sharing and global scale distributed computing to business team-ware. The objective of this paper is to outline a number of areas in which Agent techniques for the management of social problems such as decision making or fair trading amongst autonomous agents could be used to help structure P2P actions. In particular we focus on approaches from mechanism design, argumentation theory and norms / rules and electronic institutions. 1 Introduction Peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures exhibit attractive properties for a wide range of real world systems. As a result they are increasingly being applied in the design of applications ranging from high-capacity file sharing and global scale distributed computing to business team-ware. In addition their benefits however, P2P systems also fundamentally change the networking paradigm used in an application often causing tensions with other application goals such as security, predictability, performance guarantees...
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...Case Study Analysis: Part A “Successful negotiation is an art, not a science. The three most important concerns and elements in any negotiation are the relationship, the risk and the value. These concerns are the real decision criteria that underlie any business transaction” (Di Frances, 2005, para. 2). Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation (CMI) was acquired by Northwest Equipment Corporation in 1978 and was a wholly owned subsidiary (Lewicki, Saunders, & Barry, 2005). Northwest Equipment Corporation acquired CMI when the parent company went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company was developed to work with residential mortgage lenders in selling mortgage guaranty insurance policies throughout the United States. The following paper will briefly describe the case at hand, what role social context will play in the negotiation process, and how the social relationship that Burr, Lehman, and Kupchak will affect the negotiation. The paper will end by describing the tangible and intangible benefits, cost, and risks associated with negotiating Corporate Transfer Services (CTS). Analyzing the case of Capital Mortgage Corporation will allow a reader to define how social relationships affect negotiations, and define the benefits, costs, and risks of the negotiation process. Case Summary CMI has an interest in broadening its financial services to strengthen the company. CMI primary goal is to be the leader in the financial services industry. CMI will have to stand against the...
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...Miami School District Negotiation 1 Miami School District Negotiation University of Phoenix Inthiravanh Amphonephong MGT/445 Carlos Campos August 06, 2012 Miami School District Negotiation 2 Miami School District Relocating children in different school due to reconstructing the school building is not only affecting the children individual, but also affect their families, their municipal, and the school itself. The stakeholders are very concerning, because of high volume of compliant from student guardian. Choose a strategy the bargain and reevaluating the ethics and culture effective is very relevant for the circumstances. This paper will explain the detail of the negotiation strategy that largesse the boards provisions to redraw school boundaries, identity of the stakeholders, and how it affect our ethics and culture strategy. Miami School District must identify the stakeholder concerns regarding the changes. The school project is the students, teachers, families, staff, and the community. The school main stakeholders in this case are mainly the student themself, because of changes made them fall apart from having new instructor, campus, and classmates. Changes will affect not only the student of being depart from their comfort of family but parents will experience of new environment for their children. The teachers and staff will experience class less because of redistribution of students. The community also will experience the effect of whether or not the location will have...
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...Korean company and Arun, both parties failed to recognize the difference between them, (i.e. parochialism) hence the negotiation didn’t work. Secondly, both party assumed that their usual practices are best, (i.e. ethnocentrism) so there was a gap of communication and lack of understanding each other. Another perspective from Arun is that, he couldn’t distinguish the level of power distance between Mr Kim and Mr Lee (e.g. Korea has higher value of power distance than UK). Overall, both parties had lack of cultural intelligence that is why they couldn’t identity each other’s gestures, which led to an indefinite conversation. As a part of that, Arun failed to interpret the high context corporate culture of Korea. He was pretty much straight forward to his point and presented himself as an individual personality but Mr Lee and Mr Kim were more focused into team work and understanding the hierarchy (i.e. individualism vs. collectivism). After analysing the case it’s quite clear that, despite being a professional skilled employee, Arun couldn’t pinpoint the audience and their culture. And his negotiation had lack of encoding while dealt with the Korean company. 2. Question: What advice would you have given to Arun, before he began the negotiation process with the Korean company? I have several step-by-step suggestions for Arun that he should approach the negotiation process such way. First and foremost, he was supposed to acquire sufficient knowledge regarding the Korean company...
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...American Community: Why is it a Taboo Topic? Danielle Carter Senior Seminar HSU 498 Professor Hogan March 25, 2010 Abstract The phenomenon known as the “Down Low” among African American Men who have sex with Men has caused much concern among black community leaders, the general population, and not to mention HIV/AIDS researchers. There are questions which are not being addressed regarding communication patterns of stigmatized groups specifically the “Down Low” group. Why is there little research about the “Down Low”, when there is more than half AAMSM in this world? This paper will explain why so many African American men are on the “Down Low,” why there is a lack of communication when it comes to speaking about the “Down Low. This paper will also help Human Service workers learn how to help AAMSM and their families. “Down Low”: Homosexuals in the African American Community A Review of the Literature Today, while there are men who are openly gay, it seems that the majority of those having sex with men still lead secret lives, products of a black culture that deems masculinity and fatherhood as a black man's primary responsibility (Roscoe, 2008). The “Down Low” culture has grown in recent years out of the shadows and developed its own contemporary institutions for those who know where to look for example web sites, chat rooms, private parties and...
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...Whenever a discussion on identity is introduced, the most-cited poem in Korea is “The Flower” by Chunsu Kim. He sings of being himself as becoming a colorful and fragrant flower. To be the flower that will rightly represent his identity, he needs someone to call his name. In this poem, identity is not seen as something that is solid and concrete but as something that is situated and constructed by others, a glimpse of poststructuralist view on identity. Recently, language learning has been seen as participation and negotiation of self (see Higgins, forthcoming; Kinginger, 2004; Lam, 2000; Morita, 2004; Ohara, 2001; Pavlenko & Lantolf, 2000; and Solé, 2007 among others). The trend is resonated in the growing interest in language learner identity and the studies in narratives. In this paper, a case of heritage language learner will be investigated upon the theoretical frame of poststructuralism. Narrative inquiry will be used to analyze how she negotiates her learner identity. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: First, by looking at the struggle a language learner makes to acquire her heritage language, I reclaim the centrality of identity in defining heritage language learners. Second, to widen the horizons of narrative studies to the cyber space as it provides an ample source of easily accessible data and it has become one of the commonplace media of daily communication. Heritage Language Learners and Identity To refer to the Heritage Language Learners (HLLs), various...
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...GLOBAL LEADERSHIP GLOBAL LEADER INTERVIEW Introduction: I interviewed Augusto Bulte, he is proposal manger in Foster Wheeler U.S.A, He got his bachelor degree in marine engineering from Spain then he completed his post graduate studies in Chemical Engineering. He started his career with Foster Wheeler (FW) Iberia in Spain then he moved to management position after spending twelve years in technical work in power generation group. He works in US.A as expat to deal with global contract negotiations. Interview Questions and Discussions: 1. When you think about your career as a manager, certain events or episodes stand out in your mind--things that changed you in some way and have ultimately shaped you as an executive. Please choose three of these experiences that have had a lasting impact on you as a manager or executive in international work. When I meet with you, I will ask you about each of these "key events" in your career: What happened? What did you learn from it (for better or worse)? Mr. Augusto Bulte: I will start with my experience with Foster Wheeler Poland; we had to negotiate a contract with Poland Natural Gas (PLNG) Company, it is a national company that follows procedures dictated by polish law not like ExxonMobil or Shell. Dealing with national company in Poland means that you have to bid exactly what they ask for, there is no room for deviation or tolerance; we had to search for sub-contractor to complete the required scope of supply. Our first proposal...
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...This paper is about the complexity of managing organizations. As theoretical groundwork the book Organising and Managing Work by Tony Watson will be used. The book by Tony Watson covers issues about organizational, managerial and strategic behavior. In particular, the author argues for a critical common sense and the use of philosophical pragmatism (Watson, 2006). He also questions the way work is organized and managed. Finally, the process-relation perspective, a critical perspective of how to think about organizations and their relations and interactions with people, is taken by Watson (2006). This paper will start with a description of the two theories “System-control framing” and “Process-relational framing”. Afterwards the three concepts strategic exchange, negotiated order and double control will be defined and exemplified by different cases from the course. Finally, the paper will look into the complexity of managing knowledge at organizations supported by examples from Danone and McKinsey. In the field of leadership and management studies, there are two main perspectives “System-control framing” and “Process-relational framing”, which can help to analyze and make sense of complex organizations. The system-control perspective recognizes organizations as an entity that is “a system of managerially designed rules and roles existing on its own terms […] based on an organization design with a set of structural and cultural characteristics” (Watson, 2006, p.30). According...
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