...economic impact of EU membership on the UK This note examines the various channels through which membership of the EU affects the UK economy. A general sense of the EU’s economic impact can be gained by reading Section 1 alone. Subsequent sections deal with particular issues, such as the EU’s effect on UK trade relations, in more detail, and compare the UK’s situation with alternative arrangements. Contents 1 Introduction and summary 2 2 Cost-benefit analyses of EU membership 5 3 The effect of the EU on UK trade relations 6 4 Impact of immigration from the EU 16 5 The impact of EU regulation 20 6 Fiscal consequences of EU membership – the EU budget 23 7 The EU’s effect on consumer prices 28 8 Foreign direct investment (FDI) 30 Appendix table: a comparison of the EU with alternative trading arrangements 32 Boxes Would independence over trade policy lead to better results? 15 The EU budget – winners and losers 27 Trade barriers and economic efficiency 29 Related Library briefings Leaving the EU, Research Paper RP13/42 In brief: UK-EU economic relations, Standard Note SN6091 Norway’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6522 Switzerland’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6090 The UK and Europe: time for a new relationship?, Standard Note SN6393 1 Introduction and summary 1.1 Understanding the economic impact of EU membership EU membership...
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...as an organisation and the strategies it employs to meet the objectives of the stakeholders (P1.3) 6 3. Nature of the national environment in which business operates (LO2) 9 3.1 How different economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively (P 2.1) 9 3.2 Impact of Fiscal and monetary policy on the activities of Tesco PLC (P 2.2). 10 3.3 Impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of Tesco Plc (P 2.3). 11 3.3.1 Impact of competition policy ON THE ACTIVITIES OF TESCO PLC 11 3.3.2 Impact of regulatory mechanisms on the activities of Tesco Plc 12 4. Understand the behaviour of the organizations in their market environment (LO3). 13 4.1 explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of TEsco plc (P 3.1). 13 4.2 How market forces shape Tesco PLC UK responses using a range of examples (P 3.2). 14 4.3 Explain how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of Tesco PLC UK (P 3.3). 15 5. Significance of the global factors that shape national business activities (LO4) 16 5.1 SIGNIFICANCE of international trade to Tescos PLC UK ( P 4.1) 16 5.2 impact of global factors on Tescos PLC UK (P 4.2) 16 5.3 impact of polciies of the European Union on Tescos PLC UK (P 4.3) 17 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 18 7. Reference 19 8. Bibliography 21 Introduction In this report, different organizations purpose and responsibility will be discussed specifically the purposes of...
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...Organization Contents Introduction: 4 Aim of the assignment: 4 Walker - Company profile: 4 Market structure: 4 Perfect competition 5 Oligopoly 5 Monopoly 6 Monopolistic competition 6 How market structure determine the pricing & output decision: 6 Market force : 6 Relationship between Market force & Organizational response 6 Impact of organization performances by various Types of market force 6 Cost pressure 7 Information demand 7 Customer responsiveness 7 How the business and cultural environments shape the behavior of a selected organization: 8 Business environment 8 Cultural environment 8 Objective of business and cultural environment 8 International Trade: 9 Production cost 9 Material 10 Extend market 10 Global Factor: 10 Political factor 11 Economical factor 11 Social factor 11 Technological factor 12 European Union: 12 Rules & regulation 13 Tax & tariff 13 Support 13 Establishing the rules of trade 14 Taxation policy 14 Employment policy 14 Inflation policy 14 References: 15 Introduction: There are many crisps company in the world, from them WALKER is one of best & largest crisps company in the world. It’s a UK based company who operate their business most of the country of the world. WALKER gets recognition through manufacturing crisps. WALKER contributed 47% of British crisps market. They are producing about 11 million bags of crisps per day & 800 tons of potato as raw material...
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...BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT:1 Introduction Business may be understood as the organized efforts of enterprises to supply consumers with goods and services for a profit. The following essay contains some details about the business environment such as types of organisations, EU rules and regulations policies of the market control. 1.1 Identify the purposes of different types of organisation. 1. Sole traders The sole trader is a common form of business ownership and is found in a wide range of activities such as painter, plumber, cleaner. Business has only one owner who responsible for all the expenses and legal requirements. Difficult to raise finance, also owner has unlimited liability. 2. Partnership Partnership is a business with at least two or more owners up to twenty. Partnerships are particularly common in professional services such as solicitors accountant. Owners enjoy limited liability, share their skills, and work allowing them to raise capital more quickly than individuals. 3.Private Limited Company (LTD) The Company is an artificial person made by law, offers limited liability. The major private limited company’s restrictions are about the shares and shareholders. Shares cannot be sold or transferred to the public. Shareholders enjoy priority against others in buying shares within the company. Example J. Whitaker & Sons Ltd 4 Co-operative The co-operative is a group of people working together, making decisions together to reach common...
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...exit from the EU benefit the British economy? Advocates of the UK leaving the EU claim that there would be little trouble negotiating a free trade agreement with the EU once it left, because the UK has a large trade deficit with the rest of the Union. If trade barriers between Britain and the remaining member-states were erected upon exit, the EU would lose more exports earnings from Britain than vice versa. At the same time, the UK would be freed from the burdens of EU regulation and hence able to boost trade with faster growing parts of the world, nations such as China, US and emerging markets that include India that are not part of Europe. This could be done by eliminating tariffs and signing trade agreements without the constraints of EU membership. Undermining this assertion is the belief that the UK is a big enough economy to be an effective trade negotiator in its own right. As a result it might be concluded that the UK would see little impact from leaving the EU except perhaps a minor reduction in trade while new arrangements were made. However, it would be ill judged to assume that the UK would be able to dictate terms with the EU simply because it is running a trade deficit. Primarily, the EU buys half of Britain's exports whereas the UK accounts for little over 10 per cent of exports from the rest of the EU, so the UK would be in a weak position to negotiate access on its terms. Furthermore, it could be argued that the UK's access to many non-EU markets comes as a result...
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...democracy| | |and totalitarianism, incorporate the ideologies into political structures. There are fewer and fewer purely collectivist or| | |socialist societies, although totalitarianism still exists in several countries and regions. Many countries are | | |experiencing transitions from more socialist to democratic systems, reflecting related trends discussed in Chapter 1 toward| | |more market-oriented economic systems. | |2. |PRESENT an overview of the legal and regulatory environment in which MNCs operate worldwide, and highlight differences in | | |approach to different legal and regulatory issues in different jurisdictions. | | | | | |The current legal and regulatory environment is both complex and confusing. There are many different laws and regulations | | |to which MNCs doing...
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...has always been and will be the subject of heated discussions among economists, sociologists and political scientists. This issue is not only an ideological one, but also of significant importance for the state functioning. It is undisputable that the implementation of particular tasks by the state turns out indispensable for the functioning of society, however, in terms of market existence the underlying advantages, to be discussed below, are much less favorable. The classification of social regulations In the course of the recent 50 years the decrease of economic regulations is quite noticeable while the social ones present an increasing tendency and have been gaining significance after the Second World War. New government institutions have been established and keep preparing an increasing number of regulations referring to social issues. This trend is present both in USA and in the EU countries. As opposed to economic regulations, which refer to market and economic variables, social regulations are focused on the influence of companies and the market on workers, clients and citizens. These regulations are mainly related to the following spheres: * employment, i.e. the protection of employees against discrimination, ensuring labor safety, proper working conditions, possibilities for promotion, appropriate remuneration for work, social security costs, social benefits, annuities and pensions (e.g. in USA OSHA, EEOC). * consumer protection against the threats resulting...
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...Chapter 18 The federal government regulates labels, warranties, and consumer products. Without government regulation, what abuses are likely to occur? The abuses that are likely to occur without government regulation are more illnesses, deaths and allergic reactions from not knowing what is in the product. If companies were not regulated by the government then you would have mislabeling. By this I mean you could have items that are marked low fat or low sodium when that is not the case. They would not have to include whether or not it was made with or surrounding peanuts and we all know the consequences of that. Having the government regulate labels, warranties and consumer products is very beneficial to the consumers as they are able to make more educated decisions by knowing what they are selecting. Chapter 23 Compare the minimum contacts test, as it is applied to the bricks-and-mortar activity of businesses, to their cyberspace activity. If you were a small business, seeking to sell to customers located in other states, what are some things you could do to avoid having states where these customers live require you to collect sales tax? Some of the things you could do to avoid having to pay taxes to states where the customers live is by not receiving the benefits from that state. You could also use mail-order catalog sales. If the business only sends the catalog to residents of a particular state that is not sufficient enough to subject the company to...
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...the Financial Sector Within the UK. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Introduction The international financial crisis has drawn an international attention in financial regulation and policies made by governments have become increasingly prominent. In particular, strengthening financial regulation in London as an international financial centre requires huge efforts. London has been able to an international financial centre continuously, mainly due to a large number talent are familiar with the financial industry London has a unique advantage in language and location (Re, 2005). In addition to banking sectors, insurance, trust, securities and asset management business also developed. However DeMartino (2000) highlighted the current global economic depression and international financial crisis, along with UK Treasury published paper “The reform of the financial markets” referred to as “the worst crisis in 60 years”. In contrast, Frieden (2000) described the analysis of the causes of the British government's international financial crisis, and make policy recommendations on how to strengthen financial regulation. UK Financial Regulation Authorities According to Green (2011) Britain's “2009 Banking Act” was taken effect in which compared with the previous various banking laws, this law shows characteristics such as authorizing the Bank of England more responsibilities and authorities in...
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...opportunities facing the UK agriculture and horticulture industry through a PESTLE analysis. (Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legislative and Environmental). Given that the six commodity sectors we work with are affected by the factors listed below to varying extents, we provide a brief description of the impact in the short-term and long-term. This PESTLE analysis is a planning tool (at a single point in time) and occasionally significant changes can occur quickly which will result in changes to the activities of AHDB, even though the PESTLE has not been formally reviewed. 1 Impact Short-Term within 3 years Impact Long-Term 3-20 years Implication for meeting the objectives of AHDB Political “GREEN GOVERNMENT” Green Government/Climate Change Mitigation will seek reduction in GHG emissions The Coalition Government has stated it wishes to be the greenest Government ever. Government sees economic opportunity for the UK from the development of new markets for low emission products and services supported by investment in innovation. The 2008 Climate Change Act requires GHG emission reductions of 80% by 2050 and the UK Government and devolved administrations continue to review how this will be achieved and over what timescale. A Voluntary Action Plan (GHGAP) to achieve GHG...
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...Branson, the Virgin Group has gone on to grow successful businesses in sectors ranging from mobile telephony, travel, financial services, leisure, music, holidays and health & wellness. Virgin employs more than 50,000 people around the world, operating in over 50 countries. Global branded revenues of £15bn ($24bn) in 2013.(Virgin.com) Sainsbury PLC Sainsbury was founded 1869 by john James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann Sainsbury in London and since has become one of the largest retailers in united kingdom. Sainsbury’s is a public limited company and listed in London stock exchange where its shares are traded publicly. Today Sainsbury’s operates over 1,203 supermarkets and conveniences stores and employs around 161,000 staffs. It has a market share of 16.8% of retail sector. Last year it made pre-tax profit of £798m.(sainsburys.com) McDonalds McDonalds corporation is public limited company. Since its founding in 1948, McDonald's has grown from a family burger stand to a global fast-food behemoth, with more than 30,000 locations in 118 countries. McDonalds is popular for big mac burgers all over the wold.it offers business franchise to increase its presence all over the globe. National Health Services (NHS) Since its launched in 1948, the NHS has grown to become the world’s largest publicly funded health services.it remains one of the most efficient and comprehensive health services. The NHS was born out of a long-held ideal that good healthcare should be available to all, regardless...
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...despite a global economic downturn. But with patent expiries, stricter regulations, and U.S. healthcare reforms, the pharmaceutical industry is increasingly under pressure to maintain its steady revenue flow. With the patent cliff looming through 2014, many pharmaceutical companies are restructuring to reestablish their industry dominance. They are reinventing themselves through mergers and acquisitions, or are signing licensing deals in order to survive. Real Publishing presents a study of key pharma industry trends. This report offers an analysis of the impact of those trends, and reforms and regulations, particularly in the U.S. and the EU. Key Trends Explored: - Generic drug manufacturers are gearing up to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the many patent expiries - What trends are impacting the leading generic drug manufacturers such as Teva, Sandoz, and others - What government regulations and policies will effect pharma company bottomlines in 2012 and beyond? - How are pharma companies using mergers and acquisitions to maintain a competitive edge? - What is the state of the current global pharmaceutical industry and where is it growing? - Pharmerging countries contribute approximately half of growth, with China as third-largest market Global Pharma Industry Trends Examined: - Challenge of Patent Expiries - Challenges Facing the Generic Market - Cost-savings with Generics - Enforcing Prescription by INN - Providing...
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...3.1: Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses? How market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of Ollo: Firms’ pricing and output decisions depend onbarriers to entry and the behaviour of competitors.The actions of one’s competitors can easily influence the behaviour of afirm.This is proper for an oligopolistic industry whereby firms display mutual interdependence.Ollo is an oligopolistic business with Banglalion & Qubee as their major competitors.If Ollo sets a price higher than that charged by others, the company can expect to lose a lotof sales.Moreover, there are some barriers of entry Ollo must consider before expanding theirbusiness.Barriers to entry are obstacles that deter new firms from entering a market to compete withthe existing firms. They give firms a degree of market power such that decisions can bemade by existing firms without risking their market share.The most common types of barriers to entry are as follows: 1. Availability of key resources. 2. Government restrictions & legal barriers. 3. Exclusive rights & patents. 4. Initial capital cost. We must keep in mind that, the degree of barriers of entry can determine firms ‘pricing decisions. The wireless industry requires a big sum of capital and it uses mobile data network as its main resource.Ollo had to put down a lot of money just to enter this market still they must consider thefact that their competitor Banglalion...
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...ALWAYS LEARNING B401 Assignment Business Environment PROFESSOR: Apoorva Chaudhry th SUBMISSION DATE: 4 May 2016 15100150 PEARSON COLLEGE LONDON BUSINESS & ENTERPRISE STUDENT – LEVEL 4 B401: Business Environment 15100150 Level 4 ALWAYS LEARNING 2 PEARSON B401: Business Environment 15100150 Level 4 B401 – Assignment ..................................................................................................................... 5 business environment .......................................................................................................................... 5 Task 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 5 part 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Part 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Part 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 TASK 2 - Power Point Slides’ notes ..................................................................................................... 9 TASK 3 ..............................................................................................
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...and internal environment. Internal environment includes of 5 M’s like management, money, machinery, material and man. On the other hand, External environment consists of demo-graphical factors, socio-cultural factors, political factors, geo-physical factors, government and legal factors. 5. Understand the organizational purpose of business 1.1 Identify the purpose of different types of organizations There are different types of organizations and mainly all kinds of organizations are divided in three sectors: public sectors, private sectors and voluntary sector organizations. The purposes of those organizations are not same. Public sector is owned and run by the government for the people. People pay taxes to the government and this money is used to finance most of the public sectors. The main purposes of public sectors organizations are to provide essential public services and to use resources well for the benefit of the community. Private sector businesses are owned and run by private individuals. Examples of private sector businesses are franchises, companies (private and public), partnership and sole traders. Purposes of private sector organizations are making profit, growing their business, increasing market share and maximize sales. Voluntary groups are not owned by any...
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