...INT1 Task 1 Western Governors University We all easily recognize beer and wine and many of us consume these products in a responsible manner. What most people don’t recognize is the science that goes into the making of adult, alcoholic beverages and the history of the ‘behind the scenes’ science that goes into making these products. Scientific knowledge grows at an exponential rate, and nowhere is this more evident than in the historical milestones of chemistry and biology that have shaped our understanding of the microorganisms that cause fermentation. The most important microorganism involved in brewing is yeast and yeast has been integral to pioneering work in the fields of metabolism and eznymology (Chambers & Pretorius, 2010). What we’ve learned and now understand about yeast: For several millennia man has used yeast for baking bread and making alcoholic beverages although before the microscope these people did not understand what yeast was or why it worked. In 1857 Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation was cause by living organisms, in this case the organisms were yeast (http://exploreyeast.com). Through Pasteur proving that yeast was a living organism mankind began to understand the carbon dioxide emitted by the yeast caused dough to rise. Pasteur proved that chemical reactions of yeast and sugar caused the formation of alcohol (http://allaboutscience.org/louis-pasteur-faq.htm). Through genetic modification, yeast used to make wine can now be engineered to...
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...Global Warming and Hurricane Katrina INT 1- Task 1 What is Global Warming? — Global Warming is the rise in temperatures we are currently experiencing on this planet. It is projected to continue with devastating effects on the environment. — Since 1880 the average temperature around the world has risen 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. (NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies) — The 1980’s and 1990’s were the hottest decades in the last 400 according to a number of climate studies — The beginning of the Industrial Age marked the beginning of the phenomenon. — Fossil Fuels and other industrial bi-products are to blame (National Geographic News, 2007) What causes Global Warming? — The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process where the atmosphere traps the energy of the Sun in order to heat the earth to livable conditions. — Without this process the planet would be too cold to inhabit — The process has been amplified by the increase in Greenhouse gases — Greenhouse Gases — Greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and others — They are collecting in the troposphere (the layer of our atmosphere where weather occurs) due to: — The burning of fossil fuels such coal and oil in our homes, cars and industries — Deforestation is causing a decrease in oxygen which will increase carbon dioxide — Human made chlorofluorocarbons in aerosols make an impact as well because of the chlorine they release into the atmosphere ...
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...Since the Greek era, scientists have been studying and attempting to determine the structure of an atom. As technology has advanced, several distinct models of the atom were developed allowing scientists to determine the characteristics of the atom and how atoms interact with one another. Approximately 2000 years after Democritus first introduced the atom, John Dalton placed the atom as “solid foothold as a fundamental chemical object.” (De Leon, N.). 1803 – John Dalton proposed a modern theory of the atom Dalton’s Atomic Theory states in general: Matter is composed of atoms. Atoms cannot be divided or destroyed. Each element is composed of identical atoms. Atoms create a chemical reaction when they are rearranged. Physicist Joseph John (J.J.) Thomson discovered the electron after conducting experiments using a highvacuum cathode-ray tube to study electrical discharge. 1904 – “Thomson suggested a model of the atom as a sphere of positive matter in which electrons are positioned by electrostatic forces.” (Joseph John Thomson). 1913 – Niels Bohr introduced the model showing the electrons traveling in orbit around the nucleus of an atom. Bohr’s theory stating that photons are emitted when an electron drops from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one is the basis for quantum theory. Bohr’s model “is still commonly used and taught today as an educational simplification.” (Niels Bohr). On April 20, 2010 an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil...
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...INT1 Task 3 Page 2 Project Design Plan This experiment asks the question, “What paper towel is more absorbent for the price per sheet?” Will the more costly paper towels absorb a bigger spill therefore giving the consumer reasoning on buying the higher priced paper towel? This experiment will examine the absorbency of three different brands of paper towels and then compare the results to the price of the product to find the absorbency value. First, we will purchase one roll from three different brands of paper towels from the same store at retail price. It’s important to purchase the products at full cost or note what the normal price is from the same store since different stores may have different prices. Different brands of paper towel rolls come with different amounts of sheets as well as sizes, so it will be important to have all the sample sizes the same for accurate results. The results will be drawn up after the controlled experiment is finished. The experiment will consist of taking an individual sheet from each brand of paper towel and spread it over a container and using a medicine dropper or eye dropper filled with water, squeeze drops onto the paper towel one at a time until the water starts to leak into the container below. Each drop will be counted up to the point where the water leaks into the container. This will be done three times with each brand...
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...6/20/13 Out.OM1a What's in and what's not in GDP? Definition: GDP is defined as: the market value of currently produced, final goods and services produced annually within a country's borders. It turns out that nearly each term in this definition is there for a reason and that if we look briefly at each of the terms we will have a better sense of what GDP is - and what it is not. First, however, let's fast forward and acknowledge that GDP is NOT a measure of economic well-being - a point first made by Kuznets who developed the national income accounts, and more recently presented by Cobb, Halstead, and Rowe in their 1995 Atlantic Monthly article: "If GDP is UP, Why is America Down?" Now let's look at the individual terms and see where this divergence comes into play. GDP is the market value ... Market price is the common denominator for the tons of steel, bushels of apples, or gallons of wine produced in an economy. GDP is simply the weighted sum of output from all sectors of the economy, where output is valued at market prices. The rationale for this approach is that the market prices reflect what individuals pay for these goods and services, and thus prices must reflect how people value them. If you pay $16 for a CD, then it must be worth $16 to you, and thus the market value can be viewed as a measure of value created. If 10 CDs are produced and sold at a price of $16, then $160 worth of value has been created. Because of the nature of the GDP calculations, natural disaster...
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...you are totally new to 8051 microcontroller I recommend you to read the “8051 Tutorial” available at: https://sites.google.com/site/enggprojectece/my-reading-list It has also been presumed that the reader has at least the beginner level knowledge of computer programming in C language (user defined functions, data types, header files, loops and the flow of a C program). In this tutorial first an introduction to Embedded C is given. A few examples are shown. Then the implementation of timer and interrupt are discussed. (All programs shown here are compiled and executed using Keil µVision 3) Pin Diagram of 8051 (please note the pins used for external interrupts – INT0 & INT1, Serial Port Transmitter – TxD, Serial Port Receiver – RxD, Counter input for Timer-0 – T0 and Counter input for Timer-1 – T1) Embedded C The syntax of embedded C is the same as the C language that we use for writing computer programs. The only difference is the libraries and hence the functions. Particularly for 8051 based microcontrollers, the header file <REGX51.H> has to be added. In this header file the addresses of all the special function registers (SFRs) and other memory locations are defined. Hence we can access an SFR by simply writing its name. We don’t need to use the registers of the programming model (A, B, R0, R1, R2, …, R7)...
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...INT1: TASK 1 The Chernobyl Disaster The Chernobyl disaster occurred on 26 April 1984 in what was known as Ukrainian SSR. “Reactor Four” was hit with a catastrophic power surge that caused the core to explode. This disaster is considered to the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. Only two nuclear accidents have reached the level 7 classification, the Chernobyl Disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi Disaster in 2011. Belarus suffered the worst of the fallout, receiving about 60% or the radiation. Understanding The first nuclear reactor was put into commercial use in Russia on June 26, 1954. Nuclear power plants are identified as Generation I, II, III+, and IV with Gen I being the earliest developments, and Gen IV being current generations. Gen I power plants are referred to as “prototypes” and were developed mainly to show proof that the concept could be achieved. Gen II reactors were made in the 1960’s and are commercial class designed to be economical and reliable lasting up to 40 years. Some examples of Gen II reactors are pressurized water reactors (PWR), boiling water reactors (BWR), and Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reactors (VVER) Gen III reactors are basically Gen II reactors with state-of-the-art improvements in terms of fuel technology, thermal efficiency, construction, and safety systems. The Gen III reactors have an operational life span of about 60 years. Gen III+ reactors are based off Gen III designs...
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...INT1 Task 3 Amber Leverett Student ID# 000310556 000310556000310556 How does volume affect boiling time in water? By Amber N Leverett Project Design Plan With boiling water being a part of most everyday life, the time it takes to boil a certain volume is information that just about everyone wants to know. Most people believe that if you double the volume of water, you will also double the time it takes it to come to a rolling boil. Let’s see just how true that is. How does the volume of water affect how long it takes to come to a rolling boil? Literature Review According to whatscookingmerica.net, there are many things that could affect the boiling point of water. A few of them include; salt, hard water, and different sized pans. By adding salt to your water, you will minimize the amount of time it will take to boil that pot of water (Stradley, 2004). If you have hard water, the pot of water will come to a boil at a higher temperature (Stradley, 2004). Using different sized pots to boil water will cause the water to come to a boil at different temperatures. A tall, narrow pot will boil at a higher temperature than a short, wide pot due to the water in the tall pot being under greater pressure (Stradley, 2004). In the science fair project, the experimenter was researching what affects the boiling point of water (2014). He/she used four different types of variables to test the hypothesis. The variables were different amounts of water, different types of heating devices...
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...AND SENSORS LCD and Keyboard Interfacing 8051 Interfacing with 8255 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C Mazidi, Mazidi and McKinlay Chung-Ping Young 楊中平 Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN OUTLINES Numbering and coding systems Digital primer Inside the computer HANEL Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 2 NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Decimal and Binary Number Systems Human beings use base 10 (decimal) arithmetic There are 10 distinct symbols, 0, 1, 2, …, 9 Computers use base 2 (binary) system There are only 0 and 1 These two binary digits are commonly referred to as bits HANEL Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 3 NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Converting from Decimal to Binary Divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly Keep track of the remainders Continue this process until the quotient becomes zero Write the remainders in reverse order to obtain the binary number Ex. Convert 2510 to binary Quotient Remainder...
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...Scientific Concepts, Theories, & Inquiry By: Virginia Ruvalcaba Date: 11/13/2015 Assessment: INT1 Task 1 Solar System • At one point in history people • Through out history our believed the Earth was the understanding of the universe center of the solar system, has greatly evolved. Our creating a Geocentric understanding of the universe universe, meaning that has changed so much because everything else in the universe people were not afraid to ask orbited around the Earth. the big questions. (Rodriguez, “Planet Quest Historic Timeline”) Geocentric Theory • Ptolemy, a Greek philosopher is most commonly credited with the Geocentric Theory. (“Our Solar System-Revolutionary Ideas”) • Argued that the universe revolved around the Earth. • Ancient astronomers believed the Earth was motionless they believed the stars, moon and sun rotated around the Earth in a circular movement. (“Our Solar System-Revolutionary Ideas”) • This theory was accepted for the next 1200 years. Until Nicolaus Copernicus suggested the universe was really heliocentric. Corpernican Model • In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish scholar, suggested the universe did not revolve around the Earth, but rather, the center of the universe was The Sun, and all the other planets orbited around it. (Rodriguez, “Planet Quest Historic Timeline”) • His idea, however controversial in that time period, was the...
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...INT1 Task 3 Example Does More Sugar Make Lemon Sauce Runny? By N. Shane Cutler Project Design Plan Cornstarch is a common thickening agent in cooking. Plant starch is made of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. When heated in a water-based solution, the starch molecules can unwind and then form new hydrogen bonds with other starch molecules, making a network of long molecular filaments that can hold water molecules in a gel (Holmes, 2012). The Argo Cornstarch website warns that too much sugar can interfere with thickening (Argo, 2012). Literature Review There are many different ways to thicken liquids and thickening liquids has many applications. Many experiments have been done to test different thickening methods. GVSoapCo tested 4 different substances to thicken homemade liquid hand soap: Xanthan Gum, Borax, Salt or Crothix. This experiment used the same soap recipe, substituting the different thickening agents. The experimenter then tested the thickness or runniness of the finished soap by spooning it up and drizzling it. This showed that the Crothix thickener made the thickest, smoothest soap, whereas the salt made the thinnest, runniest soap. While the spooning method was effective at showing the qualitative difference the thickening agent made, it didn’t produce quantitative measurements of the relative thickness (GVSoapCo, 2013). Foy compared low sugar pectin with traditional pectin in making grape jelly. She reported that the traditional pectin made firmer jelly than...
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...INT1 Task 3 Task 3 Topic: How do different levels of salt water affect magnet strength? Candyce Eckert Western Governors University WGU Student ID: 000431193 PROJECT DESIGN PLAN There will be a total of five 500 ml water samples that are at 75°F and that will have different amounts of salt ranging from 0 ml, 25 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml, 400 ml that will be mixed in a glass container with a one inch high marking noted on the side. Fifteen magnetic paper clips will be laid on the bottom of the container after the solution is mixed. A magnet will then be submersed into the salt solution to the one inch high marking dictated on the side for thirty seconds allowing for the magnet to attract the paper clips. The magnet and subsequent paper clips that it draws will be taken out of the solution, counted, and then recorded. These steps will be repeated until all five salt water solutions are tested. Each of the five solutions will be tested three times in order to deduce the average and ensure reliability of said testing. The greater the number of paper clips picked up deducts greater magnetism. LITERATURE REVIEW In an article written by Richards, Johnson, and Nyeggen (2015), a group of students grappled with the question, “Will Magnets Work Underwater?” some thinking that the water would block the magnetic attraction. They were disproved when magnets still had attraction underneath the water. The students further questioned the attraction...
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...INT1 Task 3 Does the salinity of water effect the amount of time it takes to boil? Project Design Plan The normal boiling point of water is 100°C (Bodner research Web, n.d.). Salt is considered to be a non-volatile soluble substance and in turn is supposed to increase the temperature at which the water boils Southwest Research institute, 2014). Chefs have thought for ages that adding salt to water would increase the boiling time. A higher boiling temperature should increase boiling times although displacing water with salt reduces the volume of water to boil. Literature Review The boiling point of a liquid is the point at which the liquid transition to a gas. Once the boiling point is reached the temperature remains constant until all of the liquid has changed state to a gas (Bodner Research Web, n.d). Salt water has a higher boiling point than plain water. It takes less energy to increase the temperature of salt water by 1°C than it does for regular water. The heat capacity of dissolved salt is almost zero so displacing regular water with salt water lowers the amount of time to heat the same capacities of water because of the displaced water volume by the salt (Southwest Research Institute, 2014). There have been many experiments on the subject of salt water and boiling times. Typically these experiments have been incorrectly done as simply adding salt to identical volumes of water has almost zero effect on the boiling times or temperature. The correct way to...
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...INT1 Task 3 The Popcorn Experiment Skye McDonald-George Project Plan and Problem Statement In this project I will be testing whether or not popcorn yields a higher percentage of popped kernels when frozen. This is relevant because most people would like to get the best value out of items they purchased and this may demonstrate one way to do that. I will be freezing multiple bags of popcorn and then popping both frozen and unfrozen bags in the microwave. Finally I will count the popped and unpopped kernels to determine the percentages for both variables and if there is a difference. Literature Review Through my research I did not find any other experiments like my own. I did, however, find two other popcorn experiments that helped me decide on my experimental plan. In both articles, the experimenters were trying to decide which brand of popcorn produced the lowest yield of unpopped popcorn. The Popcorn and College Students describes any broken kernel as popped and any intact kernels as unpopped (Saum, DeLap, Skinner, & Galli, 2003). Tammie Mason’s experiment however gives much more concise direction and describes the mathematics she used to obtain the data (Mason, 2011). Both experiments use the method of counting the kernels to determine a percentage (Mason, 2011) (Saum, DeLap, Skinner, & Galli, 2003). This is the method I will use for my experiment. Experimental Design Steps 1. Place 3 bags of popcorn in freezer. 2. Leave bags of popcorn in freezer...
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...| | | | | Ice Melting Experiment and Analysis | INT1 Natural Science Task 3 | Ice Melting Experiment and Analysis ------------------------------------------------- Objective The objective of this experiment is to test the melting point of ice against different variables. I will use a control of ice against air and test this next to ice in water, sugar on ice, salt on ice and Baking Soda on ice. By measuring the melting time of each element on an ice cube I will be able to tell which element affects ice’s melting properties at what rate. Everyday we use chemical mixtures to melt ice that affects our roadways. A lot of these chemical mixtures are harmful to our waterways, and can pollute the environment. I believe its important to look for alternatives that can both help our roads from freezing in the winter while being kind to the environment. Industry Literature Review There are many different chemicals used in commercial ice melters that are made for our roads. Commercial companies tend to test for what elements melt ice the fastest, thus, producing a “best working” product. It is the pressure from consumers that encourages companies to test for possible harmful effects on the environment by these products, and what is most environmentally friendly. Ossain Inc. serves customers word wide with products designed around different needs for the type of ice melter needed. Their opinion on the ice melting industry is that the majority of ice melting...
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