...Mandle, 2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) believes health promotion allows health to be a resource and not the objective of living (WHO, 2012). This paper will review the purpose of health promotion as related to nursing practice, and how nursing roles and responsibilities have evolved in regards to health promotion and implementation on the prevention, management and long term maintenance and rehabilitation on Stroke patients, including preventing education to the public and communities, on a primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention level (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). A stroke is caused by the disruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually related to a blood vessel ruptures or blocked by a clot, as define by World Health Organization. The blockage of oxygen and nutrients to the brain’s tissues can cause permanent damage to the brain tissue. Warning signs of stroke are, sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg, most often on one side of the body. Other symptoms include: confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech; difficulty seeing with one or both eyes; walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination; severe headache with no known cause; fainting or unconsciousness. The effects of a stroke depend on which part of the brain is injured and how severely it is affected. A very severe stroke can cause sudden death (WHO 2012). Scientists outline health promotion as the course of action taken to enable individuals to have control over their health...
Words: 1663 - Pages: 7
...Acupuncture research in Cerebrovascular Accident induced hemiplegia. By Introduction to Cerebrovascular Accident and Hemiplegia Cerebrovascular Accident also known as stroke can broadly be described as an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Without blood the brain cells are staved of oxygen, and can begin to die within minutes if the blood supply is completely cut off. It is this cellular death which has the greatest influence on the sequelae or after math of the stroke. Hemiplegia is the most common sequelae of stroke, this medical condition characterised by paralyses of one side of the body. It is similar to, but should not be confused with hemiparesis which is when one side of the body is weak but still mobile. While the leading cause of hemiplegia is a Cerebrovascular Accident, it is not the only cause, other neural conditions such as a unilateral pyramidal (UMN) lesion may also cause hemiplegia. It is difficult to discuss Hemiplegia without also discussing Stroke, similar to cause and effect, if stroke is the cause then hemiplegia is effect. A sudden stroke can be deadly, and how well someone recovers or if they recover depends largely on how fast they receive treatment. In Australia the most popular method for identifying stroke is the FAST test: * Face – Check their face. Has their mouth dropped? * Arms – Can they lift both arms? * Speech – Is their speech slurred? Do they understand you? * Time – Time is critical. If you see any of these...
Words: 7532 - Pages: 31
...The Use of Music Therapy on Stroke Victims When normal blood flow to the brain fails, a stroke occurs, there are more than 780,000 strokes every year in the United States causing more serious long-term disabilities than any other disease that number is expected to increase in the coming years. (Know Stroke). While preventing strokes is obviously a goal, the development of successful rehabilitation strategies is equally important. Music therapy has shown promise as a way to help stroke victims recover a variety of lost functionality. In this paper I will be describing the beneficial effects that music has on stroke victims. There are two main types of stroke ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke occurs when blood vessels are blocked, usually by a clot. This accounts for four in five strokes. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a broken or leaking blood vessel in the brain (NIH). The effects of a stroke vary by its type, severity and location within the brain. A stroke may affect only one side of the body or part of one side. It can cause cognitive deficits, muscle weakness or paralysis. A stroke in the right half of the brain can cause visuospatial issues, impaired judgment and behavior, along with short-term memory loss. A stroke in the left half of the brain can cause speech and language problems, slow and cautious behavior, as well as memory problems. A stroke in the cerebellum can cause abnormal reflexes, balance problems, and dizziness, nausea, or vomiting (Office on...
Words: 1649 - Pages: 7
...Running head: HEALTH PROMOTION Health Promotion: Reduction of Stroke Deaths Jeffrey M. Heist Indiana State University Introduction The development of health care policy in the United States has historically, been based on the fact that clinicians were responsible to treat primary illness rather than the promotion of health as it related to personal health behaviors (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, 2011). This paper will examine the Healthy People 2020 objective HDS-3, Reducing Stroke Deaths (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011), and how the promotion of this objective has progressed since it’s Healthy People 2010, 12-7, predecessor. History The Healthy People initiative was introduced in 1979, by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), in an effort to provide a systematic approach to improving health (Koh, 2010). The plans, known as HP 1990-Promoting Health/Preventing Disease (Centers for Disease Control, 2011), Healthy People 2000, Healthy People 2010 and the current Healthy People 2020 have focused on identifying health priorities and aligning the strategies to effectively implement those strategies. The goals related to each version of the initiative have changed, as have the number of objectives/measures. HP 1990 goals were to decrease mortality in infants and adults and to increase the independence among older adults while the Healthy People 2020 goals were aimed at: ...
Words: 2712 - Pages: 11
...Japan, and a range of translated articles reaches approximately 140,000 (New England Journal of Medicine.org, 2006). The NORVIT study was designed as a randomized, controlled, double-blind, intervention study. It included 3,749 men and women who had suffered and acute myocardial infarction within the last 7 days. The rationale behind the study was that high homocysteine levels are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Bonaa et al, 2006). The aim was to measure how effective lowering blood serum homocysteine levels with B vitamins was in preventing a secondary event. A collaborative meta-analysis published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, states that homocysteine levels are an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease and that studies on disease risk of genetic variants affecting homocysteine may help establish whether homocysteine is causally linked to vascular disease (2002: cited by Bonaa et al, 2006). The meta-analysis suggests that a large randomized trial of vitamin supplementation to lower homocysteine levels and the effect on heart disease should be carried out (The Journal of the American Medical Association 2002: cited by Bonaa et al, 2006). Looking at a study by in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which looked at the lowest dose of folic acid associated with the maximum reduction in homocysteine concentrations...
Words: 3026 - Pages: 13
...striding toward his office at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston; he nearly collided with Lee Schwamm, MD. Knowing that Dr. Schwamm’s overfull schedule as Vice Chairman of Neurology and Director of Acute Stroke and TeleStroke Services meant he had little time to chat, Farrell used the near-collision as an opportunity to quickly mention a recent conversation with a nurse from Falmouth Hospital on Cape Cod. An active participant in the TeleStroke service, Falmouth Hospital was regularly honored for its adherence to best practices in stroke care. “Recently some Falmouth nurses asked how we can convince other MGH departments—such as in critical-care pediatrics—to provide similar telemedicine consultation services,” Farrell stated, adding “Their nurse stroke coordinator, Jean Estes, is a huge cheerleader for TeleStroke.” Dr. Schwamm continued moving toward his office as he replied, No tC Shawn, don’t we already have too much to do? I need to see patients, complete the analysis for a study I am working on, submit a grant application. Next week I will speak at an international neurology conference. Telemedicine can certainly be invaluable in many clinical domains, but there just are not enough hours in the day for us to get involved beyond stroke care. Before entering his office and shutting his door, Dr. Schwamm added one last remark: “We can’t do everything, Shawn—but we can do TeleStroke very well.” Shawn Farrell was not a medical doctor. A graduate...
Words: 9194 - Pages: 37
...The causes of this condition could vary based on the type (MFMER, 2018). For instance, dilated cardiomyopathy might be triggered by the reduced flow of blood to the heart also referred to as ischemic heart disease, leading to damage following a heart attack, some drugs, and toxins. There is also hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where the heart muscle gets unusually thick. Furthermore, there is restrictive cardiomyopathy that makes the heart muscle to be rigid (MFMER, 2018). The other form of heart disease is heart infection, for instance, endocarditis. It is caused in the event an irritant like a bacterium gets to the heart muscle. The last example of heart disease is a valvular disease. It could be genetic or the valves might be affected by a number of conditions including rheumatic fever and connective tissue disorders (MFMER, 2018). With this background information, it would be important to analyze the magnitude of heart disease in the...
Words: 2431 - Pages: 10
...illegal. Marijuana is also known as cannabis. For many years, cannabis has been termed as an illegal drug. Today some countries in the world have legalized marijuana. To be specific, a small amount of cannabis has been legalized in regions such as Europe, South America and North America. In USA, some states such as Washington and Colorado have also legalized the possession and the usage of marijuana for medical reasons. Most countries in the world have great penalties for the usage and possession of cannabis. It should be observed that these penalties range from very simple to severe punishments. The punishment for the small amount of marijuana is not the same as the punishment for the possession of a large amount (Earleywine, 2005). The paper does explain as to why cannabis should be legalized. Lack of evidence The main reason as to why the legalization of marijuana should be lawful is that there is lack of evidence for its legalization. From a philosophical point of view, people have the right to make choices and decision for themselves. Of course, it is the function of the government to limit those choices and decisions if the action that is taken by a person does not affect with the rights of other persons. Persons who choose and decide to use cannabis do so because of their free will. Marijuana should be legalized because for its medicinal values. In addition, it should also be legalized because it is less harmful than alcohol (Calabria B, et al., 320). On the planet...
Words: 1795 - Pages: 8
...Cardiovascular disease also called heart disease includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it can stop the blood flow. This can cause a heart attack or stroke (“What is Cardiovascular Disease (Heart Disease)?”). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the risk factors associated with a previous client that I cared for in the clinical setting and to include rationale and some behaviors that could reduce these risks. The patient that I will be focusing on is a 56 year old female of polish descent whom I will refer to as I.G. She was admitted to UMC with a chief complaint of left knee pain. Her admitting diagnosis was a left distal femur fracture and has a medical history of congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertensive disorder, GERD, and diabetes. She admitted that diabetes runs in her family and she also has a history of smoking and obesity evidenced by her BMI of 32.1. Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is associated with a reduced life span, largely as a result of cardiovascular disease and most patients die as a result of a thrombotic event. Patients with diabetes are at increased risk for CVD. This risk affects women more than men and is influenced by the client’s...
Words: 1669 - Pages: 7
...It is a win-win situation. Not so fast. Drinking excessive amounts of diet soda may increase the risk of disease; therefore we should drink healthy drinks instead of artificially sweetened beverages. Disease and Health Risks Diet soda is harmful and produces dangerous side effects. Heavy diet drinkers may increase their risk of serious diseases. A new study by US researchers links diet soda to increased risk of vascular events (including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, which is caused by rupture of a weakened blood vessel), though reasons are still unclear. The scientists said people who drank diet soda every day had a 61 per cent higher risk of vascular events than those who did not. Does this mean that there's something in diet sodas that hurts our blood vessels? Nobody knows the answer to that question yet. Investigators say, among other things, caramel, the ingredient that gives diet sodas the dark color, has been linked to vascular issues (India Today, 2011). Although the data and research is still fairly new evidence points to more harmful results rather than healthy. Weight Loss or Gain? Diet sodas will actually make you gain weight rather than lose (Spence, 2004). This is possible...
Words: 865 - Pages: 4
...Disease Process For the purpose of discussion of pathopharmacological features of a specific disease process, this paper will provide information related to heart disease in the form of coronary artery disease (CAD). A1. Pathophysiology Analysis Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and becoming a steadily more investigated problem due to its prevalence. Much research is going into genetic, inflammatory mechanisms and neuro-hormonal factors related to CVD as scientific knowledge evolves regarding complexity of this broad pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of the subsection of CVD called CAD. This is a form of arteriosclerosis where there is progressive thickening and hardening of the vessel walls of the two major coronary arteries and their branches. The thickening is an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the wall of the artery leading to the formation of lesions and plaque buildup (McCance, K. & Huether, S., 2014). When the plaque develops on the coronary artery walls the pumping ability of the heart becomes impaired as oxygen and nutrients needed for heart function may be partially or completely impeded. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches leads to a myocardial infarction (MI) evidenced by impaired myocardial metabolism and ischemic tissue death. Depending upon the location or branch of the artery where occlusion takes place, different regions of the...
Words: 4865 - Pages: 20
...Travis Block Dominic Marino BME 262 – Cell and Tissue Engineering Professor Hani Awad Cellular Therapy for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction: Traumatic brain injuries occur when external forces cause traumatic injury to the brain. They directly affect 1.5 million Americans annually, and annually result in 100,000 cases of life-long impairment with substantial loss of function. Today there are 3.2 million Americans living with long-term disability as a result of brain injury (Congressional Brain Injury Task Force, 2012). It is estimated that 2.5 to 6.5 million individuals live with consequences of TBI (National Institue of Health). In addition to the devastating effects on the families and friends of those injured due to cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral effects; TBIs are also responsible for significant economic cost to society. Annual societal economic impact of TBIs has been estimated at $60 billion. This cost accounts for 29% of the total cost of all injuries in the United States (Max, MacKenzie, & Rice, 1991). Even though the NIH considers the burden of disease when allocating funding, acute treatments for TBI are still limited to attempting to control intracranial pressure and optimizing cerebral perfusion to prevent further edema, inflammation and cell death, and chronic treatment is limited to motor, cognitive, and behavioral rehabilitation (Varmus, 1999). While these treatments are limited...
Words: 2999 - Pages: 12
...Utilization of Continuous Electroencephalography in the Intensive Care Unit TCP1 – Task 2 – Research Paper Patients are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital for a myriad of disease and injury conditions. Critically ill patients often present with a specific serious health issue that needs to be addressed, however, can often evolve to include secondary problems. Secondary cardiac issues develop from a long list of unrelated heart conditions, and as such, all ICU patients today are placed on bedside electrocardiogram (EKG) monitoring. Years of research, advancements in technology, and international implementation of the service has led to bedside EKG being the standard of care for all ICU patients, regardless of the primary diagnosis. The heart is not the only organ that can often have secondary issues. For decades physicians have tracked and noted secondary neurologic changes in their critically ill patients, but lacked research-based evidence on what caused the neurologic change onset, and how best to monitor and watch for those changes. Over the past two decades, a lot of research has been conducted looking into this specific issue. Research now suggests that the use of continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) for patient populations in the ICU is an effective, affordable, valuable, and prognostic diagnostic tool to evaluate cerebral function, detection of epileptic activity, and to monitor neurologic changes. Electroencephalography (EEG) is...
Words: 3720 - Pages: 15
...maintain tissue. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to endothelial damage to the blood vessels. This damage can lead to plaque formation, thus atherosclerosis can ensue (American Heart Association, 2012). Although there are many causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, research has shown that nutritional replacement has helped to lower the level. Folic acid and B vitamins have shown to decrease homocysteine levels and thus help decrease plaque formation. Patients with high levels of homocysteine are instructed to include folic acid and b vitamins in their diet, restrict methionine, and exercise. Homocysteine is an unconventional risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and can also be used as a risk marker (Milani & Lavi, 2008). Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular disease involves all the diseases that affect the heart and vessels. There are many different diseases that affect the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis is one of these diseases. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of soft, fatty and fibrinous deposits in the arterial vessel walls. These deposits later harden with time. This process can later affect the vascular system resulting in ischemic changes (Huether, McCance, Brashers, & Rote, 2008). The pathophysiology behind atherosclerosis begins with injury to the arterial walls. With this injury come inflammation, fibrin formation, lipid deposits, and plaque formation. The...
Words: 1147 - Pages: 5
...Statistics shows that smoking is responsible for approximately 443,000 deaths in America and with about 50,000 being secondary smokers. About 45 million Americans are smokers, an estimated 3,800 youths are introduced to tobacco use daily. America spends about $96 billion in smoking-related ailments and $97 billion on productivity, which shows tragic impact to the economy. Smoking is addictive, and its effects is not limited to individual, but to finances and further poses a challenge to the state. Accordingly, there is a need for people to work towards quitting smoking. This paper discusses the effects of tobacco use, the available methods for regulating tobacco, and other new methods that addicts can use to quit cigarette smoking. How Smoking Becomes Addicting and its Effects on Human Health Cigarette smoke contains a concoction of about 400 chemicals. Most of the chemicals lack profound research by experts. The more these chemicals are understood, the more it will become easier to control tobacco use and its effects. Nicotine is among tobacco chemicals that is popular but often misunderstood. It is a sympathomimetic constituent in tobacco that makes smokers addicted to tobacco. It causes both distasteful mental and physical effects to smokers when they try to withdraw. It also enhances the production of catecholamines, as well as several neurotransmitters that cause cardiovascular ailments, such as hypertension. The drug also accelerates...
Words: 2454 - Pages: 10
