...Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Human Anatomy and Physiology, 12th ed. Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology I. Introduction A. The interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned injuries and illness because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners. B. Primitive people certainly suffered from occasional aches and pains, injuries, bleeding, broken bones, and diseases. C. Before agriculture, infectious diseases did not spread easily because isolated bands of people had little contact with each other. D. With agriculture, humans became susceptible to worm diseases because excrement was used in fertilizers and less reliance was placed on wild plants that offered their protective substances. E. With urbanization, humans became more susceptible to infectious diseases and malnutrition. F. Tooth decay was lowest among hunter-gathers and highest among city residents. G. Preserved bones from children can reflect malnutrition because when a child starves or suffers from severe infection, the ends of the bones stop growing. When health returns, growth resumes, but leaves behind areas of dense bone. H. At first healers had to rely on superstitions and notions about magic. I. The forerunners of modern drugs were herbs and potions. J. Early medical providers developed the language of anatomy and physiology from Greek and Latin. II. Anatomy and Physiology ...
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...In the nasal cavity, there are three little bumps. Now those three little lumps are called the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses. If you remember back to API when you studied the skull and you looked inside of the nasal cavity, there were three little bones on the left and right of the perpendicular plate of ethmoid. And those were the superior, middle, and inferior conchae. So those little lumps you're looking at are the conchae that you learned about before, but they're just covered with tissue. So in this instance, we're calling them meatuses. And the job of those meatuses is to almost act as though they're speed bumps. So as soon as you sucked the air in through our nostrils, the air will get caught around the meatuses. It slows the air flow down. And when it slowed the air flow down, it will allow time for the nasal cavity to filter and humidify the incoming air. Because the air in our environment is much drier than the inside of our body. So when we breathe air in, if we didn't humidify a little bit, it would potentially dry out our nasal passages. So as soon as we breathe the air in, the nasal cavity will moisten it up, filter it, and then send it down to the deeper parts of the respiratory tract. So again, those meatuses act as sped bumps. They're going to kick up turbulence in the air to sallow us to filter and humidify better. And we know that the air we take in is humidified because if breathed into your hand. And next we have the hard and soft palate, which...
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...Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus 1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual Gland 3. Submandibular Gland 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Duodenum 7. Pancreas 8. Hepatic Flexure 9. Ascending Colon 10. Ileum 11. Cecum 12. Appendix 13. Sigmoid Flexure 14. Anus 15. Rectum 16. Sigmoid Colon 17. Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus The Digestive Pathway Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth from the moment that a food bolus enters the oral cavity. Mastication, the mechanical breakdown of the food bolus by chewing occurs here. Chemical Digestion begins when the Salivary Glands (Parotid, Sublingual and Submandibular Glands) release saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. After bolus has been broken down adequately, swallowing occurs. The food bolus will move through the pharynx and enter the esophagus continuing its journey via peristalsis (rhythmic contractions of the muscle layers) until it passes through the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach. NOTE: The Esophagus is located posterior to the trachea. The Esophageal sphincter normally remains closed, preventing reflux of stomach contents. The stomach is divided into anatomical regions: Cardia (entrance), Fundus, Body and Antrum (terminal portion that leads to pyloric...
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...School of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences SEMESTER: 2 INTAKE: JANUARY 2012 NBNS3504 COURSE: BACHELOR OF NURSING SCIENCE WITH HONOURS COURSE TITLE: RENAL NURSING CONTENTS NO | TITLE | PAGES | 1 | INTRODUCTION * URINARY SYSTEM * WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? | 3 | 2 | RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY * HEAMODIALYSIS * PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 4 - 7 | 3 | RENAL TRANSPLANTATION * TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE * TISSUE TYPING * CONTRAINDICATION OF TRANSPLANTATION * TYPES OF TRANSPLANT * DONOR WORK UP * RECIPIENT WORK UP | 8 - 14 | 4 | PRE OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 14 - 15 | 5 | INTRA OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 | 6 | POST OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 - 17 | 7 | COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 17 - 18 | 8 | NURSING PROCESS | 18 - 21 | 9 | HEALTH EDUCATION FOR PATIENT | 22 | 10 | CONCLUSION | 23 | 11 | REFERENCES | 24 | INTRODUCTION URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure. * Help make red blood cell. ...
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...1 Learning objectives By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe the mechanism of feeding State and explain four stages of food processing including hormonal control. Differentiate the variation in vertebrate digestive system. 2 Main feeding mechanisms Suspension feeders Substrate feeders Fluid feeders Bulk feeders Main feeding mechanisms Suspension feeder/ filter feeders Sieve small food particles from water E.g : whales, clams and flamingos 4 Main feeding mechanisms Substrate feeders Animals that live in/on their food source Eat their way through the food E.g : earthworms and termites 5 Main feeding mechanisms Fluid feeders Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host E.g : mosquito, aphids 6 Main feeding mechanisms Bulk feeders Eat relatively large pieces of food (swallow altogether) Spend a long time to digest their food E.g : snake 7 8 Mouth Esophagus Stomach Large intestine Rectum Anus Tongue Glands in mouth that make saliva Pancreas Liver Gallbladder 9 The mammalian digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts Mammalian accessory glands are the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder 10 Stages of Food Processing Ingestion is the act of eating Digestion is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb ...
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...Chapter 40 4 main categories of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. I. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple...
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t...
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... I am sure that everyone is aware or heard of the harmful effects of smoking. So why do you continue to do it? Why did you ever start? There are multiple reasons why you should not smoke. Three major reasons are the effect on your health, others health and the cost. The most important reason you should not smoke is the effect that it has on your health and the health of others. Smoking affects your body in so many different ways. Though the negative effects may not be noted in the beginning, but it will follow in the future. Smoking causes diseases such as cancer of not only the lung, but bladder, throat, liver, oral cancers, emphysema, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease, heart disease and is also linked to diabetes. It also causes dental cavities, gum disease, bad breath and makes your skin look old very quickly. The second reason you should not smoke is the costs. Costs of cigarettes have risen drastically of the past decade. A pack of cigarettes costs on average range from five to ten dollars per pack. Due to the increase in taxes, that is so much money just thrown down the drain. Don’t you think? Think about that new car, new clothes, vacations and so forth you could have bought with all the money thrown away on a pack of cigarettes. If you put that five or ten dollars in a jar every time you want to by a pack of cigarettes in just a month’s time you could save anywhere from eighty to one hundred and sixty dollars...
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...vessels + tissues * (Additional functions: Smell, Speech) CONDUCTING VS. RESPIRATORY ZONES * Conducting: Passages for air to flow through (everything except those structures that involve gas exchange, no exchange across the wall, just moves air in and out) * Cleanse, humidify and warm the air as it moves through these passages * Respiratory: Gas exchange function NASAL CAVITY * High blood supply * Warms air * Mucous membran * Moistens air * Immunity (mucus, lysozyme, antibodies) * Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium (it moves things, like dirty mucous and mucous traps things so that you can either swallow it or blow it out of your nose) * Moves contaminated mucus toward throat * Hair * Filter air * Olfactory receptors * Smell * Contributes to speech sounds PHARYNX * Funnel-shaped tube that connects to the: * Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly * Larynx and esophagus inferiorly * Food and/or air passageway * Divided into 3 regions * Nasopharynx (next to the nasal cavity, ONLY EXPOSED TO AIR) * Air only: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium * Auditory tube (connected to middle ear, also called the pharyngotympanic tube which allows equalization of pressure on the outside and inside of the ear) * Tonsils (pharyngeal) – lymphatic tissue, the location allows for exposure to pathogens...
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...University of Phoenix Material Body Systems and Diseases Complete the table below for the required systems listed. You are required to list four to six of the main organs of each body system, one or two sentences explaining the function of the system itself in your own words, and a short list of five to six major diseases that afflict each system. This assignment is due in Week One. |System |Organs in the System |Function of the System |Major Diseases Afflicting the System | |Example: |Thymus |Protects the body from disease and|Hay Fever | |Immune System |Lymph Nodes |infection by defending against, |Asthma | | |Skin |attacking and removing pathogens. |Urticaria (Hives) | | |Tonsils |Removes debris from the body, such|Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | | |Bone Marrow |as dead cells. |Rheumatic Fever | | |Spleen | |Rheumatoid Arthritis | |Required: |Brain |The nervous system allows us to |Multiple...
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...It is available in two forms: ophthalmic form to treat allergic conjunctivitis, and in oral form to prevent asthma attacks2.Ketotifen is almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration; its oral bioavailability is reported to be only about 50 % due to hepatic first-pass metabolism. Ketotifen N-glucuronide was reported to be the major metabolite, which is excreted in urine and feces as 50 % of dose...
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...Respiratory system Nose | Air enters and leaves the respiratory system through the nose. It warms and moistens the air before it reaches the lungs, and helps remove unwanted particles, like dust and soot. | Trachea | The trachea is also known as the windpipe. It is a bony tube, which connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, hence is an important part of the respiratory system in vertebrates | Lungs | The lungs take in oxygen, which the body's cells need to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the cells. | Nervous system Brain | The brain is like a central computer that control bodily functions. It is protected by the skull to reduce damage. It is divided into many parts, including the cerebrum and brain stem. It stores and sorts out information before sending out any necessary commands. It is the centre of control and its job would be incomplete without the spinal cord. | Nerves | Each nerve is connected to a particular area and is responsible for connection to and from different regions of the body. ‘Multiple sclerosis’ is a problem which can damage nerves and prevent signals to travel from them. | Spinal cord | The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerve tissues. It is protected by the vertebrae so it doesn’t get damaged. There is also fluid that helps protect nerve tissue, keeping it healthy by removing waste products. The brains job would not be possible without the spinal cord. | Sense...
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... Hypothesis: If the concentration of caffeine pills and ethanol alcohol are increased then Daphnia magna heart rate will only increase in caffeine pills but not ethanol because caffeine pills are stimulant drug that boost mental and physical function in contrast alcohol is a depressant drug, which reduces the levels of arousal in the central nervous system (Ceida, n.d.). Independent Variables: 0%, 3%, 5% ethanol concentration. 0%, 3%, 5% caffeine pill concentration. Dependent Variable: heart rate of Daphnia magna/beats per minute (bpm). Constant Variables: Daphnia magna, caffeine pills, ethyl alcohol, 1 inch masking tape, 100ml volumetric flask, 100ml beakers, 10ml graduated cylinder, containers, light microscope, wash bottle, coffee filter, mortar and pestle, distilled water, and concavity slides. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Caffeine and alcohol plays a vital role in every daily life of humanity, but which concentrations greatly affect the heart rate of Daphnia magna? So, what are Daphnia magna...
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...Joseph Rotondi Mikhoel Siyanov Maria Santos Verdiner Wolf Abram Zavulunov Group 6: HPV as a leading cause of Cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) was founded in the 1950s as a virus infection that is associated to many cancers. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and less intimate skin-to-skin contact. Preventions have been implemented to raise awareness of the virus. The first vaccine for HPV approved as a widespread use in the US was in 2006. The virus acts to infect the keratinocytes in the skin and mucosal membrane. Other areas the HPV acts as a carcinogen are the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, vagina, oropharynx, benign genital and cutaneous warts, respiratory papillomatosis, and nasal or oral papilloma. Some researchers have concluded that the HPV infection which is more common during the active period of age is directly related to certain cancers. Researchers have found that HPV is associated with certain types of cancers and also have found that HPV can have no association with certain cancers. The research we did will explain the various cancers associated with HPV and attempt to answer the question “is HPV the leading cause of cancer?” In the United Stated and around the world, cancer is and continues to be a very serious disease that affects millions of people. Head and neck cancers are “the sixth most common cancer in the world” (Lajer et al. 2012). While the link between HPV and cervical cancer has been established; it is still unclear to researchers...
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...Food-web Diagram Janice Spencer BIO/101 December 15, 2014 Food-web Diagram As defined in Chapter 20 of our text from week five, an ecosystem is a biological community and the abiotic factors with which the community interacts. In order to maintain, the energy must flow continuously through an ecosystem, from producers to consumers and decomposers. Trophic relationships determine an ecosystem’s routes of energy flow and chemical cycling (Simon, Dickey, & Reece, 2013). According to the text in chapter 20, ecologists are working to revitalize some ecosystems by planting native vegetation, removing barriers to wildlife, and other means. There are hundreds of restoration projects under way in the United States to help restore ecosystems to their natural state. One of the most ambitious endeavors is the Kissimmee River Restoration Project in south-central Florida. Each year the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the South Florida Water Management District releases a comprehensive report evaluating monitoring of data within the ecosystem of the Everglades. This information is available online at http://www.bit.ly/SSR 2014. According to research, “the Everglades contain a vast array of plants and animals that have adapted to the wet subtropical environment.” A few examples include birds such as the whooping crane, great blue, white, and tricolored herons, wood stork, and the cape-sable seaside sparrow. Land mammals such as the raccoon, skunk, opossum, bobcat and the white-tail...
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