...analyzing its theorists and their experiments. J.B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov were instrumental in classical conditioning with their experiments of human beings and animals which were ground-breaking to the field of Psychology (Haworth, 1992). We will explore classical conditioning by analyzing both theorist’s experiments as well as introduce a scenario in which classical conditioning would be applicable and demonstrate its effectiveness through a chart illustration. J.B. Watson John Broadus Watson was a psychologist born in Greenville, S.C. in 1878 and died in 1958. He focused his studies and analysis on the observation of human beings. He originated the school of behaviorism which deals with behavior in response to stimuli. He saw psychology as the study of human behavior and the ability to predict and control those behaviors. John B. Watson is very well known for his experiment called “Little Albert” in which he theorized that children have three basic emotional reactions which are fear, rage and love. Through his experiment, he wanted to prove that these three basic emotional reactions could be artificially conditioned in children by operant means. In the Little Albert experiment, Watson took an 11-month old infant and repeatedly presented the infant with a rat in conjunction with a sudden, loud noise to condition the child to be afraid of the rat. Although the infant was not fearful of the rat prior to this experiment, Watson wanted to prove that he could...
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...Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied * Learning, development, mental disorders & personality can’t investigate through introspection – questions validity of using introspection as a method for investigating human behaviour because it’s subjective (only his/her can report mental processes * For Watson, only way to make psychology a science is to emulate natural science and adopt its own objective methods * Psychologists often use it alongside other scientific methods to investigate. Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied...
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...Behavioural Approach “Ivan Petrovich Pavlov” Guidance and Counselling EDUC 3252 Table of Contents Page 1. Biography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 2. Theory ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3. Examples of Application ------------------------------------------------------------ 5 4. View of Human Nature & Personality Development ------------------------------------------------------------ 6 5. Strengths & Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------- 7 6. Criticism of Approach ---------------------------------------------------------------- 8 7. Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Biography Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose research on the physiology of digestion led to the development of the first experimental model of learning, Classical conditioning. Pavlov was born September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was the village priest. Ivan's early education was in the church school and later the theological seminary. At the age of 21 (1870), he began his studies of physiology and other natural sciences. In 1879 he completed his studies at the Academy of Medical Surgery in St. Petersburg...
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...Candidate of Natural Sciences. He took the opportunity to proceed in the Academy of Medical Surgery (AMS) influenced by his passion for physiology he then earned another gold medal for his work. Years passed and Pavlov was now following through with the study of digestive response which lead to his study in classical conditioning. Pavlov’s dog experiments played a crucial role in his discovery. In fact, the experiment was actually discovered by accident. It was during his experiment with the digestive process that Pavlov noticed an interesting occurrence. Pavlov's canine subjects began to salivate or drool whenever his assistant entered the room. The ironic part of...
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...that this is because of the way humans act is known as classical conditioning, founded by Pavlov half a decade ago while experimenting on a hungry, dog. Whether we are aware of it or not, many actions that we do so many times a day are a direct result of classical conditioning. To better understand why we act the way we do in society, classical conditioning must be defined and described. Classical Conditioning Defined Classical conditioning is defined as: a process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. Classical conditioning stems from the experiments conducted by Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's experiments assumed a simplified conditioned response based upon just three primary components: How often the stimulus is presented, how recently it is presented, and response itself. The method whereby the conditioned response is strengthened is through both the frequency that the stimulus is presented and how recent it is presented. Theory of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Ivan Pavlov, who discovered this type of learning while researching digestion. Pavlov’s classical conditioning is learning through acquired experiences. Classical conditioning is a previously neutral stimulus causing a reflex to a physical...
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...to the Veterinary Institute for two years. In 1877, he traveled to Breslau, Germany to study digestion under Rudolf Heidenhain. Pavlov later returned to Germany to continue his education and research in circulation and digestion, after earning his medical degree in 1879. Eighteen years later, in 1895, Pavlov became the chairman of physiology at the St. Petersburg Institute for Experimental Medicine. He retained this position for much of his career. In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology ("Ivan Pavlov," 1999). Pavlov is most known for the experiments he conducted on the digestive system of dogs. It was during this research that he made the discovery of learned responses and how environmental events, or stimuli, control behavior. The original experiment was to test the different levels of salivation depending on the food that was introduced to the dogs. Pavlov soon noticed that the dogs would begin to salivate just by seeing the research assistant’s white lab coats as they entered the room. Salivation when presented food is an unconditioned reflex, but salivation when food is simply expected is a conditioned reflex. In order to test the conditioned responses and learn how they are acquired, Pavlov took the...
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...illustrate associative learning. 5. To a psychologist, “learning” is more specific than what we think of learning in school. To psychologists, there are three main types of learning… 4. Classical conditioning occurs when we associate two stimuli and thus expect a result. 5. Operant conditioning occurs when we learn to associate our own behavior (or our response) and its consequence. We therefore repeat behaviors with good results, we cut down on behaviors with bad results. 6. Observational learning occurs by watching others’ experiences. 7. One additional form of learning is through language. In this way, we can learn without experiencing something or watching someone else experience it. 2. Pavlov’s experiments 6. Classical conditioning falls under the psychological approach called behaviorism....
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... Sechenov were spreading. In his early life Ivan Pavlov had an accident, it impede him to attend regular school until the age of 11. Ivan Pavlov attended and graduated from the Ryazan Church School before entering the local theological seminary. In 1870, Ivan Pavlov left the seminary to attend the university at St. Petersburg where he enrolled in the physics and math department and took natural science courses. Ivan Pavlov’s first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas won him a prestigious university award. In 1875, Ivan Pavlov completed his course and received the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences because of his outstanding record. Ivan Pavlov decided to continue his studies because of interest in physiology and proceeded to the Academy of Medical Surgery. Ivan Pavlov returned to Germany after completing his doctorate, he studied in Leipzig in the Heidenhain laboratories in Breslau. Ivan Pavlov remained in the laboratories of Breslau from 1884 to 1886. At the time, the Heidenhain laboratories were studying digestion in dogs, using an exteriorized section of the stomach. However, Ivan Pavlov perfected the technique by overcoming the problem of maintaining the external nerve supply. In 1891 Ivan Pavlov was invited to the Institute of Experimental Medicine to organize and direct the Department of Physiology....
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...of behaviorism, starting with experiments conducted by Franklin Henry Giddings and Ivan Pavlov, a sociologist and a physiologist whom established the groundwork for behaviorism, particularly in America. In addition, this paper also explains the main components of behaviorism, which are classical conditioning and operant conditioning, connectionism, and the contiguity theory. It moves forward to explain four experiments that are popular through the study of behaviorism: the reason behind conditioned salivation in Ivan Pavlov’s dogs, conditioned responses in humans through Watson’s little Albert experiment, Thorndike’s research with cats and a puzzle box to demonstrate the law of effect through the use of reinforcements, and B.F. Skinner’s experiment with rats to prove how an organism learns through operant conditioning. Finally, this paper examines how, according to behaviorists, there are three principles of learning new and intricate behaviors, known as shaping, chaining, and fading. Behaviorism and Its Effect on the Understanding of Learning Behaviorism suggests that an organism learns from its environment. It is the result of the association between a stimulus and a response. An organism learns new behavior through classical or operant conditioning. It is a theory that does not base its ideals on emotions or prior knowledge. Some say behaviorism came about accidentally, specifically within the works of Ivan Pavlov and his experiment with dogs. Watson, known as the father...
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...Introduction: Dugesia tigrina refers to the brown planaria typically found in small North American bodies of water (Saccomanno 1), which were used in this experiment. They belong to phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms (Myers 1). Their class is Turbellaria, consisting of free-living, marine and freshwater flatworms. They are both predators and scavengers (Miller and Harley 157). They have bilateral symmetry and are bottom dwellers who use cilia and muscles to move (159). They are triploblastic, having three germ layers, but are acoelomates, lacking a true body cavity (Myers 1). The primitive nervous system of planaria consists of a nerve net, lateral nerve cords, cerebral ganglia, eyespots, and auricles (Miller and Harley 160). The ganglia...
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...P1 Psychology is the study of behaviour and mental processes. The aim of psychology is to understand the way the human brain processes information in different environments. Psychology has different approaches and perspectives which are particularly used to view a human’s way of thinking, feeling and the ways in which they behave. There are five different perspectives that have been observed and studied by well-known psychologist these are; the cognitive approach, behaviourist approach, biological approach, humanistic approach and the psychological approach. The cognitive approach is the way the human mind retains, stores and processes information to solve a problem they are faced with in their day to day lives. The different processes that need to happen in order to solve a problem are; Perception, attention, memory and problem solving. Perception is the way we view a situation by using and having our own opinions. By having gained an opinion into the situation at hand, this will allow your brain to move into the next cognitive stage which is attention. Attention is the brain understanding the information that has been given by the environment and gaining a further insight into becoming an outcome of the situation, but before that you will need your brain to tap into the long term memory stores, which then leads into the third stage of the cognitive approach theory. The memory stage compares the current information given by the environment to the old information that’s...
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...Classical conditioning is defined in Psychology as “a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings that response” (Feldman, 2010, p 163). Having to do with reactions and learning, the definition of classical conditioning can be abbreviated into the idea of involuntary behavior. The example of Pavlov’s dog illustrates this as the dog came to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing a reflective action of salivating even when the bell was not paired with food. Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist that never intended to do psychological research is best known for his intricate work with the drooling dog experiment that leads to his further research in conditioning. His experiment to demonstrate classical conditioning and how much a dog salivates when the animal thinks food is going to be given; Pavlov attached a tube on the dogs’ mouth to measure precisely salivation. What’s learned with Pavlov’s experiment is a conditioned stimulus to a condition response. From the moment we are born to the day we pass on, we are currently learning new things day by day. A person often learns through some form of conditioning in life. Some people associate learning with school or another kind of educational institutes, but we learn in different places and situations in our life. Learning is the result of the consequences of inappropriate behavior. Respect, discipline, and good manners are what we are...
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...should not be taken into consideration because they could not be directly observed and measured. The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychologists are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, posited the theory of classical conditioning. This is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It involves placing a completely neutral signal or stimulus before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral stimulus was the sound of a tone or bell and the naturally occurring reflex was the salivating of the dogs in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus, which was the presentation of food, the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response in the dogs. The unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning is a stimulus that automatically triggers a response. In...
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...demonstrate how one would apply the classical conditioning in everyday life. Theory of Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was performing research on the digestive system of a dog by using the data from the dog’s salivation when in the middle of these tests he by accident noticed that certain behaviors can be conditioned (Alloy, Riskind, & Manos, 2005). First, one must understand that behaviorism in psychology is based on the belief that learning happens through relations with the environment (Cherry, 2011). Pavlov found that several of the reactions were occurring due to prior learning. He obtained this important information by noting that the dogs would salivate even before they were offered the meat. Pavlov concluded that the dogs were conditioned and learned from the entrance of the lab assistant, who was generally the person who brought in the meat. He expanded his experiment further by introducing a bright light or a loud sound to see if the dogs would salivate when seeing them but they did not. During another experiment Pavlov would make a loud sound right before giving the dog the meat. Sooner or later, the dog would relate the sound with the meat and begin to salivate at the sound. This is when Pavlov could declare that he had classically conditioned the dog. It is imperative to understand that classical conditioning entails putting “a neutral signal before a...
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...also treat nightmares, obsessions, depression, compulsions, anorexia and anxiety. Both techniques are used by cognitive behavior therapist. An inheritance of a behavior is a result of both types of conditioning. To illustrate classical conditioning, Pavlov used dogs in his famous analysis. When doing this experiment, Pavlov measured the dogs salivary secretions by presenting the dog with food which showed the existence of the unconditioned response. The food was the unconditioned stimulus and caused an uncontrollable response when presented alone because of the salivation of the dog. Extinction is the existence of the unconditioned response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and the measuring its salivary secretions. Extinction also occurs in operant conditioning. Operant conditioning’s goal is reinforcement. Reinforcement is any event that increases the chances that a response will occur again. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs if reinforcement is withheld. Also involved in conditioning is a factor called spontaneous recovery. This is the return of a learned response after apparent extinction. An example of spontaneous recovery is the fact that the bell was not heard for a few years by Pavlov’s dogs but hearing it later made them drool. With operant conditioning, an animal’s reinforcement was stopped after they are conditioned to behave in a certain way, that animal could react at a...
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